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Bar code for commodity - Bar code symbol print quality verification
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GB/T 18348-2022: PDF in English (GBT 18348-2022) GB/T 18348-2022
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 35.040
CCS A 24
Replacing GB/T 18348-2008
Bar code for commodity - Bar code symbol print quality
verification
ISSUED ON: MARCH 09, 2022
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 01, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 4
1 Scope ... 7
2 Normative references ... 7
3 Terms and definitions ... 8
4 Determination of sampling plan ... 10
5 Verification conditions ... 10
5.1 Environmental conditions ... 10
5.2 Verification equipment ... 11
5.3 Samples under verification ... 12
6 Verification items ... 12
7 Verification methods ... 13
7.1 Overview of verification methods ... 13
7.2 Scan measurement ... 13
7.3 Manual measurement ... 16
8 Verification data processing ... 18
8.1 Overview of verification data processing ... 18
8.2 Individual parameter grades of scan reflectance profile ... 18
8.3 Individual parameter average grade of scan reflectance profile ... 20
8.4 Grade of scan reflectance profile ... 21
8.5 Data processing of manual measurement parameters ... 21
8.6 Symbol grade ... 22
9 Comprehensive determination of symbol quality ... 23
10 Verification report ... 23
Appendix A (Informative) Verification methods for bar/space reflectance, print contrast,
and bar/space dimensional deviation ... 25
A.1 Verification method for bar/space reflectance and print contrast ... 25
A.2 Verification method for bar/space dimensional deviation ... 26
A.3 Verification method for average bar width deviation ... 26
Appendix B (Normative) Determination of optical characteristic parameter values .. 28
B.1 Overview ... 28
B.2 Minimum reflectance ... 28
B.3 Symbol contrast ... 28
B.4 Minimum edge contrast... 28
B.5 Modulation ratio ... 28
B.6 Defects ... 29
Appendix C (Informative) Description of defects algorithm improvement ... 31
Appendix D (Normative) Determination of decodability ... 33
D.1 General rules ... 33
D.2 EAN-13, EAN-8, UPC-A, UPC-E bar codes ... 33
D.3 ITF-14 bar code ... 36
D.4 GS1-128 bar code ... 38
Appendix E (Normative) Measurement of Z dimension and wide to narrow ratio ... 41
E.1 Measurement of Z dimension ... 41
E.2 Measurement of wide to narrow ratio ... 42
Appendix F (Normative) Parameters for determination of scan reflectance profile grade
and symbol grade value of different code systems ... 43
F.1 Parameters for determination of scan reflectance profile grade of different code systems
... 43
F.2 Parameters for determination of symbol grade value of different code systems ... 43
Bar code for commodity - Bar code symbol print quality
verification
1 Scope
This document specifies the determination of sampling plan, verification conditions,
verification items, verification methods, verification data processing, comprehensive
determination of symbol quality, and verification report for bar code symbol print
quality verification.
This document applies to the quality verification of printed bar code symbol for
commodity.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents, through normative references in this text,
constitute indispensable provisions of this document. Among them, for dated references,
only the edition corresponding to that date applies to this document. For undated
references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 2828.1 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 1: Sampling
schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
GB/T 2828.4 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 4: Procedures
for assessment of declared quality levels
GB/T 2828.11 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 11: Procedures
for assessment of declared quality levels for small population
GB/T 2829 Sampling procedures and tables for periodic inspection by attributes
(apply to inspection of process stability)
GB 12904-2008 Bar code for commodity - Retail commodity numbering and bar
code marking
GB/T 12905-2019 Bar code terminology
GB/T 13262 Single sampling procedures and tables for inspection having desired
operating characteristics by attributes for percent nonconforming
GB/T 14257 Commodity bar code symbol location
GB/T 14258 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture
techniques - Verification of print quality of bar code symbols
GB/T 15425 Commodity bar code - 128 bar code
GB/T 16306 Re-inspection and re-test procedures for assessment of declared quality
levels
GB/T 16830 Bar code for commodity - Dispatch commodity numbering and bar code
marking
GB/T 26228.1 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture
techniques - Bar code verifier conformance specification - Part 1: Linear symbols
ISO/IEC 15416:2016 Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Bar
code print quality test specification - Linear symbols
GS1 General specifications
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB 12904-2008 and GB/T 12905-2019 and the
following ones apply to this document.
