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GB/T 6495.10-2025: Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linear dependence and linearity measurements
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GB/T 6495.10: Evolution and historical versions
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Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linear dependence and linearity measurements
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Photovoltaic devices -- Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 6495.10-2025 (GB/T6495.10-2025) | | Description (Translated English) | Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linear dependence and linearity measurements | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | K83 | | Classification of International Standard | 27.160 | | Word Count Estimation | 26,269 | | Date of Issue | 2025-12-31 | | Date of Implementation | 2026-07-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 6495.10-2012 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration of China | GB/T 6495.10-2025: Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linear dependence and linearity measurements
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ICS 27.160
CCSK83
National Standards of the People's Republic of China
Replaces GB/T 6495.10-2012
Photovoltaic devices
Part 10.Linear Correlation and
Linearity Measurement Method
Photovoltaicdevices-Part 10.Methodsoflinear
(IEC 60904-10.2020, IDT)
Published on 2025-12-31
Implemented on July 1, 2026
State Administration for Market Regulation
The State Administration for Standardization issued a statement.
Table of contents
Preface III
Introduction IV
1.Scope 1
2 Normative References 1
3.Terms and Definitions 2
4.Component Selection 3
5.Device 3
5.1 General requirements for all procedures 3
5.2 Apparatus for measuring all linear correlations under natural sunlight or a solar simulator 4
5.3 Apparatus for measuring all linear correlations of short-circuit current using differential spectral responsivity measurement method 4
5.4 Apparatus for measuring the linear characteristics of short-circuit current using the two-lamp method 4
5.5 Apparatus for measuring the linearity of short-circuit current using the N-lamp method 5
6.Procedures for measuring linear characteristics and other linear correlations under natural sunlight or a solar simulator. 5.
6.1 Additional General Requirements for Natural Sunlight 5
6.2 Testing under natural sunlight 5
6.3 Debugging the Solar Simulator 5
6.4 Measurement of linear correlation with irradiance 6
6.5 Measurement of linear correlation with temperature 7
7.Procedure for measuring the linearity and other linear correlations of short-circuit current using differential spectral responsivity. 8.
7.1 Measurement of linear characteristics 8
7.2 Measurement of the linear correlation between short-circuit current and temperature 9
8.Procedure for measuring the linear characteristics of short-circuit current using the two-lamp method or the N-lamp method 10
8.1 Background 10
8.2 Two-lamp method measurement procedure 10
8.3 N Lamp Method Measurement Procedure 11
9.Calculation of linear correlation and linearity properties 11
9.1 Overview 11
9.2 Measurement Uncertainty Assessment 12
9.3 Determination of Deviation in General Linear Correlation 12
9.4 Determination of the nonlinear characteristics of short-circuit current and irradiance 12
9.5 Determination of the Nonlinear Characteristics of Short-Circuit Current and Irradiance using the Two-Lamp Method 13
9.6 N Lamp Method for Determining the Nonlinear Characteristics of Short-Circuit Current and Irradiance 14
9.7 Maximum deviation requirement of an ideal linear function. 15
10 Report 15
Reference 17
Foreword
This document complies with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Standardization Work Guidelines Part 1.Structure and Drafting Rules of Standardization Documents".
Drafting.
This document is Part 10 of GB/T 6495 "Photovoltaic Devices". GB/T 6495 has already published the following parts.
---Part 1.Measurement of Photovoltaic Current-Voltage Characteristics;
---Part 1-1.Measurement of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Multijunction Photovoltaic Devices;
---Part 2.Requirements for Standard Photovoltaic Devices;
---Part 3.Measurement Principles of Ground-Based Photovoltaic Devices Based on Standard Irradiance Spectral Data;
---Part 5.Determining the Equivalent Cell Temperature (ECT) of Photovoltaic Devices Using the Open-Circuit Voltage Method;
---Part 7.Calculation Method for Spectral Mismatch Correction in Photovoltaic Device Measurements;
---Part 8.Measurement of the Spectral Response of Photovoltaic Devices;
---Part 8-1.Measurement of the Spectral Response of Multijunction Photovoltaic Devices;
---Part 9.Solar Simulator Characteristic Classification;
---Part 10.Methods for measuring linear correlation and linearity;
---Part 11.Initial light-induced degradation test method for crystalline silicon solar cells.
This document replaces GB/T 6495.10-2012 "Photovoltaic Devices - Part 10.Methods for Measuring Linear Characteristics", and is consistent with GB/T 6495.10-
Compared to.2012, aside from structural adjustments and editorial changes, the main technical changes are as follows.
a) A "Terms and Definitions" section has been added (see Chapter 3);
b) Added a clear definition of equivalent samples in "Device Selection" (see Chapter 4);
c) Changes were made to the "Apparatus" (see Chapter 5, Chapter 3 of the.2012 edition) and the "Measurement Procedures" (see Chapters 6, 7, and 8 of the.2012 edition).
