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LY/T 3176-2020: Technical regulations of cultivation for Prunus mume
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Technical regulations of cultivation for Prunus mume
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LY/T 3176-2020
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Basic data | Standard ID | LY/T 3176-2020 (LY/T3176-2020) | | Description (Translated English) | Technical regulations of cultivation for Prunus mume | | Sector / Industry | Forestry Industry Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | B61 | | Classification of International Standard | 65.020 | | Word Count Estimation | 24,287 | | Date of Issue | 2020-03-30 | | Date of Implementation | 2020-10-01 | | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement No. 6 of 2020 by the State Forestry and Grassland Bureau | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Forestry and Grassland Administration | LY/T 3176-2020: Technical regulations of cultivation for Prunus mume---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Technical Regulations of cultivation and propagation for Prunus mume
ICS 65.020
B61
LY
People's Republic of China Forestry Industry Standard
Technical Regulations for Plum Cultivation
2020-03-30 released
2020-10-01 implementation
Issued by the State Forestry and Grassland Administration
Table of contents
1 Scope...3
2 Normative references...3
3 Selection and planning of nursery...3
4 Variety selection...4
5 Gardening...4
6 Seedling propagation...4
7 Seedling planting...7
8 Soil, Fertilizer and Water Management...8
9 Plastic trimming...8
10 Disease and pest control...11
11 Seedling out of the nursery...11
Appendix A (informative appendix)...12
Appendix B (Normative Appendix)...18
Appendix C (Normative Appendix)...19
Foreword
This standard is formulated in accordance with GB/T 1.1-2009 "Guidelines for Standardization Part 1.Standard Structure and Compilation".
This standard was proposed and managed by the National Flower Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC282).
The main drafting organization of this standard. Beijing Forestry University.
Cooperative drafting organizations of this standard. Wuhan China Plum Blossom Research Center, Wuxi Plum Garden, Chongqing Yinpen Garden Engineering Co., Ltd., Daqing City
Municipal Administration, Old Summer Palace Management Office, Zhoukou City Gardens Office, Zhoukou City Forestry Monitoring Station, Hefei Botanical Garden, Henan Zhoukou Meiyuan Ecological
Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Gulf National Forest Park, Shangmeiyuan (Beijing) Landscape Technology Co., Ltd., Henan Longdu Shangmeiyuan Ecological
Agriculture and Forestry Development Co., Ltd., Henan Urban Construction College, China Urban Construction Research Institute.
The main drafters of this standard. Li Qingwei, Zhang Qixiang, Chen Ruidan, Qiao Transfer, Mao Qingshan, Yan Xiaolan, Dong Binren, Chen Xiaolin, Li Wen
Guang, Geng Man, Zhang Yanxia, Zheng Fan, Zhou Yunfeng, Li Meng, Yang Ping, Zhang Yongping, Li Bingbing, Lu Yuxiang, Liu Yuxia, Yang Jiaxin, Xu Xinglong,
Cai Yanan, Xi Yujing, Yu Shihao, Wang Xiangchun.
Technical Regulations for Plum Cultivation
1 Scope
This standard specifies the selection and planning of the nursery for the cultivation of plum (Prunus mume), the selection of varieties, the arrangement of the nursery, and the propagation of seedlings.
Technical requirements for breeding, seedling planting, soil, fertilizer and water management, plastic pruning, pest control, and seedling out of the nursery.
This standard applies to the open field cultivation of plum blossoms.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version is suitable
For this document, the latest version (including all amendments) of the undated reference documents is applicable to this document.
GB 3095 Ambient Air Quality Standard
GB/T 4285 Standards for safe use of pesticides
GB/T 5804 Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation
GB/T 6001 Technical Regulations for Nursery
GB/T 8321 Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides
GB 15618 Soil Environmental Quality Standard
GJ/T 34-1991 Plant materials for urban landscaping--woody seedlings
NY/T 496-2002 General Rules for the Reasonable Use of Fertilizers
SZDBZ 225-2017 Technical Specification for Soil Improvement of Urban Green Space
3 Selection and planning of nursery plots
3.1 Selection of nursery
3.1.1 Basic conditions
The location of the nursery should choose a place with convenient transportation, irrigated water source, stable power, communication and other infrastructure. plum
The environmental air quality of the park should meet the requirements of GB 3095.
