GB/T 18284-2000 PDF English
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GB/T 18284-2000: QR Code---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT18284-2000
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 35.040
A 24
neq ISO/IEC 18004.2000
QR Code
快速响应矩阵码
Issued on. DECEMBER 28, 2000
Implemented on. JULY 01, 2001
Issued by. State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative References... 4
3 Definitions... 4
4 Convention... 7
5 Symbol Description... 7
6 Data Encoding and symbol Representation... 15
7 Structured Append... 57
8 Symbol Printing and Marking... 59
9 Symbol Quality... 60
10 Decoding Procedure Overview... 62
11 Reference Decode Algorithm for QR Code... 63
12 Transmitted Data... 70
Annex A (Normative) Error Detection and Correction Generator Polynomials73
Annex B (Normative) Error Correction Decoding Steps... 78
Annex C (Normative) Format Information... 80
Annex D (Normative) Version Information... 82
Annex E (Normative) Position of Alignment Patterns... 85
Annex F (Normative) Symbology Identifier... 87
Annex G (Informative) Symbol Encoding Example... 88
Annex H (Informative) Optimization of Bit Stream Length... 91
Annex I (Informative) User Guidelines for Printing and Scanning of QR Code
Symbols... 94
Annex J (Informative) Matrix Code Print Quality Guideline... 96
Annex K (Informative) Process Control Techniques... 101
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the coding, symbol structure and size characteristics, error
correction rules, reference decoding algorithms, and symbol quality requirements of
the Quick Response Matrix Code (QR Code, hereinafter referred to as QR code)
symbols.
This Standard is applicable to automatic identification and data acquisition.
2 Normative References
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this Standard,
constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
are valid. All standards are subject to revision. The parties who are using this Standard
shall explore the possibility of using the latest version of the following standards.
GB/T 1988-1998 Information Technology - 7-Bit Coded Character Set for
Information Interchange (eqv ISO/IEC 646.1991)
GB 2312-1980 Code of Chinese Graphic Character Set for Information
Interchange - Primary Set
GB/T 12905-2000 Bar Coding Terminology
GB 18030-2000 Information Technology - Chinese Ideograms Coded Character
Set for Information Interchange-Extension for the Basic Set
ISO/IEC 15424.1999 Information Technology - Automatic Identification and Data
Capture Techniques - Data Carrier / Symbology Identifiers
AIM International Technical Specification - Extended Channel Interpretations. Part
1.Identification Scheme and Protocol (Referred to as “AIM ECI Specification”)
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1 Alignment pattern
A fixed reference pattern that is used to determine the position of the matrix symbol.
In the case of a certain degree of damage to the image, the decoding software can
use it to synchronize the coordinate map of the image module.
3.2 Character count indicator
A bit sequence that indicates the length of the data string in a certain mode.
3.3 ECI designator
A 6-digit number that is used to identify a specific ECI task.
3.4 Encoding region
The area in the symbol that is not occupied by functional pattern and is used to encode
data or error correction codewords.
3.5 Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI)
In some symbology, protocols that allow different interpretations of the output data
stream and the default character set.
3.6 Format information
A functional pattern containing the error correction level used by the symbol and the
mask pattern information, which is used to decode the remaining part of the encoding
region.
4 Convention
4.1 Mathematical operators
The mathematical operators used in this Standard are defined as follows.
div. is the integer division operator;
4.2 Module positions
For ease of reference, module positions are defined by their row and column
coordinates in the symbol, in the form (i, j) where i designates the row (counting from
the top downwards) and j the column (counting from left to right) in which the module
is located, with counting commencing at 0.Module (0, 0) is therefore located at the
upper left corner of the symbol.
4.3 Byte notation
Byte contents are shown as hexadecimal values.
4.4 Version references
Symbol versions are referred to in the form Version V-E where V identifies the version
number (1 ~ 40) and E indicates the error correction level (L, M, Q, H).
5 Symbol Description
QR Code is a matrix symbology, which has independent positioning function and
automatic identification capability. It also has the following characteristics.
5.1 Basic characteristics
5.2 Additional features
5.3 Symbol structure
Each QR Code symbol shall be constructed of nominally square modules set out in a
regular square array and shall consist of an encoding region and function patterns,
namely finder patterns, separator, timing patterns, and alignment patterns.
