LY/T 2407-2015 PDF English
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Norm of techniques for estimation of forest economic values
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LY/T 2407-2015: PDF in English (LYT 2407-2015) LY/T 2407-2015
FORESTRY INDUSTRY STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 65.020
B 65
Norm of techniques for estimation of forest economic
values
ISSUED ON: JANUARY 27, 2015
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2015
Issued by: State Forestry Administration
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 Assessment procedure ... 7
5 Verification of forest resource assets ... 9
6 Basic methods for assessment of forest resource assets ... 16
7 Assessment of timber forest assets ... 21
8 Assessment of bamboo forest assets ... 23
9 Assessment of economic forest asset ... 26
10 Asset assessment of shelter forest and special purpose forest ... 29
11 Assessment of forestland assets ... 30
12 Assessment of forest landscape assets ... 34
13 Assessment report of forest resources assets ... 36
Appendix A (Normative) Sampling survey method ... 37
Appendix B (Normative) Small shift sampling ... 44
Appendix C (Normative) Determination of the comprehensive adjustment factor
K value of forest quality and the P value of investment return ... 47
Appendix D (Normative) Determination of the use fee of forestland in the
assessment ... 53
Appendix E (Informative) Assessment report of forest resources assets ... 54
Norm of techniques for estimation of forest economic
values
1 Scope
This standard specifies assessment procedures and assessment methods of
forest resource values as well as the verification of forest resource values.
This standard is applicable to the assessment of forest assets, forestland
assets, forest landscape assets for various assessment purposes within China.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential to the application of this document. For
the dated documents, only the versions with the dates indicated are applicable
to this document; for the undated documents, only the latest version (including
all the amendments) are applicable to this standard.
GB/T 15776 Artificial afforestation technical regulations
GB/T 17775 Standard of rating for quality tourist attractions
GB/T 18005 China forest park landscape resources grade assessment
GB/T 18972 Classification, investigation and assessment of tourism
resources
GB/T 26424 Technical regulations for inventory for forest management
planning and design
LY/T 1646 Forest harvesting procedures
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Forest resource assets
Forest resources that are owned or controlled by specific entities and that
bring economic benefits under existing levels of understanding and science.
3.8
Assessment purpose
The specific use of various economic behaviors for the assessment results.
The purpose of the assessment stated in the assessment report shall be
unique and the assessment report can only be valid for a specific
assessment purpose.
3.9
Value type
The definition of the value attribute of the asset assessment result and its
expression. The value types in forest resource assets assessment include
market value, investment value, in-use value, liquidation value, residual
value.
Market value: The voluntary buyer and the voluntary seller, under their
respective rational actions and without any coercion, assess the estimated
value of the normal fair trade on the date of assessment benchmark.
Investment value: The estimated value of the valuation object for a particular
investor or a certain type of investor with a clear investment objective.
In-use value: The estimated value of the value of the assessment as an
enterprise component or factor asset according to the manner and extent of
its use and its contribution to the affiliated enterprise.
Liquidation value: The estimated value of an object under abnormal market
conditions such as forced selling, rapid liquidation, etc.
Residual value: The estimated value of the realized value of the forest when
the object of assessment is cleared due to disasters and updated.
3.10
Date of the assessment benchmark
At a specific time when the assessment conclusion begins to be established,
the various pricing standards and basis selected in the process of forming
the assessment conclusion are valid at that point in time, and all the pricing
standards in the assessment are the effective price standards on the date of
assessment benchmark.
4.3 Relevant data submitted by assessment client
4.3.1 List of forest resource assets
The list of forest resource assets shall be compiled based on the results of
forest resource surveys (forest resource planning and design surveys,
operational design surveys or special surveys for assessment) or forest
resource archives. The minimum units shall be implemented in small shifts.
The list of forest assets to be logged during the assessment period shall be
prepared based on the results of the survey on the design of harvesting
operations. Due to limited conditions, the list of forest resource assets compiled
based on the survey results of the logging operation design is not available, it
shall explain the reasons and impact on the assessment results.
Forest resource assets such as ancient and famous trees, scattered high-value
precious trees, forest landscapes, under-forest animal and plant resources, etc.
shall be compiled according to professional survey data.