3.1.2 Topography
For nursery construction in plain areas, the topography should be flat, the natural slope should not be greater than 3 degrees, and the place with good drainage; mountain and hilly land
The area should choose a gentle slope at the foot of the mountain, and the slope should not be greater than 5 degrees. In areas prone to freezing damage in winter and spring, the southern slope or the southeast slope should be selected;
In warm areas, where there is no cold north wind in winter and a large lake on the north side, the north slope should be selected; in high mountain areas, the middle part of the hillside should be used to build a nursery.
It is not suitable to build a nursery at the bottom of the basin.
3.1.3 Soil type
The soil of the nursery should be selected with agglomerated structure, fertile sandy loam or light-grained loam, the thickness of the soil layer should be greater than 90 cm, pH 5~8.
The soil quality should meet the requirements of GB 15618.
3.1.4 Source water quality
The nursery should choose a place with sufficient water source, the salt content in the water should not exceed 0.15%, and the groundwater level of sandy soil should be below 1 m.
Sandy loam soil should be less than 2.5 m, and cohesive loam soil should be less than 4 m. The water quality should meet the requirements of GB/T 5804.Annual rainfall 500
mm~1600 mm is the most suitable place to build a nursery. The drainage system should be paid attention to in areas where the annual rainfall is higher than 1600 mm or when the rainfall is concentrated.
Design; areas where the annual rainfall is less than 500 mm or dry seasons should pay attention to irrigation system design.
3.1.5 Light
The nursery should be built in a place with sufficient sunlight. The relative illuminance should not be lower than 70%~80% of the daily average natural light.
3.2 Nursery planning
The planning of the nursery should be done according to the purpose of building the nursery and the characteristics of the site. Nurseries should be divided into production areas (including breeding areas, small seedling areas, large
Seedling area, mother tree area, introduction and domestication area), management area, road system, irrigation and drainage system, etc. See GB/T 6001 for specific planning;
The light-type nursery should add tourist service areas, service facilities, and tour sign explanation systems.
4 Variety selection
4.1 Principles of Variety Selection
Appropriate plum varieties should be selected according to regional climate characteristics, soil types, cultivation purposes, and market needs.
Areas with an average annual temperature of 15 ℃~18 ℃ are suitable for the growth of most plum varieties, and areas with an average annual temperature of 22 ℃ or higher should choose a low
For varieties with low temperature and cold demand, cold-resistant plum varieties should be selected in areas where the annual average temperature is lower than 5 ℃ ~ 12 ℃, and the areas where the average annual temperature is lower than 5 ℃
The district should not establish an open plum garden.
4.2 Suitable varieties for the main cultivation areas of plum
Refer to the informative appendix A for suitable and excellent plum varieties in various regions.
5 Gardening
5.1 Site preparation before nursery
The land should be prepared before seedling cultivation. The contents of land preparation include plowing, raking, leveling, and suppression, so as to achieve deep ploughing and fine-tuning. The slope should follow the contour line
Land preparation; the drainage slope of flat ground should not be less than 0.3%. The poor soil should be combined with soil preparation for fertilization and soil improvement.
The rules and fertilization amount should comply with the regulations of NY/T 496-2002.For specific methods of soil improvement, see SZDBZ 225-2017.Should be
Carry out the necessary soil disinfection treatment according to the soil properties of the site conditions, and see the informative Appendix B for commonly used soil disinfectants.
5.2 Seedbed preparation
See GB/T 6001 for specific requirements of seedbed.
6 Seedling propagation
6.1 Sowing and breeding
Mainly used for the breeding of new plum varieties and rootstock propagation. After the fruit is mature, the seeds are collected, the seeds are washed out, dried and then sown in the bag in autumn;
Or use stratification treatment 90 days before planting in early spring. When seeding in plug trays, one seed per hole; when sowing seedlings in field ridges, every 10 cm
Sow a grain.
6.2 Post-broadcast management
Cover with mulch film after sowing in dry areas, and tear off the mulch film when the seeds germinate; when there is no mulch film, strengthen water management
And weed control. Transplant after 1 year with a transplanting density of 1.5 m × 1.5 m, and transplant again after 3 years with a transplanting density of 3 m × 3 m. With
Refer to GB/T 6001 for physical management.
6.3 Rootstock selection
According to different varieties of plum blossoms to be reproduced, rootstocks can be selected from this (plum) stock, apricot stock, plum stock and peach stock. South (Yangtze River
To the south), true plum seedlings should be used as rootstocks for grafting and breeding of true plum lines. Breeding in cold areas in the north (north of the Yellow River)
Apricot plum or'Beauty' plum should be grafted with apricot rootstocks, and high-branch grafting of true plums should be used for cold-resistant plum varieties.'Danfenghou' plum should be selected.
