GB/T 14950-2009 PDF English
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GB/T 14950-2009: PDF in English (GBT 14950-2009) GB/T 14950-2009
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 07.040
A 77
Replacing GB/T 14950-1994
Terms of photogrammetry and remote sensing
ISSUED ON: FEBRUARY 06, 2009
IMPLEMENTED ON: JUNE 01, 2009
Issued by: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Classification of photogrammetry ... 5
3 Classification of remote sensing ... 8
4 Data acquisition ... 9
5 Data processing ... 25
6 Results ... 55
Bibliography ... 62
English index ... 63
Terms of photogrammetry and remote sensing
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the terms and definitions of photogrammetry and
remote sensing, with English and Chinese indexes (Translator note: this
translation version only provides English index).
This Standard is applicable to the establishment of photogrammetry and remote
sensing standards, the preparation of technical documents, the compilation of
teaching materials, books and literature.
2 Classification of photogrammetry
2.1 photogrammetry
A scientific technique that uses photographic image information to determine
the shape, size, spatial location, properties, and relationship of the object.
2.2 aerophotogrammetry; aerial photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that is performed by the images that are acquired by aviation
vehicles.
2.3 space photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that is performed by the images that are acquired by
spacecrafts.
2.4 terrestrial photogrammetry
A photogrammetry of the photographed target that is performed by the images
of ground photography.
2.5 non-topographic photogrammetry
A photogrammetry of which the purpose is not to measure and prepare a
topographic map.
2.6 hologrammetry
A photogrammetry that uses a certain direction of the laser beam to project on
the hologram to obtain a 3D structure image of the original object.
A photogrammetry that is used for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.
2.17 X-ray photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that is performed by stereopair or more photos acquired by
X-ray to determine the part that the photographed subject cannot see directly
by the naked eyes.
2.18 underwater photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that is used to map underwater terrain or study underwater
objects.
2.19 real-time photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that is completed quickly in real time, that integrates data
acquisition, processing and output of results.
2.20 Moire topography
A photogrammetry that uses the Moire effect to form an equivalent fringe
directly on the surface of the measured object.
2.21 side-looking radar survey
A photogrammetry that uses a side-view radar to obtain ground target image
information.
2.22 stereophotogrammetry
A photogrammetry of building a stereo model that is performed by stereo
images.
2.23 analog photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that uses an analog photo with the aid of a cutting device
based on the optical-mechanical projection rendezvous method.
2.24 analytical photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that uses an analog photo with an analytical plotter based
on the digital projection rendezvous method.
2.25 digital photogrammetry
A photogrammetry that uses digital imagery with a computer technique to
extract the geometric and physical characteristics of the object based on the
whole process digital method.
3.9 infrared remote sensing
A remote sensing of which the working band of the sensor is limited to the range
of the infrared band.
3.10 microwave remote sensing
A remote sensing of which the working band of the sensor is limited to the range
of the microwave band.
3.11 active remote sensing
A remote sensing method that the sensor emits a certain frequency of
electromagnetic radiation to the target, and then receives the radiation
information returned from the target.
3.12 passive remote sensing
A remote sensing method that receives radiation information directly from the
target.
3.13 laser remote sensing
An active remote sensing technique that detects a target by transmitting and
receiving lasers.
3.14 hyperspectral remote sensing
A remote sensing technique that in the visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and
thermal infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, the spectral resolution
is higher than one hundredth of a wavelength to the order of nanometers (nm),
and the number of spectral channels is up to tens or even hundreds.
4 Data acquisition
4.1 photography
A technique that uses sensors to obtain object images and other related
information.
4.2 space photography
A photography of the earth or other cosmic space planets from outside the
earth's atmosphere, that uses spacecrafts such as satellites, spacecraft, space
shuttles and orbiting space stations as platforms.
4.3 satellite photography
4.14 panoramic photography
A photography that uses a panoramic camera, in a direction perpendicular to
the flight, through differential scanning, to constantly change the direction of the
optical axis to the ground.
4.15 black-and-white photography
A photography that expresses the image of the photographed subject in
different shades of black, gray and white.
4.16 colour photography
A photography that reproduces color images of the photographed subject in rich
colors.