4.3.2 Other relevant information
Other relevant information mainly includes:
a) Forest tenure certificate (or related ownership document);
b) Forest resource map data within the scope of the assessment;
c) The type, quantity and quality of forest trees with special economic value;
d) Other relevant materials that shall be submitted for assessment purposes.
4.4 Collecting assessment data
The assessment information collected by the assessment agency shall include
the following:
a) Technical standards for forest production and related cost and expense
information;
b) Relevant cost and expense information for timber production and sales;
c) Technical and economic indicators for local forest cultivation, forest
harvesting and infrastructure;
d) Book historical cost data for forest cultivation;
e) The market price of timber and forest by-products of various specifications
on the date of assessment benchmark, as well as the tax and fee
collection standards in the sales process;
5.1.2 The scope of the proposed forest resource assets is the verification overall
unit. The size and boundary of the verification unit shall be properly determined
within the verification overall unit, the verification accuracy under certain
reliability conditions shall be calculated; one verification unit can only be
allowed to correspond to an independently used assessment value.
5.1.3 The verification work shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions
of GB/T 26424 and LY/T 1646 and relevant standards of the forestry industry.
5.2 Verification items
5.2.1 General verification items, methods, requirements
5.2.1.1 It shall read and check the documents, certificates, drawings, materials,
files, etc. related to the forest resource assets to be assessed.
5.2.1.2 It shall, based on the forest tenure certificate or valid legal documents,
check the ownership (ownership, use rights) and the age of ownership, the four-
to-boundary line, etc. of the forest resource assets (forestland and forest trees).
5.2.1.3 It shall, based on the map data such as forest phase map, forest
distribution map and forestry basic map, check the spatial location of the forest
resource assets and the trend of the boundary line.
5.2.1.4 It shall, based on the forestry protection and utilization planning, forest
zoning, classified management planning approved for implementation by the
county-level and above forestry authorities which are valid, check the types of
land and types of forest resource assets.
5.2.2 Verification items of forestland assets
The main items to be verified for forestland assets are: forestland type, forest
type, forest species, tree species, understory resources, use period, use
method (referring to land rent payment method), area, location, site grade,
geographical conditions.
5.2.3 Verification items of forest assets
5.2.3.1 Verification items of timber forest assets
5.2.3.1.1 The main items to be verified for young forest assets (including
unforested forestland) are: origin, tree species composition, forest age
(forestation time, seedling age), afforestation survival rate, afforestation
preservation rate, number of plants per unit area, average diameter at breast
height (DBH), average tree height, stock volume, forest growth status,
occurrence of pests and diseases, loss of natural disasters, site grade,
geographical conditions.
Forest landscape assets verification is carried out in accordance with GB/T
18972, GB/T 17775, GB/T 18005. In addition to verifying the same items as the
forest verifications, it will focus on verifying services and features related to
viewing, recreation, health care, entertainment, etc., as well as traffic conditions,
surrounding environment, tourism development level, construction conditions.
5.3 Verification method
5.3.1 Verification method of forestland assets
5.3.1.1 Sampling survey method
When conducting forestland assessment for large-scale forest resource assets,
it should use a sampling survey method to investigate and verify the total area
of forestland assets and various types of forestland. The sampling survey
method is as shown in Appendix A.
5.3.1.2 Small shift mapping method
5.3.1.2.1 Aerial film mapping method: use the recently shoot aerial film (not
more than 2 years) which has a scale of not less than 1: 25000 or enlarged from
1:50000 to 1:25000, or a side-view radar picture enlarged from 1:100000 to
1:25000 for small shift mapping indoor, then carry out verification at site or field
mapping.
5.3.1.2.2 Satellite mapping method: Use the recent satellite film (not more than
1 year) which has a scale of 1:25000 after computerized geometric correction
and image enhancement (with a spatial resolution of less than 10 m) for small
shift mapping indoors, then check it at site.
5.3.1.2.3 Topographic map small shift mapping method: Use the topographic
map drawn by the surveying and mapping department with the scale of 1:10000
~ 1:25000 to map at site. For areas without the above scale, it may use a
topographic map which is enlarged from 1:50000 to 1:25000.