Seedlings are used as rootstocks, or'Beauty' plums and'Danfenghou' plums are used as intermediate rootstocks and then grafted onto mountain apricots; true plums are grafted with low branches
Can be used as rootstock grafting mountain peach.
6.4 Harvesting nursery
Choose pure and healthy adult plants to establish an ear-picking nursery.
The ear-picking nursery should adopt the shrub-style operation method or combine with the pile scene cultivation for pruning management. The planting density depends on the operation method and
The operating life is determined.
The establishment of the ear-picking nursery requires meticulous soil preparation, adequate base fertilizer, and careful planting. After the establishment, do a good job of cultivating, weeding, topdressing, irrigation and drainage,
In addition to tillering dry and pest control work. And draw a line chart, when collecting cuttings, avoid mixing of varieties and line numbers.
When the mother tree of the ear-picking nursery is found to be degraded or severely damaged by pests and diseases, it shall be rebuilt and rebuilt.
6.5 Grafting time and method
6.5.1 Grafting
According to the thickness of the rootstock, grafting methods such as cutting, splitting, peeling or tongue grafting should be selected before budding in spring. Before grafting
It is advisable to use paraffin wax to seal the scion. The temperature of paraffin wax is below 100 ℃, soak quickly (not more than 1s). After dipping, the scion will be dispersed.
Store it for later use after the temperature reaches normal temperature. The length of the scion should be 8 cm~15 cm, should have 2 robust buds, and then grafted. When grafting
The interval should be carried out during the dormant period, and should be carried out when the temperature is above 12 ℃. Tongue connection should be adopted in windy places or places with high connections.
6.5.2 Budding
Commonly used budding methods for plum blossom are "T"-shaped budding and inlaid budding (with xylem budding).
Bud grafting should be carried out after the grafting buds are mature, and it does not rain on the day of grafting. The scion is picked as it is used, and it is advisable to choose the vegetative branches that grow robustly.
Remove the leaves immediately after cutting and keep the petioles. Then wrap it with a damp cloth or store it in a bucket of clean water for later use. More rootstocks
Choose seedlings that are 1 to 2 years old, and the cuts are mostly 3 cm~5 cm smooth on the north side of the rootstock near the ground.
6.5.3 Budding
6.5.2.1 "T" shaped budding
"T" budding is the most commonly used budding method. Use the "two-knife method" or "three-knife method" to cut the upper end of the branch that is used as a scion.
1 cm, 2 cm long scutellum bud pieces (scion, Figure 1); then cut the grafting position on the rootstock to a depth of
In the xylem, an incision with a length of about 1 cm on the upper side, a cut down in the middle of the upper incision, the length is equivalent to the scutellum bud;
Gently insert into the incision of the rootstock, align the upper end of the bud piece with the incision of the rootstock, and then tie it (Figure 2).
Picture 1 Picture 2
6.5.2.2 Inlay budding
This method can be used when the buds are not easy to peel off, or when budding is implemented in spring. Approximately 1 cm from the top of the bud, obliquely downwards into the branch
Cut into the square so that the mouth length is about 2 cm, the lower end of the incision can penetrate about 1/4 of the diameter of the branch, and then from about 0.5 cm below the bud to the branch
Cut inside to the lower incision, and then remove the bud piece; cut an incision that is equivalent to the size and shape of the bud piece on the rootstock, and cut the bud piece (scion)
Embedded and tied (Figure 3).
image 3
6.5.4 Management after connection
After the grafting is alive, the buds of the scion will germinate and grow. In areas with strong winds in spring, avoid wind breaks and wait until they grow to one hour.
After setting the height, set the stem and cultivate the main branches as required.
7~10 days after budding, you can check whether the grafted buds are alive. When the petiole of the scion falls off and the buds are fresh, it is alive.
Those who are not alive can be reconnected (Figure 4). One month after the grafting, the binding can be gradually removed, that is, the binding can be cut off with a knife on the opposite side of the bud.
Let it fall off naturally. In severe cold areas, buds can be docked to cultivate soil to prevent cold before winter; when the covering soil is removed in the spring of the following year, when buds begin to germinate,
Cut the anvil 0.5 cm~1.0 cm above the interface. In windy areas in spring, the second cut anvil method can be implemented, the first time is above the budding
Cut at a distance of 20 cm~30 cm to use as a pillar. Tie the scion that has grown to a certain height on it. After the windy season,
Cut the anvil at the specified position again.