4.17 infrared photography
A photography that obtains the infrared spectrum information of the
photographed subject.
4.18 colour infrared photography
A photography that obtains multiple spectral information of the photographed
subject, but has at least one infrared spectral information, which can be
combined into a color effect.
4.19 normal case photography
A photography that, at both ends of the photographic baseline, the main optical
axes of the two cameras remain horizontal and both are perpendicular to the
direction of the photographic baseline.
4.20 parallel-averted photography
A photography that, at both ends of the photographic baseline, the main optical
axes of the two cameras remain horizontal and are deflected at the same angle
relative to the photographic baseline.
4.21 convergent photography
A photography that, at both ends of the photographic baseline, the main optical
axes of the two cameras intersect at an angle on the object side.
4.22 equally tilted photography
A photography that, at both ends of the photographic baseline, the main optical
axes of the two cameras remain parallel and are tilted at the same angle relative
to the horizontal plane.
4.33 camera station; exposure station
Photography center
The spatial position of the front node of the objective lens at the moment of
photography.
4.34 flight line of aerial photography
An airplane route during aerial photography.
4.35 flight block
Aerial photography block
A photography unit that the photography area is divided because the shooting
area is too large or due to terrain changes.
4.36 block datum plane
The mean height plane of flight block.
4.37 photographic scale
The ratio of image distance to object distance.
4.38 photo scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the photo to the length of the
corresponding horizontal line segment on the ground. Usually the line segments
have different scales at different positions on the photo.
4.39 photographic flying height
The vertical distance from the photography platform to the reference plane of
the flight block.
4.40 absolute flying height
The vertical distance of the photography platform relative to the average sea
surface.
4.41 relative flying height
The vertical distance of the photography platform relative to a reference surface
on the ground.
4.42 photographic baseline
When acquiring stereopairs, the connection between adjacent cameras.
A general term for the image compositional quality, geometrical quality, and
apparent quality of the photographed subject, including image density, contrast,
resolution; frame labels and data records, deformation and flatness of film,
measurement accuracy of internal orientation elements and distortion of mirror
box, measurement accuracy of frame point and grid point coordinates, film
making process, mechanical and human damage.
4.53 longitudinal overlap; end overlap; forward overlap
The part that has the images of same area on adjacent images within this route.
It is usually expressed in percentage.
4.54 lateral overlap; side overlap; side lap
The part that has the images of same area on adjacent images of adjacent
routes. It is usually expressed in percentage.
4.55 mapping strip
A flight line of aerial photography that is directly used as stereo mapping.
4.56 control strip
Structure flight line
Skeleton flight line
In a photogrammetric area, a flight line that is to reduce the layout of the control
points of the photo, that is added, that larger scales intersect with the mapping
strip and are approximately vertical.
4.57 tilt angle of photograph
In aerial photography, the angle between the main optical axis of the aerial
camera and the plumb line or during terrestrial photography, the angle of the
camera's main optical axis with respect to the horizontal plane.
4.58 longitudinal tilt; pitch
The component of the photo tilt angle in the direction of the flight line.
4.59 lateral tilt; roll
The component of the photo tilt angle perpendicular to the flight line.
4.60 swing angle; yaw
The angle by which the selected photo axis is rotated around the main optical
axis in the photo plane.
4.71 fiducial mark
A mark on the camera film frame that is used to calibrate the center of shadow
plane.
4.72 distance of fiducial marks
The distance between the corresponding fiducial marks.
4.73 photograph center
The intersection of the connecting lines of the opposite fiducial marks on the
photograph.
4.74 camera calibration field
A specialized venue for testing various parameters of the camera.
4.75 resolution of photography
Resolution
The ability to measure the image resolution of linear target images with equal
width between black and white, expressed in line pairs per millimeter.
4.76 image resolution
A measure of the detail ability of image to reproduce objects.
4.77 ground resolution
The ground size corresponding to image resolution.
4.78 area weighted average resolution; AWAR
The average resolution calculated by taking the ratio of the area of the inner
ring zone to the total area of the image frame corresponding to the test angle.
4.79 angle resolution
An opening angle of lens center to resolution line of photography to width.