5.3.1.3 Measurement method
5.3.1.3.1 Locator measurement method: The method of using the locator to
measure the coordinate position information of the small shift boundary control
point, automatically calculate the small shift area. When using the locator to
verify the forest area, the small-shift boundary control point shall be selected
correctly, the positioning accuracy of the locator shall meet the requirements.
5.3.1.3.2 Compass measurement method: The method of using the compass
to measure the azimuth and the horizontal distance of the small shift boundary
control point. When using the compass to verify the forestland area, the control
points of small shift boundary shall be correctly selected, the closure error of
5.5.1 Overview
Briefly describe the verification object, including geographical location, natural
conditions, socio-economic conditions, forestry production and operation status;
verification basis, purpose, requirements, organization, starting and ending time;
assessment of the list of assets submitted by the entrusting party; qualification
of the verification agency, composition of the verifiers, etc.
5.5.2 Verification basis
Describe the basis for verification, the standards used and the various tables.
5.5.3 Verification method
Describe the technical methods used in the verification, the method of sampling
the verification object, the investigation methods of each factor.
5.5.4 Verification results
Narrate, analyze, assess the results, qualification rates, verification accuracy,
errors of the verification of the list of forest resource assets as submitted by the
client.
5.5.5 Conclusion
Describe the credibility of the list of forest resource assets submitted by the
client through verification and analysis, propose whether the list of forest
resource assets is acceptable as the basis for the assessment.
5.5.6 Signature
The verification report shall be signed by the relevant personnel, attached with
the “Certificate of forestry investigation planning design”, chopped by the legal
person of the verification agency.
5.5.7 Attached tables
The schedule mainly includes:
a) Verification record form;
b) A list of small-shift forest resource assets that have been surveyed;
c) Statistical tables of physical quantities of various forest resource assets.
5.5.8 Attached figures
In the assessment of the forestry basic map provided by the entrusting party,
mark the verification work to be carried out, to indicate such contents as the
A - Annual average net income;
P - Return on investment.
6.2.4 Cycle income capitalization method: the stable cyclical income of the
assessed forest assets is regarded as the return of capital investment, then the
value of the assets is obtained according to the appropriate investment return,
the method is adopted to realize the sustainable use of forest resources.
According to the specific conditions of forestry assets management, it is divided
into the assessment of forest assets immediately after the selective cutting and
the assessment of forest assets m years after the selective cutting.
6.2.4.1 Assessment of forest assets after selective cutting
The forest will reach the next selective cutting period after a business cycle after
selective cutting. The calculation method of the income present value method
of the forest asset assessment immediately after selective cutting is as follows:
Where:
E - The estimated value of the forest assets immediately after the selective
cutting;
K - Stand quality comprehensive adjustment factor, the comprehensive
adjustment factor is determined as shown in Appendix C;
Au - The net income of selective cutting;
V - Annual forest management cost;
P - Return on investment;
u - Selective cutting cycle.
6.2.4.2 Assessment of forest assets m years after selective cutting
m years after the selective cutting, as the stand growth gradually approaches
the next selective cutting period, the stock volume of the stand is increasing,
the value of the stand is increasing, the income present value of the forest asset
assessment m years after the selective cutting is calculated as follows:
Where:
the current wage and the production level as the assessment value of the
assessed forest resource asset. The calculation formula is:
Where:
E - The assessment value;
K - The stand quality comprehensive adjustment factor, the comprehensive
adjustment factor is determined as shown in Appendix G;
Ci - The production cost of the i-year based on the current wage and
production level;
n - Stand age;
P - Return on investment.
7 Assessment of timber forest assets
7.1 Assessment of same age forest assets
7.1.1 The assessment of the assets of the mature and over-ripe forests shall
use the wood market price reversal algorithm. See formula (1). It shall properly
determine the yield rate, sales price, wood production cost, various taxes, fees,
reasonable profits in the timber production stage of the wood species to be
assessed.
7.1.2 The assessment of the assets of middle-aged forests and near-mature
forests shall adopt the method of harvesting present value. See formula (4), the
main cutting time u shall take the age between the upper limit and the lower
limit of the age grade of the main cutting age of the forest management type to
which this stand belongs; it shall properly determine the net income of the
standard stand at the main cutting in the u-year. The technical and economic
indicators take the value at the time of the date of assessment benchmark.