Figure 4
The seedlings that have been grafted alive should be cut off immediately when they are found to have sprouts.
6.6 Cutting propagation
6.6.1 Southern cuttings
Tender cuttings should be carried out in March to June, and should be carried out in a greenhouse. The materials are taken from young plants that are growing vigorously, have many new shoots, and are free of diseases and insect pests.
For plum blossom branches, select the uncapped middle and upper branches of the canopy as cuttings, and remove the soft and fragile parts at the top. Cutting ears should be cut
In a cool place indoors or outdoors, remove the leaves at the base of the cuttings, and cut the cuttings into 10 with a sharp knife or a double-sided blade.
cm~15 cm long, with 2~3 nodes and 2~3 leaves. Cut the leaves in half to minimize transpiration loss. The cutting tip is off
Cut off the 1 cm~2 cm section, and cut off the lower end at the node. The nodes are nutritious and good for rooting. The mouth should be cut into a horseshoe shape with a suitable thickness.
The middle and lower cuts should be smooth and complete. Then soak the cuttings with 800 times carbendazim for 15 minutes. After taking it out, wait until the surface of the cuttings is dry, quickly
Quickly dip 1 cm~2 cm of the lower part of the cuttings into a 1500 mg/kg~2000 mg/kg indolebutyric acid solution prepared with 50% alcohol.
s ~12 s, insert the cutting substrate (peat soil).
After cutting, turn on the full-light sprayer and spray water immediately. After that, spray once every 15 minutes within 10 days.
Continue for 8 s. During the entire cutting process, 5% potassium permanganate solution is needed to sterilize the cutting bed and the surrounding environment once a week. Cuttings
Within the next 10 days, the amount of spray can be appropriately reduced, and the spray will start when the water film on the leaf surface has evaporated to 1/3, and spray once every 15 minutes, each time
The spray lasts for 5s. After 20 days of cutting, spray every 15 minutes, and each spray lasts for 4 seconds on sunny days; on cloudy days, spray
Each lasts 1s. After a large number of roots are formed, you can spray only a small amount around noon. After the lateral roots have generally grown, they should be practiced in time
Seedling transplanting.
6.6.2 Northern cuttings
Twig cuttings should be carried out in June to September. The method is the same as 6.6.1.
6.7 Layering reproduction
6.7.1 Ordinary layering
Select the one- or two-year-old branches closest to the ground on the mother plant between February and March, and ring the roots in the soil to be buried
Peel or cut it, then bury it in the soil to keep humidity, and it can take root after autumn.
6.7.2 High Altitude Batten
In March-April, cut the wound on the part to be rooted. Wrap the cut part with moist humus soil, wrap it with plastic cloth, and tie both ends tightly.
Meaning management. After the leaves fall in autumn, cut them and plant them separately.
7 Seedling planting
7.1 Planting time of seedlings
In the south, it is better to plant after falling leaves in autumn or before spring sprout; in northern areas, it is better to plant before leaves sprout in spring and after falling leaves in autumn.
Planting should pay attention to overwintering and cold protection.
7.2 Planting method
7.2.1 Types of Planting
The planting form and planting density should be determined according to the plant type, size and cultivation purpose of the plum variety. Sightseeing nursery should adopt self
Natural planting and productive nursery should adopt regular planting, and garden planting should be adopted in green space. Plants and rows of general adult plum trees
The spacing is 3 m~6 m, adjust the row spacing according to soil fertility and planting needs.
7.2.2 Defensive line fixed point
The line should be laid out, fixed and marked according to the design.
7.2.3 Digging planting holes
The planting hole should be cylindrical, and the planting hole should be 8 times the ground diameter when the bare root is transplanted. When transplanting with a soil ball, the diameter of the planting hole should be larger than that of the soil ball
The diameter is 50 cm larger and the depth is 20 cm deeper than the height of the earth ball. In rainy areas and heavy soil areas in the south, shallow digging holes should be used, and the trees should be planted in trays.
plant.
7.2.4 Planting and pruning
Prune split roots, severely worn roots, abnormally growing partial roots and redundant roots; it should be based on the water of the crown and roots.
Xie balance principles, aesthetic principles, design intentions, etc. make necessary pruning of branches.
7.2.5 Planting
It is advisable to plant in a windless and cloudy day. In a sunny day, it is better to plant before 11.00 in the morning or after 15.00.1~2 year old seedlings should be naked during dormancy season
Root transplantation, seedlings over 3 years old should be transplanted with soil balls. When planting, first apply 15 cm thick decomposed mixed organic fertilizer to the bottom of the hole.