4.80 density of image
A measure of the brightness of the image, expressed in common logarithm of
light blocking rate.
4.81 fog density
A certain density value formed of the unlit portion on the film after developing.
4.92 velocity-height ratio
The ratio of ground speed of plane to relative altitude.
4.93 displacement of image; image displacement
The difference between the conformation point of target point on the photograph
and its ideal point.
4.94 forward motion compensation; FMC
Image motion compensation
Automatic compensation correction of image point displacement caused by
forward movement of the sensor platform relative to the captured target.
4.95 photographic material deformation
Geometrical changes of photographic materials due to material properties,
production process, photographic processing and environment.
4.96 lens distortion
The aberration of the photographed object because the incident angle and the
exit angle cannot be strictly equal when the off-axis main ray passes through
the objective lens.
4.97 photogrammetric distortion
The deviation of the obtained image point from the ideal position of the
distortion-free image after measuring under certain conditions according to the
requirements of photogrammetry.
4.98 image data acquisition
The process of using a sensor to obtain analog or digital images of the studied
object.
4.99 spectral energy distribution
The relationship between energy and wavelength radiated by energy at
different temperatures.
4.100 spectral emissivity
The ratio of the energy of an object's radiated electromagnetic waves to the
emitted energy of a black body at the same temperature.
4.101 spectral reflectivity
Some specific electromagnetic bands of higher transmittance that the earth's
atmosphere does not have a strong absorption and scattering attenuation effect
on electromagnetic wave transmission.
4.111 atmospheric noise
The interference of the atmosphere to the measured electromagnetic waves.
4.112 characteristic of atmospheric transmission
The effect of electromagnetic waves by atmospheric scattering and absorption
during transmission in the atmosphere, the law of radiation energy attenuation.
4.113 atmospheric transmissivity; atmospheric transmittance
The ratio of radiant energy to incident radiant energy after an electromagnetic
wave passes a given path length in the atmosphere.
4.114 object spectrum characteristic
The characteristic that an object emits, absorbs, reflects, scatters and transmits
electromagnetic wave radiant energy, generates spectral signals related to the
characteristics of the object.
4.115 orbit elements of satellite; orbit parameters of satellite
Various parameters that describe the position, shape and orientation of
satellites in space.
4.116 orbital altitude
The average altitude of a spacecraft orbiting the earth's surface.
4.117 orbital inclination
The angle between the spacecraft orbital plane and the earth's equatorial plane.
4.118 satellite perturbance
Satellite jitters in an ideal orbit due to uneven mass distribution and aspheric
symmetry, the gravitational pull of the moon and other stars, atmospheric
resistance, and solar pressure.
4.119 satellite attitude
The space state of a satellite itself in its orbit.
4.120 satellite coverage
Elevation control point
A photo control point that only has ground elevation.
4.131 outstanding point; natural point
A feature point that can be accurately identified in photos, videos, and the field.
4.132 artificial target; signalized point; artificial point
A target point that is artificially set on the ground, that has a composition on a
photo or video, before photographing.
4.133 photographic normal point; standard point of photo; Gruber point
Photo standard configuration point
Gruber point
6 orientation points required during relative orientation, of which two points are
on the left and right main points and the rest points above and below the main
point are approximately equal to the length of the baseline.
4.134 control point distribution for aerial triangulation strip
A scheme that sets up photo control points with a route segment as unit.
4.135 control point distribution for block aerotriangulation
A scheme that sets up photo control points with several route segments or
several maps as an area.
4.136 full field control point distribution
A scheme that sets up photo control points with a photo or a stereo as unit.
4.137 control point distribution for control (skeleton) strip
Structure route layout
Skeleton route layout
A scheme that controls routes by route network, that, in the area where the
control route overlaps with the survey route, the control route encrypts the
material map route control points.
4.138 bridging distance of control points along strips; control point
interval along strips
The number of photo baselines across adjacent photo control points in the
Time-baseline parallax
A method that, at the same camera station, obtains stereo image pairs of
moving or deformed objects at certain time intervals, and measures the
displacement or deformation of object movements according to the change of
measuring parallax.
4.147 relative control
Use the known geometric condition relationship between some unknown points
in object space as the basis for photogrammetric control.