7.1.3 The replacement cost method should be adopted for the assessment of
young forest assets. See formula (10). In the operation process of timber forests,
the use of assets only forms the accumulation of capital. There is no income
during the use, it shall be recovered once at the time of the main cutting.
Therefore, there is no depreciation of the timber forest assets, that is, there
shall be no newness rate.
7.1.4 Under the conditions of open, active and well-developed forestry asset
trading market, it should use the market transaction price comparison method.
E - The assessment value;
AI1 - Annual net income of the rich year after entering the stable production
period;
AI2 - Annual net income of the poor year after entering the stable production
period;
P - Return on investment.
8.2.2.2 Assessment method of bamboo with limited time
The annuity capitalization method is, based on the premise of sustainable
management of bamboo forest, or is transferred indefinitely, when the bamboo
forest is operated or transferred for a limited period (n years), the calculation
formula of bamboo forest assets is:
a) Flower year bamboo forest
b) Bamboo forest in rich year and poor year
8.2.2.3 Market transaction price comparison method
The market transaction price comparison method of the asset assessment of
bamboo forests with reasonable structure (including flower year bamboo forest
as well as the bamboo forest in rich year and poor year) is as shown in Figure
(2).
9 Assessment of economic forest asset
9.1 Assessment of economic forest assets in pre-production period
The pre-production assessment of economic forest assets should use the
replacement cost method. Under the conditions of open, active and well-
developed economic forest trading market, it may also use the market
transaction price comparison method. The replacement cost method is as
shown in formula (10), the market transaction price comparison method is as
shown in formula (2).
9.2 Estimation of economic forest assets in the initial production period
9.2.1 Replacement cost method
The market transaction price comparison method of the economic forestry in
the abundance period is as shown in formula (2).
9.4 Assessment of economic forest assets during decline period
The output of economic forests during the decline period has dropped
significantly. One year is not as good as one year. Continued operation will be
high-cost and low-yield, and even losses will occur. Therefore, it shall be
harvested and renewed in time. The economic forest assets at this stage can
be assessed using the residual value method. Especially in the economic forest
of arbor species, its residual value is mainly the value of forest trees.
10 Asset assessment of shelter forest and special
purpose forest
10.1 Assessment of shelter forest assets
The shelter forest is a forest with the main purpose of protecting soil and water,
preventing wind and sand, improving the ecological environment. The
assessment of shelter forest assets shall consider the value of forest trees and
the value of ecological services.
10.2 Assessment of experimental forest assets
The experimental forest is a forest with the main purpose of providing
experimental or scientific research experimental sites. The assessment of the
experimental forest assets should use the net income present value method
and the cost method. When adopting the net income present value method, the
forecast of income shall be carried out under the condition of satisfying the
original business purpose; when adopting the cost method, the input of
historical cost shall be considered.
10.3 Assessment of the mother forest assets
The mother forest is a forest with the main purpose of cultivating excellent
seeds. The assessment of the mother tree forest assets should be carried out
in accordance with the method of assessment of economic forest tree assets.
In the assessment, it shall fully consider the characteristics of the high value of
the mother wood and the preservation value of the excellent seed resources.
10.4 Assessment of asset of landscape forest, places of interest,
revolutionary memorial forest
See the methodology for assessment of forest landscape asset.
10.5 Assessment of environmental protection forest assets
11.2 Forestland expected price method
The forestland expected price method is based on the premise of sustainable
forest use, assumes that both the income and the expenditure on the forestland
in each rotation period is the same. The calculation starts from the forestation
of the land without forest, and the net income of the infinite number of rotations
is fully converted to present value and summed up as the assessment value of
the forestland asset to be assessed. Its calculation formula is:
Where:
E - Forestland’s expected price;
Au - The net income of stand during main cutting in the uth year;
Aα, Ab - The net income of thinning or others at the αth year and bth year in a
rotation period;
Ci - The direct investment in forestry in each year;
V - Average indirect cost of forest production;
u - Rotation period;
P - Return on investment.
