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GB 21746-2008: Safety requirements for the educational equipment -- General principles
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Safety requirements for the educational equipment -- General principles
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB 21746-2008 (GB21746-2008) | | Description (Translated English) | Safety requirements for the educational equipment -- General principles | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | Y51 | | Classification of International Standard | 03.180 | | Word Count Estimation | 27,274 | | Date of Issue | 2008-05-05 | | Date of Implementation | 2008-08-01 | | Quoted Standard | GB 2893; GB/T 2893.1; GB 2894; GB 4075; GB 4208; GB 4706; GB 4943; GB 5083-1999; GB 6675-2003; GB 7247.1-2001; GB 8408; GB 8702; GB 8898-2001; GB 11806; GB/T 13433-1992; GB/T 13861; GB/T 14775; GB 14778; GB 15219; GB 16179; GB 16359-1996; GB 17498; GB 18217; GB 18580; GB 18581; GB 18583; GB 18871 | | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement of Newly Approved National Standards No. 7 of 2008 (No. 120 overall) | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This Chinese standard specifies the safety principles of teaching equipment, the general design requirements, safety signs, brochures and marking requirements, safety assessment and user requirements. This standard applies to general types of schools with teaching equipment, as well as children with indoor sports equipment and outdoor use under special circumstances by the school equipment. Various types of vocational training structures and special education teaching equipment used in schools can refer to use. | GB 21746-2008: Safety requirements for the educational equipment -- General principles---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Safety requirements for the educational equipment.General principles
ICS 03.180
Y51
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Teaching instruments and equipment safety requirements General
Posted 2008-05-05
2008-08-01 implementation
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China
Standardization Administration of China released
Table of Contents
Preface Ⅰ
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 2
4 Safety Principle 2
5 Equipment Design General requirements 4
6 10 safety signs
Requirements specification and 7 logo 11
8 Safety Evaluation 12
9 user requirements 14
Appendix A (informative) Relationship between psychological factors and insecurity 15
Annex B (informative) eliminate the risk of security controls 17
Foreword
The standard Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 are mandatory, the remaining provisions are recommended.
The Standard Appendix A, Appendix B is an informative annex.
The standard proposed by the People's Republic of China Ministry of Education.
This standard by the National Standardization Technical Committee Instrument Teaching.
This standard was drafted. Ministry of Education teaching instrument Institute, Zhejiang Educational Equipment and work-study program management center.
The main drafters of this standard. Wang Jing, Ren Weide, party building Wei, Ma Qiang.
Teaching instruments and equipment safety requirements General
1 Scope
This standard specifies the safety principles teaching equipment, general requirements for the design, safety signs, brochures and signage requirements, safety
Assessment and user requirements.
This standard applies to all types of schools teaching equipment in general use, as well as children with indoor outdoor sports equipment and special circumstances,
Equipment by the school equipment. Various vocational training institutions and special education teaching instruments and equipment used in schools can refer to use.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this standard and become the standard terms. For dated references, subsequent
Amendments (not including errata content) or revisions do not apply to this standard, however, encourage the parties to the agreement are based on research
Whether the latest versions of these documents. For undated reference documents, the latest versions apply to this standard.
GB 2893 Safety colors (GB 2893-2001, neq ISO 3864. 1984)
GB/T 2893.1 Graphical symbols - Safety colors and safety signs - Part 1. workplaces and public areas for safety signs set
Accounting principles
GB 2894 Safety Signs (GB 2894-1996, neq ISO 3864. 1984)
GB 4075 Sealed radioactive sources - General requirements and classification
GB 4208 housing protection (IP Code)
GB 4706 Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety (relevant part) (eqv IEC 60335.1991)
GB 4943 Safety of Information Technology Equipment (GB 4943-2001, eqv IEC 60950.1999)
GB 5083-1999 General production equipment with safety and health
GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys (idt ISO 8124-1-2000)
GB 7247.1-2001 Safety of laser products - Part 1. Equipment Classification, Requirements and User's Guide (idt IEC 60825-1-
1993)
GB 8408 amusement rides and safety
GB 8702 electromagnetic radiation protection
GB 8898-2001 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus - Safety requirements (eqv IEC 60965.1998)
GB 11806 Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Substances
GB/T 13433-1992 product standards on child safety requirements (neq ISO /IEC No. 50-1987)
Classification and code of GB/T 13861 production process hazardous and harmful factors
GB/T 14775 manipulator General ergonomics requirements
GB 14778 Safety Shade general rules
GB 15219 transport of radioactive material packaging quality assurance
GB 16179 the use of safety signs
Radiological protection standards GB 16359-1996 radioactive luminous paint
GB 17498 General requirements for safety fitness equipment
GB 18217 Laser Safety Signs
GB 18580 interior decoration materials, plywood and their products limited release formaldehyde
GB 18581 interior decoration materials, solvent-based coatings of harmful substances
GB 18583 interior decoration materials, adhesives harmful substances
GB 18871 ionizing radiation protection and basic standards of radiation sources
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
3.1
Having teaching characteristics, reflecting teaching ideas, instruments and apparatus for use in teaching and training.