4.148 longitudinal distance of photography
The distance from the front node of the camera objective to the projection
surface of the target in terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range
photogrammetry.
4.149 photographic coefficient
The ratio of photographic longitudinal distance to photographic baseline length.
4.150 Lidar
A system that transmits laser beams and receives echoes to obtain 3D
information of the target.
4.151 synthetic aperture radar; SAR
A remote sensing system that, based on Doppler shift theory and radar
coherence, comprehensively process the radar echo amplitude and phase data.
4.152 lidar bathymetric system
A sounding system that a transmitter vertically emits short-wave high-power
laser pulses, measures time delay between water surface and water bottom,
compares the energy difference between the two to achieve a signal that
reflects the different water depths.
4.153 radar altimetry
A process that uses a radar altimeter to measure the distance perpendicular to
the earth's surface based on the orbit of a remote sensing platform.
5 Data processing
5.1 photographic processing
An operating process of converting an oblique photo into a horizontal photo of
a predetermined scale through projection conversion.
5.12 elements of interior orientation; interior orientation elements
Directional elements inside photo
Basic parameters to determine the geometric relationship of the photographic
beam on the image side, that is, the image plane coordinate values (x0, y0) of
the principal point and the camera principal distance value (fk).
5.13 elements of exterior orientation; exterior orientation elements
Directional elements outside photo
Basic parameters to determine the geometric relationship of the photographic
beam in the object side, including three position parameters and three attitude
parameters.
5.14 rectification point
A control point for photo correction.
5.15 graphical rectification
An operating process that, according to the perspective theory, uses the
complex ratio or perspective correspondence between the photo plane and the
drawing surface to establish the corresponding ray beam or perspective grid for
rendering.
5.16 optical graphical rectification
Projection rendering
An operating process that uses a projection renderer to project the image to be
corrected onto the drawing board for correction and rendering.
5.17 affine rectification
Photo correction that maintains straight parallelism in the graphics before and
after correction.
5.18 relief displacement
Image point displacement caused by topographic relief on center projection
image.
5.19 distance of rectification zone
Intersection point that, in the main vertical plane, the center of the projection is
used to make any straight parallel lines on the ground plane and the photo plane.
5.29 main vanishing point
Intersection point that, in the main vertical plane, parallel lines pass through the
center of the projection plane and the ground plane.
5.30 rotation axiom of the perspective; axiom of the perspective rotation
Shal's Law
The law that, based on establishing the perspective correspondence
relationship, the shadow plane can be rotated around the perspective axis, and
the joint surface (including the projection center) can be rotated along the same
angle in the same direction to maintain the perspective correspondence
relationship.
5.31 perspective transformation
The transformation that uses the condition that the perspective center, image
point, and target point are collinear, according to the law of perspective rotation,
the shadow surface (perspective surface) is rotated around the trace
(perspective axis) by an angle to destroy the original projected light beam and
keep the projection geometry unchanged on the surface.
5.32 photo mosaic
Cutting mosaic
An operating process that corrects multiple photos with overlapping images,
stitches them according to control points or images with the same name, cuts
off the edges of the overlapping parts, stitches and pastes the central part on
the drawing board.
5.33 optical mosaic
An operating process that the overlapping remote sensing images or corrected
images of other photos are stitched one by one and printed on the same
photosensitive material one by one.
5.34 differential rectification
Use the small area of aerial camera or other remote sensing image as the
rectification unit and realize any kind of transformation between the two images
through the geometric transformation of the rectification unit.
5.35 orthophotography; orthophoto technique
The distance between two adjacent sections.
5.45 slit length; crack length
The length of bar correction unit in differential rectification.
5.46 slit width; crack width
The width of bar correction unit in differential rectification.
5.47 profile scanning
a) The process of exposing an image in the cross-section correction unit on
an orthographic projector;
b) The process of collecting relevant data or information by scanning along
a prescribed section.
5.48 parallax
In photogrammetry, it refers to the coordinate difference between a stereo
image and a corresponding image point in the left and right image plane
coordinate system or model.
5.49 corresponding image points; homologous image points
Conformation points of the same target point on different images.