11.3 Annuity capitalization method
The annuity capitalization method is a method based on the premise of realizing
the sustainable use of forests, meanwhile the forestland has stable income
every year, to calculate the value of forestland assets according to the
appropriate investment return, as shown in the formula (6).
11.4 Assessment of forestland with limited period of right of use
The forestland expected price method and the annuity capitalization method all
require the forestland to have indefinite period of right of use. When the
forestland has a finite period (n years) of right of use, its calculation formula is:
a) Forestland expected price method
a) Rotation due to the decline of land force;
b) The cost of afforestation after rotation is different;
c) The net profit after rotation is different from the rotation period.
11.6.2 The assessment of the assets of different-age forestland should use the
cyclic income capitalization method and the market transaction price
comparison method. The market transaction price comparison method is as
shown in formula (26), the cyclic income capitalization method is as shown in
formula (7) ~ (9) and (12) ~ (14). Due to the structure and management
characteristics of different-age forests, the value of land and the value of forests
shall be segmented when using the cyclic income capitalization method. There
are two ways to divide, the proportional factor method and the surplus value
method:
a) The proportional factor method is to divide the present value of the income
of the different-age forests calculated by the cyclic income capitalization
method into two parts: the forestland value and the forest value, according
to the specified proportion (contract or local forest management habits).
b) The surplus value method is to subtract the existing forest value balance
on the forestland from the different-age income present value as
calculated by the cyclic income capitalization method, as the value of
forestland.
11.7 Assessment of bamboo forestland assets
The assessment of bamboo forestland asset should use the income present
value proportional factor method, the annuity capitalization method, the market
transaction price comparison method. The income present value proportional
factor method is as shown in formula (15) ~ (18). The proportional factor is
determined according to the specified provisions (contract or local forest
management habits). The annuity capitalization method is as shown in formula
(6) and formula (19) ~ formula (21). The market transaction price comparison
method is as shown in formula (26).
11.8 Assessment of economic forestland assets
The assessment of economic forestland assets should use the forestland
expected price method, the annuity capitalization method, the market
transaction price comparison method. The annuity capitalization method is as
shown in formula (6). The market transaction price comparison method is as
shown in formula (26). The forestland quality adjustment factor shall consider
the tree species, variety and forest age, in addition to the general provisions.
The calculation formula of the forestland expected price method is:
Where:
E - The assessment value;
S - The effective use area of forest landscape assets to be assessed;
Ki - Forest landscape quality adjustment factor;
Kbi - Tourism consumption level adjustment factor, the adjustment factor is
determined as shown in Appendix C;
Gi - The market price of the effective use area of the reference case unit;
N - The number of reference transaction cases.
12.2 Annuity capitalization method
For the forest landscape asset which is relatively mature in market development,
relatively stable in average annual income, almost perfect in development,
construction, management of landscape resources, the value assessment
should use the annuity capitalization method, as shown in formula (6).
12.3 Simulation development method (also known as hypothesis
development method)
This method is the most commonly used method for forest landscape asset
assessment. The simulation development method assumes that under the
scientific, reasonable and effective development and construction conditions of
scenic spot, predict the investment, operating cost, operating income of future
development and construction, sum up the discounted value of the net income
as the assessment value of the forest landscape assets. The calculation of the
simulation development method is divided into two stages, one is the
development and progressing stage, the other is the stable operation stage. In
the development and progressing stage, the investment cost, operating cost
and investment profit are calculated year by year and converted into the present
value. In the stable operation stage, the excess profit is converted into the
present value by the annuity capitalization formula, the sum of the discounted
values of the two stages is used as the assessment value of the forest
landscape assets of the scenic spot. Its calculation formula is:
Where:
Appendix A
(Normative)
Sampling survey method
A.1 Overview
The sampling survey method is a survey method based on probability theory.
The application of this method shall take the assessment object as the sampling
overall unit, according to the requirements of random, systematic, stratified
sampling survey methods, set a certain number of sample plots in the sample
overall unit as samples, to perform determination at site, then assess the
quantity and status of the forest resource assets of the object.
A.2 Sampling technique
A.2.1 Simple random sampl......
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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