3.1
Bar code for commodity
A universal bar code symbol used to identify commodities and their attributes, including
the numbering and bar code marking of retail commodities, dispatch commodities,
logistics units, assets, service relationships, and locations of participants, etc.
[Source: GB/T 12905-2019, 2.70, modified]
3.2
Element reflectance nonuniformity; ERN
The difference between the highest peak and the lowest valley of reflectance corrected
by the algorithm in an element (including clear area) on the scan reflectance profile.
[Source: GB/T 12905-2019, 6.30, modified]
3.3
Defects
Z dimension
The arithmetic mean of measured values of narrow element or module size.
[Source: GB/T 14258-2003, 3.24, modified]
3.10
Encoded data
The data to be represented in the bar code symbol.
4 Determination of sampling plan
In the verification of commodity bar code print quality, the sampling plan shall be
determined according to the verification category and applicable sampling standards:
a) For successive batches of purchase inspections with several manufacturers to
choose from and exit-factory verifications with definite users, use GB/T 2828.1
to determine the sampling plan;
b) For the purchase, process, and exit-factory verification of a single batch, use GB/T
13262 to determine the sampling plan;
c) For the inspection of the stability of production process, use GB/T 2829 to
determine the sampling plan;
d) For quality supervision and verification, where the total amount of supervision is
large, use GB/T 2828.4 to determine the sampling plan;
e) For quality supervision and verification, where the total amount of supervision is
small, use GB/T 2828.11 to determine the sampling plan;
f) For quality supervision and re-inspection, use GB/T 16306 to determine the
sampling plan;
g) For the acceptance verification of both the supplier and the purchaser, if there is
a sampling agreement in the contract, it shall determine the sampling plan
according to the agreement.
5 Verification conditions
5.1 Environmental conditions
5.1.1 Temperature and humidity
5.2.1.5 Measuring optical path
The measuring optical path shall comply with the regulations in GB/T 14258.
5.2.1.6 Reflectance benchmark
Use magnesium oxide (MgO) or barium sulfate (BaSO4) as the benchmark for 100%
reflectance.
5.2.2 Length measuring instruments
5.2.2.1 Measuring instrument for clear area
A length measuring instrument with a minimum division value of not more than 0.1
mm OR a bar code verifier with a minimum division value of not more than 0.01 mm.
5.2.2.2 Measuring instrument for bar height and printing location
A length measuring instrument with a minimum division value not greater than 0.5 mm,
which is suitable for manual measurement.
5.2.2.3 Measuring instrument for the width of bearer bar and the physical length
of bar code symbol
A length measuring instrument with a minimum division value not greater than 0.1 mm,
which is suitable for manual measurement.
5.3 Samples under verification
As far as possible, the bar code symbol under verification shall be in the state of being
scanned when it is applied, that is, the state of physical packaging.
For samples that cannot be verified in the form of physical packaging, as well as
samples of bar code symbols on labels, stickers, and packaging materials:
- Appropriate processing can be carried out, so that the sample is flat; and the size is
suitable for verification. Sufficient fixed size shall be retained around the bar code
symbol;
- For the symbol print carrier with opacity less than 0.85, during verification, a dark
plane with reflectance less than 5% shall be lined at the bottom of the symbol. For
the measurement of opacity, see GB/T 14258.
6 Verification items
The verification items are shown in Table 2.
in each bar area is defined as the reflectance (Rb) of this bar.
7.2.2.3.2 Determine element edges
The edge is the boundary between two adjacent elements (including the clear area) on
the scan reflectance profile. Its position is at the abscissa of the intermediate value [(i.e.
the point of (Rs + Rb)/2] of the space reflectance (Rs) and bar reflectance (Rb) of two
adjacent elements.
7.2.2.4 Reference decoding
After determining each element according to the method specified in 7.2.2.3, according
to the code system of the bar code symbol under verification, select the appropriate
reference decoding algorithm in GB 12904, GB/T 15425 or GB/T 16830 to decode the
bar code symbol.
7.2.2.5 Optical characteristic parameters
The method for determining the values of optical characteristic parameters shall comply
with the provisions of Appendix B. Record the values of minimum reflectance, symbol
contrast, minimum edge contrast, modulation ratio, and defects given by the bar code
verifier after scanning.
7.2.2.6 Decodability
According to the code system of the bar code symbol under verification, it is determined
according to the method specified in Appendix D. Record the decodability given by the
bar code verifier after scanning.
7.2.2.7 Z dimension
According to the code system of the bar code symbol under verification, it is determined
according to the method specified in E.1 in Appendix E.