5.3.3 Separators
A one-module wide Separator is placed between each Position Detection Pattern and
Encoding Region, as illustrated in Figure 2, and is constructed of all light modules.
5.3.4 Timing Pattern
The horizontal and vertical Timing Patterns respectively consist of a one module wide
row or column of alternating dark and light modules, commencing and ending with a
dark module (as illustrated in Figure 2). The horizontal Timing Pattern runs across row
6 of the symbol between the separators for the upper Position Detection Patterns; the
vertical Timing Pattern similarly runs down column 6 of the symbol between the
separators for the left-hand Position Detection Patterns. They enable the symbol
density and version to be determined and provide datum positions for determining
module coordinates.
5.3.5 Alignment Patterns
Each Alignment Pattern may be viewed as three superimposed concentric squares
and is constructed of 5 × 5 dark modules, 3 × 3 light modules and a single central dark
module (as illustrated in Figure 2). The number of Alignment Patterns depends on the
symbol version and all symbols of Version 2 above (including Version 2) have the
alignment patters, see Annex E in detail.
5.3.6 Encoding region
This region shall contain the symbol characters representing data codeword, those
representing error correction codewords, the Version Information and Format
Information. Refer to 6.7.1 for details of the symbol characters. Refer to 6.9 for details
of the Format Information. Refer to 6.10 for details of the Version Information
5.3.7 Quiet zone
The quiet zone is a 4 module-wide zone surrounding the symbol, its nominal
reflectance value shall be equal to that of the light modules.
6 Data Encoding and symbol Representation
6.1 Encode procedure overview
6.2 Data analysis
Analyze the input data string to determine its content and select the default or other
appropriate ECI and the appropriate mode to encode each sequence as described in
6.3 Modes
The modes defined below are based on the character values and assignments
associated with the default ECI. When any other ECI is in force, the byte values rather
than the specific character assignments shall be used to select the optimum data
compaction mode. For example, Numeric Mode would be appropriate if there is a
sequence of data byte values within the range 30HEX to 39HEX inclusive. In this case the
compaction is carried out using the default numeric or alphabetic equivalents of the
byte values.
6.3.1 Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) Mode
The Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) protocol allows the output data stream to
have interpretations different from that of the default character set. The ECI protocol is
defined consistently across a number of symbologies. Four broad types of
interpretation are supported in QR Code.
6.3.2 Numeric Mode
Numeric mode encodes data from the decimal digit set (0 ~ 9) (ASCII values 30HEX to
39HEX) at a normal density of 3 data characters per 10 bits.
6.3.4 8-bit Byte Mode
The 8-bit byte mode is used to represent ASCII character set (character values 00HEX
to FFHEX). In this mode data is encoded at a density of 8 bits/character.
6.3.5 China-Chinese Mode
The China-Chinese mode handles two-byte China-Chinese characters and non-
Chinese characters specified in GB 2312, its character value is the internal code values
corresponding to the characters specified in GB 2312, see GB 18030.Each two-byte
character value is compacted to a 13-bit binary codeword.
6.3.6 Mixing modes
The QR Code symbol may contain sequences of data in a combination of any of the
modes described in 6.3.1 to 6.3.5.
Refer to Annex H for guidance on selecting the most efficient way of representing a
given input data string in Mixing Mode.
6.4 Data encoding
Input data is converted into a bit stream consisting of an ECI header if the initial ECI is
other than the default ECI, followed by one or more segments each in a separate mode.
In the default ECI, the bit stream commences with the first Mode Indicator.
The ECI header (if present) shall comprise.
6.4.1 Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) Mode
This mode, adopted for encoding data subject to alternative interpretations of byte
values (e.g., alternative character sets) in accordance with the AIM ECI specification
which defines the pre-processing of this type of data, is invoked by the use of Mode
Indicator 0111.
6.4.6 Mixing modes
There is the option for a symbol to contain sequences of data in one mode and then to
change modes if the data content requires it, or in order to increase the density of
encoding. Refer to Annex H for guidance. Each segment of data is encoded in the
appropriate mode as indicated in 6.4.1 to 6.4.5, with the basic structure Mode
Indicator/Character Count Indicator/Data and followed immediately by the Mode
Indicator commencing the next segment. Figure 10 illustrates the structure of data
containing n segments.