Chapters 4 and 5) and “Data Analysis” (see Chapter 9, Chapter 6 in the.2012 edition);
d) Detailed data analysis of the two-lamp method was added, resulting in an extended version called the N-lamp method (see Chapter 8);
e) The linear evaluation criteria have been changed (see Chapter 9,.2012 edition);
f) A “Report” has been added (see Chapter 10).
This document adopts IEC 60904-10.2020 "Photovoltaic devices - Part 10.Methods for measuring linear correlation and linearity characteristics".
Please note that some content in this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document assumes no responsibility for identifying patents.
This document was proposed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China.
This document is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Standardization of Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems (SAC/TC90).
This document was drafted by. Jingyi Energy Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
Chifeng Jingyi Energy Technology Co., Ltd., China Power Construction Group Jiangxi Electric Power Construction Co., Ltd., BOC Financial Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an West
Electric Power Systems Co., Ltd., Shanxi Agricultural University Shanxi Organic Dryland Agriculture Research Institute, Shanghai Zhiwei Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., and Northern United
Power Limited Company, China Electronics Technology Standardization Institute, China Datang Corporation, Huaneng Inner Mongolia Mengdong New Energy Co., Ltd.
The company, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Juzhiyi Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Low Carbon Clean Energy Research Institute
Research Institute, Shanghai University, Shandong Dazhong Newspaper Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Electric Power Investment Ronghe New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Aisona Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.
Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Zhixin Testing and Certification Technology Co., Ltd., and Hunan Zhongnan Bingge Testing Technology Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this document are. Meng Keqilao, Yu Huacong, Li Zhenguo, Kuang Xiaolong, Yu Yiman, Zhang Pengfei, Yang Tianrun, Lu Huayu, and Liu Zhigang.
Fang Long, Liu Fudong, Chen Xiaoda, Xu Wei, Lei Chunmin, Meng Fanying, Shen Riliang, Wan Zhenhua, Li Boyan, Zhao Zhanxia, Liu Shuiqing, Zhang Jigang, Luo Peiqing
Jiang Bin, Wu Weimin, Zhang Long, Yan Minzhang, Ma Jingtao.
This document was first published in.2012, and this is its first revision.
Introduction
GB/T 6495 proposes methods for measuring the performance of photovoltaic devices, as well as standards, value transfer, and result correction related to performance measurement.
The requirements for the classification of testing equipment, etc., have positive guiding significance for the performance measurement of photovoltaic devices such as photovoltaic cells and photovoltaic modules.
GB/T 6495 is proposed to consist of the following parts.
---Part 1.Measurement of Photovoltaic Current-Voltage Characteristics. The purpose is to define the basic requirements for measuring the IV curve of photovoltaic devices.
---Part 1-1.Measurement of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Multijunction Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the measurement of the IV characteristics of multijunction photovoltaic devices.
Quantification method.
---Part 1-2.Measurement of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Bifacial Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the IV characteristic measurement of bifacial photovoltaic modules.
Quantification method.
---Parts 1-3.Measurement of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Curved Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the measurement of the IV characteristics of curved photovoltaic devices.
Quantification method.
---Part 2.Requirements for Standard Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the requirements for standard photovoltaic devices.
---Part 3.Measurement Principles of Ground-Based Photovoltaic Devices Based on Standard Irradiance Spectral Data. The aim is to provide standard photovoltaic irradiance data.
data.
---Part 4.Procedures for Establishing Standard Photovoltaic Device Calibration Traceability. The purpose is to establish traceability for photovoltaic device calibration.
program.
---Part 5.Determining the Equivalent Cell Temperature (ECT) of Photovoltaic Devices Using the Open-Circuit Voltage Method. The aim is to define the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic devices.
Method for testing the open-circuit voltage of battery temperature.
---Part 7.Calculation Method for Spectral Mismatch Correction in Photovoltaic Device Measurements. The purpose is to specify the calculation method for spectral mismatch correction.
---Part 8.Measurement of the Spectral Response of Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the methods for measuring the spectral response.
---Part 8-1.Measurement of the Spectral Response of Multijunction Photovoltaic Devices. The purpose is to specify the measurement method for the spectral response of multijunction photovoltaic devices.
method.
---Part 9.Classification of Solar Simulator Characteristics. The purpose is to specify the classification requirements for solar simulators used to measure photovoltaic devices.
---Part 10.Methods for Measuring Linear Correlation and Linearity Characteristics. The aim is to define the linearity characteristics of photovoltaic devices and their testing.
method.