Note. The "teaching" can be pre-school, school-age and adult training at all stages.
3.2
Hazardous live parts.
Note. The term hazardous live to see the GB 8898-2001 2.6.10.
3.3
Radioactive material ray excitation light emitting material of the coating.
3.4
Children of non-controlling movement. Passive exercise is divided into four cases. for jumping, sliding, swing equipment, climb member, but includes less than
10mm ~ 36mm gripping member except those.
4 Security Principles
4.1 General design and manufacturing teaching equipment
4.1.1 Design of teaching equipment, all teaching equipment, devices and components shall meet the safety requirements. When health and safety technical measures
When conflict occurs with the equipment performance, it should give priority to health and safety technical requirements, and according to the following hierarchical order to select safety and health indicators.
a) direct health and safety measures. Teaching equipment itself should have essentially health and safety performance, ensure that equipment even if the abnormal situation
Under conditions, it will not appear in any danger and harmful effects;
b) indirect health and safety measures. If the direct health and safety technical measures can not be achieved or can not be fully realized, the instrument should be teaching
Design stage equipment, the effect of the body design is quite advanced nature of safety and health protection. Safety and health protection measures
Design, manufacturing tasks should not be left to the user to bear.
c) prompt safety and health measures. If the indirect and direct health and safety measures can not be achieved or not be fully realized, the description should be to
The corresponding parts of the book and the flag is set on the device by way of illustration and other safety equipment used conditions and precautions.
4.1.2 Design of teaching equipment, should ensure that their health and safety in the following ways.
a) in accordance with the characteristics and user requirements for children or beginners non-professionals to consider safety measures;
b) teaching equipment design should reflect the principles of ergonomics, teaching equipment to minimize operator caused by body
Force, mental and psychological tensions consumption;
c) select the best design and evaluation of safety and health;
d) take effective protective measures against harmful factors and the risk factors that may arise;
e) safety and health requirements stated in the transport, storage, installation, use and maintenance and other technical documents;
f) Kindergarten Educational toys should be easy to clean and keep clean.
4.1.3 requires protection and safety devices
Protection and safety devices should meet the following requirements.
a) should be under all the conditions are safe, as they have failed or lost, the device automatically shut down immediately;
b) safety devices should be able to guarantee the internal safety device in case of failure, it can still provide protection for personnel;
c) In the device runtime protection and safety devices should be able to prevent operators entering the danger zone, or a warning;
d) should not impose restrictions gives that operator with limited mobility or difficulty;
e) can be fixed in place or should be automatically moved into position;
f) should be designed for certain equipment, certain forms of work and existing dangers and design;
g) shall not be required when using the disorder requires careful adjustment or easy;
h) safety devices should be able to withstand operating errors may be encountered in use, and during the entire life of the device continuously and effectively;
i) shall be impossible when no device was deactivated operator bypass or disable (equipment requirements in the case of continuous operation of feeding,
Fuel (gas) or test equipment is an exception);
j) All parts of the system as a safety component should be easy inspection and maintenance. It should be only a small amount of maintenance;
k) with a manual safety device should not lose the protective effect;
l) in itself should not constitute a danger.
4.1.4 teaching equipment and its parts should have sufficient strength, rigidity, stability and reliability, as prescribed by the conditions of transport, storage, security
When installed and used, it should not pose any danger.
4.1.5 control, regulating members should be solid and reliable in its operation, the user should not bring harm.