6.4.7 FNC1 Modes
There are two mode indicators, which are used in conjunction with the mode flags
specified in 6.3.1 to 6.3.8 and 6.4.1 to 6.4.6 to identify symbols that indicate information
formatted according to a specific industry or application. They (together with relevant
parameter data) are placed before the mode indicator. If the FNC1 mode is used, the
decoder must transmit the symbol identifier as specified in 12.1 and Annex F.
7 Structured Append
7.1 Basic principles
Up to 16 QR Code symbols may be appended in a structured format. If a symbol is
part of a Structured Append message, it is indicated by a header block in the first three
symbol character positions.
The Structured Append Mode Indicator 0011 is placed in the four most significant bit
positions in the first symbol character.
7.2 Symbol Sequence Indicator
This codeword indicates the position of the symbol within the set of (up to 16) QR Code
symbols in the Structured Append format (in the form m of n symbols). The first 4 bits
of this codeword identify the position of the particular symbol. The last 4 bits identify
the total number of symbols to be concatenated in the Structured Append format. The
4-bit patterns shall be the binary equivalents of (m - 1) and (n - 1) respectively.
7.3 Parity Data
The Parity Data shall be an 8-bit byte following the Symbol Sequence Indicator. The
parity data is a value obtained by XORing byte by byte the ASCII values of all the
original input data before division into symbol blocks. Mode Indicators, Character
Count Identifiers, padding bits, Terminator and Pad Characters shall be excluded from
the calculation. Input data is represented for this calculation by 2-byte internal code
values for China-Chinese (each byte being treated separately in the XOR calculation)
and 8-bit ASCII values as shown in Table 6 for other characters.
8 Symbol Printing and Marking
8.1 Dimensions
QR Code symbols shall conform to the following dimensions.
X dimension. the width of a module shall be specified by the application, taking into
account the scanning technology to be used, and the technology to produce the symbol;
Y dimension. the height of a module shall be equal to the width of the module.
Minimum quiet zone. equal to 4X on all four sides.
8.2 Human-readable interpretation
Because QR Code symbols are capable of encoding thousands of characters, a
human readable interpretation of the data characters may not be practical. As an
alternative, descriptive text rather than literal text may accompany the symbol.
8.3 Marking guidelines
QR Code symbols can be printed or marked using a number of different techniques.
Annex I provides user guidelines.
9 Symbol Quality
QR Code symbols shall be assessed for quality using Annex J, as augmented and
modified below.
9.1 Obtaining the test image
A grey-scale image of the symbol being tested shall be obtained with a precision video
camera-based setup as described in Annex J1, but with an illumination color and
direction specified by the application.
9.2 Symbol quality parameters
9.2.1 Decode
The reference decode algorithm set out in Clause 11 shall be applied to the test image.
If it results in a successful decode of the entire data message, then Decode passes
with a grade of 4 ("A"), otherwise it fails with a grade of 0 ("F").
9.2.2 Symbol Contrast
Symbol Contrast shall be graded using all of the grey-scale pixel values in the test
image which fall within the symbol's boundary, including the 4X wide quiet zones, as
determined by the reference decode. The procedure is defined in Annex J2.2.
9.2.3 "Print" growth
The reference decode begins by creating a high resolution binary digitized image of
the test symbol, and at a later point establishes the position of the "alternating module
centerlines" which bisect the Timing Patterns of the symbol. "Print" Growth shall be
assessed by checking that the "duty cycle" of the lines through the alternating patterns
is around 50%.
9.2.4 Axial Nonuniformity
The reference decode algorithm ultimately creates a grid of data module sampling
points throughout the entire area of the test image. The precise horizontal and vertical
spacings of those sampling points are the basis for assessing axial nonuniformity.
Working independently with the horizontal and vertical spacings between adjacent
data modules, compute their average values XAVG and YAVG over the whole symbol.
The Axial Nonuniformity grade is then based on how closely these two average
spacings match each other, as computed by the procedure defined in Annex J2.4.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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