7.2.2.8 Wide to narrow ratio
See E.2 for the method for determining the wide to narrow ratio of ITF-14 bar code
symbol (GB/T 16830).
7.2.2.9 Width of clear area
Use a bar code verifier with the function of clear area verification to scan and measure.
When manual measurement is required, see 7.3.2.
7.3 Manual measurement
7.3.1 Bar height
Use a length measuring instrument that meets the requirements of 5.2.2.2 to measure.
The bar height value is rounded to an integer in millimeters.
7.3.2 Width of clear area
Use a length measuring instrument that meets the requirements of 5.2.2.1 TO measure
the width of the clear area at its narrowest point. The result of manual measurement can
be used as the clear area width parameter value of the reflectance profile of each scan.
Note: When the visually-inspected clear area is much larger than the required value, the " >
minimum clear area width specified by the symbol standard" is used as the measured value.
7.3.3 Human readable character
Manually read and record the human readable character of bar code symbol.
7.3.4 Decoded data correctness
Compare the consistency of the scan reflectance profile reference decoded data and the
encoded data.
7.3.5 Printing location
According to GB/T 14257 or the provisions of the application specification, carry out
visual inspection; or use a length measuring instrument that meets the requirements of
5.2.2.2 to measure.
7.3.6 Width of bearer bar
Use a length measuring instrument that meets the requirements of 5.2.2.3 to measure.
7.3.7 Number of data characters
Manually read and record the number of data characters of the GS1-128 bar code
symbol (GB/T 15425); including the application identifier and the applicable FNC1
character as a separating character, but excluding auxiliary characters and check
characters.
7.3.8 Physical length of bar code symbol
Use a length measuring instrument that meets the requirements of 5.2.2.3 TO measure
the physical length of the GS1-128 bar code symbol (GB/T 15425) including the clear
area.
8.5.3 Determination of decoded data correctness
When the reference decoded data of the scan reflectance profile is consistent with the
encoded data, it is determined to be grade 4.0; otherwise it is grade 0.0.
8.5.4 Determination of printing location
When the printing location of bar code symbol is consistent with the provisions of GB/T
14257 or the corresponding application specification, it is determined to pass; otherwise,
it is determined to fail.
8.5.5 Determination of width of bearer bar
When the ITF-14 bar code symbol (GB/T 16830) uses the printing method of
platemaking printing, the nominal value of the width of bearer bar is 4.83 mm. When
the method of platemaking printing is not used, the minimum value of the width of
bearer bar is 2X. The vertical lines of the bearer bar can be defaulted. When the
measured value is greater than or equal to the required value, it is determined to pass;
otherwise, it is determined to fail.
8.5.6 Determination of number of data characters
For GS1-128 bar code symbol (GB/T 15425), the maximum number of data characters
that can be encoded is 48. When the number of data characters is less than or equal to
48, it is determined to be grade 4.0; otherwise it is grade 0.0.
8.5.7 Determination of physical length of bar code symbol
For GS1-128 bar code symbol (GB/T 15425), the physical length including clear area
shall not exceed 165 mm. When the physical length is less than or equal to 165 mm, it
is determined to be grade 4.0; otherwise it is grade 0.0.
8.6 Symbol grade
8.6.1 Determination of symbol grade value
The symbol grade value is the arithmetic mean of the scan reflectance profile grades
(see 8.4) of multiple scan measurements (see 7.2.1.2 for the number of scan
measurements) AND the minimum value among the manual measurement parameter
grades determined by the code system specification to participate in the grade
determination. When the reference decoded data of the reflectance profile of any two
scans are different, the symbol grade value is 0.0.
For commodity bar code symbols of different code systems, it shall, according to F.2,
select the parameters for the determination of symbol grade value.
8.6.2 Representation method of symbol grade
A.2 Verification method for bar/space dimensional deviation
A.2.1 Measurement and calculation of deviation
Measure the actual width of each bar, space and bar-space combination in the bar code
symbol; calculate the difference between the actual width and the corresponding
nominal width dimension, that is, the deviation.
For (n,k) symbology, the nominal width dimension shall be determined according to the
measured Z dimension (see E.1) and the bar code characters to which the tested bar,
space or bar-space combination belongs, and in accordance with the corresponding bar
code system specification. For two-element width bar codes, the nominal width
dimension shall be determined according to the measured Z dimension and wide to
narrow ratio (see E.2), as well as the bar code characters to which the measured bar and
space belong, and in accordance with the corresponding bar code system specification.