4.1.6 Teaching Equipment during the entire time limit shall meet health and safety requirements. That may affect the safety of operation, control
Components, devices should provide reliability indicators meet the requirements of product standards. There may be risk factors for late or product may yield
Health equipment health and safety hazards, should be established device normally use period, which period shall be less than the safe use of the material under the conditions of use of aging
Or fatigue period.
4.1.7 later found unsafe, should find the root cause of the problem, examine measures to address the problem.
Note. for example, deal with the following breakdown. a low-voltage power supply uses a high-frequency signal with the rotary switch → when some rotary switch rotary switch two adjacent knife throwing moment
Short → power transformer secondary winding portion momentary short → power transformer primary fuses off, not simply changing a fuse, but does not allow
Any increase of the fuse current, and should find a fundamental reason for the replacement of a power-type switch.
If you already have similar standards should be based on teaching equipment especially in these standards when determining the safety requirements 4.1.8 teaching equipment
Point, select the strict requirements of the public, when the object is a minor, it should also apply to the choice of their safety requirements.
For those who have been teaching similar equipment safety standards, where applicable (refers to the equipment involved in the working principle, structure, components,
Material, function, performance is basically the same user on the age and level of knowledge structure is basically the same, but the name of the device or the user's social
Different identities) should as far as possible the use of all or part of the technical content of the same parts.
4.1.9 schools with sports equipment and fitness equipment safety shall comply GB 17498.
4.1.10 variety of educational toys nursery should comply with the relevant provisions of GB 6675, Ann nursery with a large outdoor play equipment
Should all be consistent with GB 8408.
4.1.11 GB 6675 no age requirement provision also applies to primary and secondary schools with teaching equipment.
4.1.12 teaching electronic equipment in the case of the principles and structure of the applicable safety requirements should be GB 8898.
4.1.13 safety equipment should conform to GB/T 13433-1992 Chapter 6.
4.1.14 teaching equipment in use should not be discharged to the environment than the national standards for hazardous substances, should not have exceeded the national
Noise standards for home, vibration, radiation and other pollution. Of harmful factors may arise, shall take effective measures designed to
prevention.
4.2 The teaching equipment
4.2.1 Where the use of security personnel and the possible health hazards likely to cause damage to property teaching equipment, should develop safety,
Health standards. These devices generally include the following risk factors.
a) mechanical (high-speed, sharp objects, breakage, cuts, tears, abrasions, etc.);
b) high temperature (burn or scald);
c) low temperature;
d) high pressure (or pressure);
e) a high voltage;
f) electric shock;
g) light;
h) ionizing radiation;
i) radioactivity;
j) may be exposed to hazardous substances (gas, liquid or solid);
k) may be exposed to harmful micro-organisms;
l) flammable and explosive materials;
m) pharynx (swallow) into the inhalation;
n) members flying;
o) asphyxia;
p) strangled;
q) fall;
r) strong noise and hearing damage;
s) other.
4.2.2 respond to the following factors in health and safety standards specify details.
a) use of dangerous and harmful factors;
b) personnel requirements;
c) organization and implementation of the course;
d) installation of equipment;
e) use of operating procedures;
f) Protection of technical measures;
g) management measures;
h) according to the characteristics of hazardous and harmful sources, specify the appropriate safety and health protection distance or protection zone;
i) Other.
5 Equipment Design General requirements
5.1 Adaptability
5.1.1 Teaching Equipment should fully meet the performance requirements, so easy to operate, stable performance, reliable work. For equipment
The capacity requirements for normal operation should not be exceeded.
5.1.2 within the prescribed period, the equipment should meet the environmental requirements, in particular, should meet the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, anti-fatigue, anti-aging and against
Royal failure requirements.
5.1.3 Teaching Equipment should support each other to meet the requirements, not because of a mismatch is generated insecurity.
5.1.4 Equipment for use by children should take full account of the psychological and physiological characteristics of children age appropriate, and fully eliminate insecurity.
These insecurities can refer to GB/T 13433.
5.1.5 should avoid human errors could easily lead to a design flaw.
a) does not consider the mass behavior habits;
b) requirements exceed the physical and mental endurance of people;
Note. for example, a design may require the person concerned has exceeded the body senses a tone or visual ability.
c) the design should not be required to pay a higher than normal level of effort and application;
Note. for example, poor lighting can cause eyestrain and thus people feel fatigue, excessive noise in the work environment will increase the degree of fatigue.