---Part 11.Test Method for Initial Light-Induced Degradation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. The purpose is to specify the initial light-induced degradation test method for crystalline silicon solar cells.
Attenuation test method.
---Part 12.Measurement methods for the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of perovskite photovoltaic cells and modules. The purpose is to specify the measurement methods for the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of perovskite photovoltaic cells and modules.
Methods for measuring the IV characteristics of voltage-voltage devices.
---Part 13.Electroluminescence of Photovoltaic Modules. The purpose is to specify the testing methods for the electroluminescence of photovoltaic modules.
Note. The correspondence between each part and the IEC 60904 series of international standards is as follows.
---Part 1 corresponds to IEC 60904-1;
---Part 1-1 corresponds to IEC 60904-1-1;
---Parts 1-2 correspond to IEC 60904-1-2;
---Parts 1-3 correspond to IEC 60904-1-3;
---Part 2 corresponds to IEC 60904-2;
---Part 3 corresponds to IEC 60904-3;
---Part 4 corresponds to IEC 60904-4;
---Part 5 corresponds to IEC 60904-5;
---Part 7 corresponds to IEC 60904-7;
---Part 8 corresponds to IEC 60904-8;
---Part 8-1 corresponds to IEC 60904-8-1;
---Part 9 corresponds to IEC 60904-9;
---Part 10 corresponds to IEC 60904-10;
---Part 13 corresponds to IEC 60904-13.
The purpose of this document is to specify the testing methods for the linear correlation and linear characteristics of photovoltaic devices.
This document specifies the requirements for linear correlation testing methods, data analysis, and result acceptance to ensure that these linear equations will provide satisfactory results.
Satisfactory results; these requirements also specify the temperature and irradiance ranges where linear equations can be used. Typical device parameters include short-circuit current.
(ISC), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and maximum power (Pmax), with typical test parameters being temperature (T) and irradiance (G). Regardless of the settings in 9.7
The defined limits classify it as either linear or nonlinear; the same principles in this document can be applied to any other test parameter, with appropriate adjustments.
The program is used to change the parameters themselves.
This document provides instructions on how to correct for deviations (linearity characteristics) between the ideal linear relationship between the short-circuit current (ISC) of a photovoltaic device and irradiance.
The procedure. For measurements using a solar simulator and under natural sunlight, irradiance spectral distribution and spectral mismatch were considered.
The impact of SpectralMismatch-SMM. Performance evaluation of photovoltaic modules and systems, and the transition from one set of temperatures and irradiances to another set of temperatures.
Performance variations in intensity and irradiance typically rely on the use of linear equations (see IEC 60891, IEC 61853-1, IEC 61829 and...).
IEC 61724-1).
When it is necessary to evaluate the linear dependence of one or more electrical parameters of a photovoltaic device based on test parameters, IEC 60904-10 is a standard for multiple...
Reference documents for IEC standards. Test parameters are typically device temperature or irradiance. This is to better reflect the different conditions being handled and the light...
The linear correlation between short-circuit current of a device and irradiance has been extensively revised in IEC 60904-10.
To avoid confusion, in this document, the term "linear characteristic" is used only to indicate the correlation between short-circuit current (ISC) and irradiance (G), unless otherwise stated.
A clear description of the relationship between all other electrical parameters and test parameters will be referred to as general linear dependence.
Compared to the first edition, the second edition includes three major technical changes.
The first major change is the separation of linear data analysis from general linear correlation data analysis [for example, VOC(T) gives the open-circuit voltage].
[The functional relationship between pressure and temperature]. The latter retains the same method already included in the previous version, namely the least squares fitting method, and improves upon it in data analysis.
The recommended usage of measurement uncertainty has been added. The former applies a proportionality function to describe the relationship between the ISC and G of an ideal linear photovoltaic device.
The former also utilizes the ISC calibration value to establish a reference point, explicitly representing the nonlinear characteristics. Furthermore, it considers the test spectrum and...
The impact of SMM on linearity and general linear correlation.
Under this new linear evaluation method, the second major change involves revising the definition of nonlinear characteristics (now explicitly referring to calibration values), and
This includes a formula to correct for the nonlinear characteristics of the photovoltaic device used for measurement in terms of irradiance. This photovoltaic device is typically a standard...
Devices. However, IEC 61853-1 explicitly considers the use of the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic device itself to measure irradiance when proving its linearity.
(See note in IEC 61853-1.2011.8.1). Therefore, when using standard devices and the photovoltaic device under test (Device Under Test -
This can also be extended to nonlinear characteristic devices, provided that in addition to the calibration value of the photovoltaic device itself, information on the nonlinear characteristics is also provided.