For base fertilizer, cover the fertilizer with a layer of soil, put saplings, and then fill the soil in layers to ram. The non-degradable wrappers of soil ball seedlings should be removed
Packaging Materials. After planting, it should be supported according to site conditions and tree specifications.
7.2.6 Post-planting management
Water thoroughly on the day after planting, a second time after a week, and a third time after another week, according to soil moisture and weather
Adjust the amount of watering in due course.
8 Soil, Fertilizer and Water Management
8.1 Soil management
The nursery should adopt methods such as cultivating weeding and mulching to control weeds. Plum gardens should be used with ground cover plants or organic matter.
Wait for mulch to control weeds. When the soil is compacted, it should be combined with fertilization for loosening and ventilation.
8.2 Fertilization management
During the seedling period, it is advisable to apply organic fertilizer once a year during the dormant season and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in early spring; apply fertilizer once every 3 to 5 years after adulthood. Fertilizer amount
Meet the regulations of NY/496-2002.
8.3 Water management
8.3.1 Principle
Waterlogging is strictly prohibited in the plum blossom cultivation land. The frequency and amount of watering should be based on climate, weather conditions, soil type, soil moisture content,
It depends on the size of the trees.
8.3.2 Water management in the northern region
In spring plum blossoms should be irrigated once before blooming. Before overwintering, antifreeze water should be irrigated once when the average temperature of the day drops below 5 ℃.
At other times, water should be properly replenished according to rainfall and soil moisture, and water should be properly controlled during flower bud differentiation. Pay attention to drainage and flood prevention during the rainy season.
8.3.3 Water Management in Southern China
Water should be properly watered during the dry season, and drainage should be provided to prevent waterlogging during the rainy season.
9 plastic trimming
9.1 Pruning techniques
9.1.1 Cut
The operation of removing part of the branches is collectively called truncation. The part of the perennial branch is retracted, and the part of the annual branch is
Short cut. Plum blossoms adjust branch growth and flowering and fruiting positions through short cuts; retraction is mainly used to rejuvenate old trees and adjust trees
The height of the wood and the size of the crown.
9.1.2 Sparse
Thinning includes thinning branches, thinning flowers, thinning fruits, etc. Plum blossoms mainly use thinning of dense branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, reverse branches, and dead branches.
The dead branches are parallel to the branches, achieving the effect of ventilation and balance of tree potential.
9.1.3 Release
The moderate-growing branches promote the formation of flower buds after being thrown.
9.1.4 Change
During shaping, the growth direction of the branches is changed and the growth of the branches is adjusted by means of buckling, pulling branches, ringing branches, supporting branches, and tying the branches.
9.1.5 Wipe buds
Before buds germinate, the operation of removing redundant buds on stems or branches is called wiping off buds or removing buds.
9.1.6 Moe removal
Desprouting, also known as de-tillering, refers to the process of removing the tiller sticks sprouting from the base of the tree to prevent the ineffective consumption of nutrients. Rootstock
The buds should be removed at any time.
9.1.7 Topping
In order to make the plum blossom branches and leaves grow strong or to promote the growth of branches, the new shoots of the year are topped.
9.2 Plastic trimming
9.2.1 Natural Happy Surgery
Naturally happy-shaped, with a low main stem. Most of the main branches on the main stem are 3, and there are also 2 or 4 branches. Main branch on main trunk
Scattered and unripe, equipped with side branches on the main branch requires side branches of the same level to stay in the same direction; large flowering branches are left on the back and middle of the main branch
Group, the upper and lower parts have medium and small flower branches (Figure 5). In line with the biological characteristics and ecological habits of plum blossoms, strong growth potential, bone
The frame is firm and can achieve three-dimensional flowering. It is a commonly used tree shape in plum forest.
Figure 5
Pruning in the first year of planting
Plum blossom shaping starts with 1-year-old seedlings. In early spring, all the upper branches should be cut off at a distance of 50 cm to 70 cm from the ground. Weak seedlings
Slightly lower, strong seedlings are slightly higher, if there are secondary branches under the cut mouth, they should be thinned out from the base to concentrate nutrients to stimulate the germination of strong new branches.
Set dry, the 20 cm~25 cm section below the cut is called plastic tape.
In the summer of the first year of planting, if the buds in the plastic belt are too dense, some can be erased and 6 to 8 new shoots in various directions are retained.
When the new shoot grows to about 50 cm, choose an appropriate angle with the main stem, even...
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