5.50 corresponding image rays
a) A pair of rays forming the corresponding image point from the same target
point to different photography stations;
b) After the stereo image pair is relatively oriented, the projected light through
the corresponding image point.
5.51 epipolar ray; epipolar line
A line of intersection a plane (kernel plane) and a photo plane passing through
the photographic baseline and the target point.
5.52 epipolar ray image
An image without vertical parallax obtained by resampling from the original
image along the epipolar line.
5.53 vertical parallax; Y-parallax
Y-parallax
Any three-dimensional coordinate system that describes the position of the
ground point in the object space. The origin of the coordinates and the direction
of the triaxial system can be selected as required.
5.62 photogrammetric coordinate system
A space rectangular coordinate system that describes a photogrammetric
model. A right-handed space rectangular coordinate system that the origin is
selected at a certain camera station or a known point, the X axis is generally
consistent with the direction of the air route, the Z axis is consistent with the
plumb line and is positive upward.
5.63 optical stereoscopic model
A visual model of the three-dimensional shape of a photographed object
perceived by stereoscopic observation of a pair of overlapping photographs.
5.64 geometric stereoscopic model
A model that restores the stereo orientation element to make the corresponding
rays intersect in pairs similar to the field.
5.65 stereoscopic view
Observation of a stereo model that uses artificial stereo effects.
5.66 imaging equation
A mathematical equation that describes the imaging geometric relationship
between the target point and its corresponding image point by using object point
coordinates as independent variables.
5.67 collinearity equation
A mathematical equation that describes the collinearity of the target point with
its corresponding image point and three points of the projection center.
5.68 projection equation
A mathematical equation that describes the geometric relationship between an
image point and its corresponding target point with the image point coordinates
as independent variables.
5.69 coplanarity equation
A mathematical equation that describes the baseline of photography and the
corresponding three lines of rays in the same plane.
5.70 direct linear transformation; DLT
Flight line regional network encryption
Regional network aerial triangulation that uses a single aeronautical network as
the basic unit in the overall adjustment operation.
5.79 independent model aerial triangulation; aerotriangulation by
independent model
Regional network encryption by independent model method
Regional network aerial triangulation that uses a single model, a dual model or
a unit model consisting of several models as the basic unit in the overall
adjustment operation.
5.80 bundle aerial triangulation
Regional network encryption by light beam method
Regional network aerial triangulation that takes each spatial ray created by the
three points of the target point, the corresponding image point, and the
photographing site during photographing as the basic unit in the overall
adjustment operation.
5.81 on-line aerophotogrammetric triangulation
Online aerial triangulation
Online triangulation measurement that is performed by a three-dimensional
coordinate measuring instrument and a computer.
5.82 GPS supported aerotriangulation
An analytical aerial triangulation method that uses ground-based GPS
positioning receivers on the base station and aircraft for phase differential
positioning to determine camera coordinates as control values for regional
network adjustments to reduce ground control.
5.83 block adjustment
An aerial triangulation adjustment method that uses a regional network model
composed of multiple routes for overall adjustment.
5.84 self-calibrating block adjustment
An overall adjustment method that uses possible system errors as
undetermined parameters to participate in regional network triangulation.
5.85 pass point; densification point
5.95 auxiliary point orientation
A photo orientation process that makes the line between the main point of the
image and the auxiliary point (usually selected near the upper frame or the right
frame) parallel to the Y axis or X axis of an instrument.
5.96 interior orientation
A process of restoring the orientation elements in a photo.
5.97 analytical interior orientation
An orientation process to determine instrument coordinate and image plane
coordinate transformation parameters.
5.98 exterior orientation
An operating process to restore elements outside a photo.
5.99 relative orientation
An operating process to restore or determine the relative relationship between
the stereo image pair at the moment of photography.
5.100 relative orientation of conjunction of successive photographs
A process that, in relative orientation, takes one image as the standard, rotates
and moves the other image to achieve the intersection of light pairs of the same
name, and find the relative orientation element.
5.101 relative orientation of independent photo pair
A process that, in relative orientation, based on the photographic baseline,
rotates the left and right photos to intersect with the pair of rays of the same
name, and find the relative orientation element.
5.102 uncertainty of relative orientation
A sit......
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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