This paper uses a multiplication factor to correct the irradiance of nonlinear characteristics, similar to the same method used for SMM correction in IEC 60904-7.
This formula was introduced to address the explicit references to IEC 60904-10 in other standards regarding the handling of devices with nonlinear characteristics. This formula can...
Used to correct linear deviations within acceptance limits.
The third major change is the revision of the two-lamp method. In the second version, this method was a simple pass/fail test. To make it pass...
The results obtained by any linear measurement procedure permitted by this document are fully comparable to each other within the specified measurement uncertainty range, by introducing a double...
The detailed data analysis of the lamp method yielded crucial quantitative methods. Therefore, the irradiance correction formula is also applicable to the results of the two-lamp method.
The lamp method has become the simplest quantitative method for evaluating the linear characteristics of photovoltaic devices (i.e., the correlation between short-circuit current ISC and irradiance), when the DUT is a single
In photovoltaic cell manufacturing, even standard components are not required. This includes an extended version called the N-lamp method, which overcomes the limitations of the two-lamp method.
Some limitations.
Secondary changes involve differentiating between irradiance and temperature as test parameters; that is, changing parameters and checking their correlations. This is to improve...
Locating the necessary procedures in the file.
Furthermore, the linear dependence of device parameters (e.g., ISC) must comply with the standards given in IEC 61215-1 and its related parts.
If the DUT is stable, the intermediate steps of the procedure described in this document can be followed. For example, the measurement requirements for the power matrix as defined in IEC 61853-1.
The maximum power is measured as a function of irradiance and temperature. In this case, the most convenient method for performing power matrix measurements is usually to change...
While keeping one parameter (e.g., temperature) stable, keep another parameter (e.g., irradiance) stable, and then repeat this step at different levels of the second parameter.
This process continues until the entire matrix is complete. In this case, the second parameter will be considered a fixed parameter, and the first parameter will be evaluated according to this document.
The test parameters for estimating linear correlation. However, once the full power matrix is measured, it can be determined by...
One parameter is considered a test parameter for subsequent data analysis of the DUT's maximum power (and any other relevant electrical parameters).
Therefore, the linear correlation of one or the other parameter can be evaluated, regardless of the measurement procedure used to acquire the data.
Photovoltaic devices
Part 10.Linear Correlation and
Linearity Measurement Method
1 Scope
This document specifies the correlation between any electrical parameter (Y) of a photovoltaic device and a test parameter (X) and how to determine this correlation.
The procedure for determining how close the correlation is to an ideal linear (straight line) function. This includes how to account for deviations from the ideal linear correlation and how to handle light...
The nonlinear characteristics of the electrical parameters of the volt-volt device provide guidance.
The measurement methods described in this document are applicable to all photovoltaic devices, but caution should be exercised when using them for multi-junction photovoltaic devices. They should be applied to the device itself or in certain situations.
Under the condition that it is performed on an equivalent device with the same technology, and that the device is stable according to the standards set in the relevant clauses of IEC 61215.
These measurements should be performed before any measurement and calibration procedures that require linear devices or specify limitations on devices with nonlinear characteristics.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents, through normative references within the text, constitute essential provisions of this document. Dated citations are not included.
For references to documents, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies.
This document.
GB/T 46982-2025 Photovoltaic devices – Temperature and irradiance correction methods for IV characteristics (IEC 60891.2021, IDT)
Note. GB/T 6495.1-2025 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1.Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics (IEC 60904-1.2020, IDT)
IEC 60904-1-1 Photovoltaic devices – Part 1-1.Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multijunction photovoltaic devices
[voltaic (PV) devices]
Note. GB/T 6495.101-2025 Photovoltaic devices - Part 1-1.Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of multijunction photovoltaic devices (IEC 60904-1-1.2017)
IDT)
IEC 60904-1-2 Photovoltaic devices – Part 1-2.Measurement of current-voltage characteristics of bifacial photovoltaic devices
Note. GB/T 6495.2-2025 Photovoltaic devices - Part 2.Requirements for standard photovoltaic devices (IEC 60904-2.2023, IDT)
IEC 60904-3 Photovoltaic devices – Part 3.Measurement principles of terrestrial photovoltaic devices based on standard spectral irradiance data [Photo-
Note. GB/T 6495.3-2025 Photovoltaic devices - Part 3.Measurement principles of terrestrial photovoltaic devices based on standard spectral irradiance data (IEC 60904-3)
2019, IDT)
IEC 60904-7 Photovoltaic devices – Part 7.Calculation method for spectral mismatch correction in photovoltaic measurements
vices)
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