A.2.2 Verification procedure
Use a length measuring instrument with a resolution of not less than 0.01 mm for
verification. Take five measuring positions evenly in the bar height direction of the bar
code symbol. From the start character to the stop character, measure the dimension of
each bar/space one by one. Repeat the above steps for each height position measurement.
A.2.3 Data processing
A.2.3.1 Take the maximum and minimum value of each bar/space dimensional
deviation at the same height position AS the maximum and minimum value of bar/space
dimensional deviation at this height position.
A.2.3.2 Take the maximum and minimum value of each bar/space dimensional
deviation at five different height positions AS the bar/space dimensional deviation of
the bar code symbol.
A.2.4 Determination method
According to the verification results, EAN/UPC bar codes are based on the provisions
of F.1 in GB 12904-2008; GS1-128 and ITF-14 bar codes can refer to this provision;
determine whether the bar/space dimensional deviation of bar code symbol can meet
the requirements.
A.3 Verification method for average bar width deviation
Measure the actual width of each bar in the bar code symbol. Use formula (A.2) to
calculate the average deviation of the bar.
Appendix C
(Informative)
Description of defects algorithm improvement
Defects are usually caused by smears in the space or clear area of the bar code symbol,
ink peeling or voids in the bar. Take the bar element as an example; when voids appear
in the bar, its scan reflectance profiles are shown in b) and c) in Figure C.1. The element
reflectance nonuniformity specified in the traditional defects algorithm is the difference
between the highest peak value and the lowest valley value of reflectance in an element
(including clear area). The element reflectance nonuniformity in Figure C.1 b) is the
difference between the reflectance at point E and point D. The element reflectance
nonuniformity in Figure C.1 c) is the difference between the reflectance at point L and
point W. However, in the actual scanning process, tiny voids and even "noise" may
appear in the edges of the bars and spaces. It is not a real defect. Its scan reflectance
profile is shown in a) in Figure C.1. The element reflectance nonuniformity calculated
according to the traditional defects algorithm is the difference between point B and
point C; so this calculation amplifies the value of defects.
According to the improved defects algorithm, the ERN′ in Figure C.1 a) is extremely
small, less than the defect adjustment factor "c". The parameter F is less than 1. The
obtained element reflectance nonuniformity value is smaller than that in the traditional
defects algorithm. Therefore, the defects calculated by the improved defects algorithm
are smaller than those calculated by the traditional defects algorithm. ERN′ in Figure
C.1 b) and c) is greater than the defect adjustment factor "c". The parameter F is equal
to 1. The obtained element reflectance nonuniformity value is equal to that before
improvement. Therefore, the defects calculated by the improved defects algorithm are
the same as those obtained by the traditional defects algorithm.
The setting of defect adjustment factor "c" can reduce the influence of tiny voids or
smears at the bar-space edge, so as to eliminate the instability of the measurement; and
to make the verifier ignore the influence of the extremely small reflectance difference
on the calculation of defects.
Appendix D
(Normative)
Determination of decodability
D.1 General rules
D.1.1 According to the code system of the bar code symbol under verification,
according to the method specified in D.2, D.3 or D.4, determine the decodability of
each scan reflectance profile.
D.1.2 For each scan reflectance profile, according to the method for determining the
element edge specified in 7.2.2.3, determine the boundary of each element. Then
measure the distance between the edges of the corresponding elements, to determine
the width of each element or element combination of the bar code symbol described in
D.2.1, D.3.1, or D.4.1.
D.1.3 All dimensional measured values are in the same unit as the abscissa (i.e., the
"linear location" coordinate) of the coordinate system in which the scan reflectance
profile is located.
D.2 EAN-13, EAN-8, UPC-A, UPC-E bar codes
D.2.1 Dimensional measurement
Measure on the scan reflectance profile:
- The width of each bar code character (p);
- The distance between corresponding left or right edges of two adjacent bars in each
bar code character (e1, e2);
- The distance between corresponding left or right edges of two adjacent bars in the
start character and stop character (e1);
- The distance between corresponding left or right edges of two adjacent bars in the
central separating character (e1, e2, e3, e4);
- The sum of the bar element widths in the bar code characters representing 1, 2, 7,
and 8 (b1 + b2).
A schematic diagram of the dimensions of each part in the EAN/UPC bar code is shown
in Figure D.1.
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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