Under d) due to lack of facilities or signal, it requires the operator to be in the lack of tools and information about the monitoring equipment or imperfect situation with
Subjective feeling of operation of the device;
e) operational procedures designed to make people not want to do or are too complex;
NOTE. For example, if the product of two interrelated adjustment mechanism is required in order to accurately and repeatedly adjusted to get the correct value, independent of each other than the two tone
The entire apparatus less prone to the correct value needed.
f) enables the user in dangerous operating environment.
5.2 Material
5.2.1 lifespan
There may be risk factors for equipment and parts, its safe use period shall be less than the material under the conditions of use or aging
Fatigue life; susceptible to corrosion or cavitation device and its components should be used in corrosion or cavitation erosion of manufacturing materials, and protective measures should be taken,
And should provide for inspection and replacement cycle.
5.2.2 Stability
5.2.2.1 Manufacturing materials teaching equipment, allowing only selected within the prescribed time limit should be able to withstand that may arise under specified conditions
Physical, chemical and biological effects of the material.
5.2.2.2 In normal use of the environment, manufacturing equipment unfit for use after falling Harmful aging material. If you must use,
Should adopt reliable safety and health technical measures. Teaching Equipment products all due to material aging may cause performance degradation, and Movies
Ring security of the site, should be used in anti-aging capabilities have enough material.
5.2.2.3 should not be used with the working media materials react equipment harm.
Note. for example, explosion or generation of hazardous substances.
5.2.2.4 handling flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquid (or solid) device, based on the body and should use non-combustible material.
5.2.3 Strength
5.2.3.1 endurance strength material parts of the safety factor should be higher than the corresponding parts of similar industrial products.
5.2.3.2 In the design of equipment should be based on the performance requirements for equipment selection and use of environmental materials, take measures to eliminate or weaken so
Factors material deterioration, extend the life of equipment and spare parts, or reasonably determine the service life of equipment and spare parts and replacement
cycle.
The main factors to consider for example.
--- Slowly due to corrosion of metal does not have the strength required for the design;
--- Friction and wear of the material;
Note. such as sunlight, ultraviolet and infrared radiation can cause decomposition of polymers and other synthetic materials.
--- Temperature gradient will cause stress cracking or permanent deformation. High temperature can be permanently or temporarily change the physical properties of materials,
Heating the plating layer is diffused into the crystal interface, the stress generated in the metal alloy, change the physical characteristics of the matrix metal. metal
Since the material creep and relaxation phenomena, the material strength changes; internal chemical changes of organic material, such as molecular re-arrangement,
Polymerization, cracking and pyrolysis. Some long-term non-metallic materials in high temperature, there will soften, flow, becomes gelatinous
Or lose their adhesion;
--- Under low temperature metal, rubber and plastics are subjected to mechanical damage;
--- Humidity changes the wood, paper, textile, fiber and hydrophilic plastic produce expansion and contraction. Excessive moisture causes wood
Soon material deterioration and loss of physical strength;
--- Drying of certain material becomes brittle and is not durable or flammable;
--- Radiation can also cause deterioration of materials;
--- Adsorption occurs in the black metal corrosion, or at the point of contact between dissimilar metals forming cells, leading to corrosion;
--- Microbial destruction or alteration;
Note. for example, include concrete, lumber, electrical materials, glass, optical instruments, photographic products, fat, oil, wax, minerals, metals, paints, fuel oil,
Oil, grease, asphalt, plastics, rubber, resin, sewage treatment residue, wool, linen, cotton, man-made textiles, pulp stock, paper and cork.
--- Smoke can accelerate the deterioration of rubber products;
--- Salt air can accelerate the corrosion of certain metal materials;
--- Air pollutants destructive material. abrasions (large enough solid particles collide at high speed movement on the object, can cause devastating
Abrasions), deposition, and cleaning up pollution caused by material wear and tear, corrosion direct chemical effect (some air pollution is chemically active substance
Material from direct response), an indirect chemical corrosion effects (certain materials capable of absorbing pollutants, contaminants when subjected to chemical changes
, The material damage), electrochemical corrosion;
--- Insects, rodents, birds and other animals on the type of material.
Note. for example, a serious accident resulting fire or explosion.
Materials 5.2.3.3 equipment shall comply with the 5.2 GB 5083-1999.
5.2.4 Insulation Materials
5.2.4.1 Selection and Application of Teaching Equipment Electrical insulating materials should be considered, temperature and mechanical strength, operating voltage, frequency and operating ring
Environment (temperature, pressure, humidity and pollution) requirements.
5.2.4.2 natural rubber, hygroscopic materials and asbestos-containing materials should not be used as an insulating material.
5.2.5 Materials hazardous substances
5.2.5.1 Teaching Equipment products should not use flammable, radioactive material may have after explosive or energetic particle bombardment, if out of work
When possible causes of the use of such material should take appropriate safety precautions, and proper use, storage, custody danger warning signs.
5.2.5.2 raw materials for wood-based panels with teaching equipment, plywood formaldehyde emission should be consistent with GB 18580.
5.2.5.3 Teaching Equipment Adhesives harmful substances should be consistent with GB 18583.
5.2.5.4 teaching equipment paint heavy metal limits should be consistent with GB 18581.
Equipment and teaching materials for children with 5.2.5.5 should not use toxic materials, paints, solvents and adhesives. Prohibit the use of too high
Allergic reactions and potentially carcinogenic materials. Children and students to use teaching aids in the migration of elements of the maximum limit by GB 6675-
2003 4.3.1 and Appendix C.
5.2.5.6 Selection of materials teaching equipment, should take full account of powdery substances on the human body.
5.2.5.7 Teaching materials should not be mixed with food (such as for taste).
5.3 Mechanical safety
5.3.1 mechanical stability
5.3.1.1 Non-stationary devices should consider the following aspects.
a) no mechanical moving equipment, in any direction when placed on the inclined 10 ° slope should not be dumped;
b) the mechanical movement of the equipment, at the maximum load in any direction is placed on an inclined 10 ° slope, and at the top of the vertical
The maximum force is applied in the direction of the mounting surface may reach twice and should not be dumped.
5.3.1.2 temporary fixtures should consider the following aspects
a) applying a force three times the maximum possible in the top of the device should not be loose;
b) at the maximum vibration condition may occur at twice the normal working time of an experiment should not be loose.
5.3.2 The appearance of edges, corners and sharp tip
5.3.2.1 Teaching Equipment easily accessible to the edge of the shell, projections, corners, openings, baffles, etc. There should be an acute angle, burr, rough
Surface and flash. If unavoidable, it should be protected; exposed outer edge should be inverted obtuse angle should be rounded (including metal and wood, plastic and other non
metal).
5.3.2.2 Use of brittle materials exposed in the appearance of the equipment parts of the force, after the material may have broken fast mouth, tip and wounding should
Protective measures, or do not use brittle materials.
5.3.2.3 sports equipment, fitness equipment inevitable projections on large toys and objects, projections should be made with a rounded or soft material package
Cover and other measures to protect. Inevitable projections, in addition to rounded, should make clear in color vision.
5.3.3 moving parts
5.3.3.1 easy to use personal injury caused by moving parts (such as. gears, fans, belts, or movement of the support frame other components), should be
Adequate protection. If, for functional reasons can not be done, there should be warning labels on the instrument, the risk factors indicated in the instructions for use.
5.3.3.2 High-speed rotating components should be configured to have sufficient strength, rigidity and appropriate shapes and sizes shield. Density of the shield should be able to
So that the rejection was not flying by. And instructions to check and replace the standard cycle of such components in the instructions for use. If, for functional reasons can not do
To, other security measures should be used, and there are warning labels on the instrument, the risk factors indicated in the instructions for use.
5.3.4 Noise and Vibration
5.3.4.1 Teaching Equipment products to prevent and avoid the use of generated noise above 60dB and severe vibration due to product demand
To be unavoidable, there should be clear signs and safety precautions on the product. Inherent strong noise, strong vibration equipment, should be reduced or
Setting isolation.
5.3.4.2 Teaching Equipment vibration during operation should not reach engender comfort level. Through appropriate setting
Meter away from the resonance frequency.
5.4 high temperature, low temperature, high voltage
Teaching equipment high temperature, low temperature, high voltage parts shou...
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