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GB/T 36954-2018: Safety of machinery -- Implementation of ergonomic principles in risk assessment and risk reduction
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Safety of machinery -- Implementation of ergonomic principles in risk assessment and risk reduction
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GB/T 36954-2018
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 36954-2018 (GB/T36954-2018) | | Description (Translated English) | Safety of machinery -- Implementation of ergonomic principles in risk assessment and risk reduction | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J09 | | Classification of International Standard | 13.110 | | Word Count Estimation | 38,325 | | Date of Issue | 2018-12-28 | | Date of Implementation | 2019-07-01 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 36954-2018: Safety of machinery -- Implementation of ergonomic principles in risk assessment and risk reduction
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Safety of machinery -- Implementation of ergonomic principles in risk assessment and risk reduction
ICS 13.110
J09
National Standards of People's Republic of China
The ergonomic principles of machinery safety are
Application in Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction
(ISO /T R22100-3.2016, Safetyofmachinery-RelationshipwithISO 12100-
Published on.2018-12-28
2019-07-01 Implementation
State Administration for Market Regulation
Released by the Standardization Administration of China
directory
Preface I
Introduction II
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Risk assessment and risk reduction strategies related to ergonomic hazards 2
4.1 Overview 2
4.2 Significant ergonomic hazards related to GB/T 15706 2
4.3 Potential Consequences 4
5 Integrating ergonomics into the risk assessment process7
5.1 Information for risk assessment7
5.2 Determination of mechanical limits (user side) 7
5.3 Hazard identification7
5.4 Risk estimation 10
5.5 Risk Assessment 11
6 Risk Reduction - Design Guidelines 11
6.1 Overview 11
6.2 Risk Reduction—Individual Differences in People 12
6.3 Risk Reduction—Posture and Movement Space 12
6.4 Risk Reduction—Operating Rates and Modes 13
6.5 Risk Reduction - Human Error 13
6.6 Risk Reduction - Human Machine Interface 14
6.7 Risk Reduction - Workplace Environment 14
7 Verification of safety requirements 15
Appendix A (Informative) Ergonomic Standards Related to Mechanical Design 16
Appendix B (Informative Appendix) Work System and Mechanical Design 22
Appendix C (Informative) Ergonomic Standards for Specific Applications 26
Appendix D (informative) Example using some ergonomic factors28
Reference 31
The ergonomic principles of machinery safety are
Application in Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction
1 Scope
This standard gives the main ergonomic risk factors that affect the safety of machinery, and gives the
Key principles of ergonomics, applying these key elements to the architecture of mechanical design.
---Avoid tense postures and movements during the use of the machine;
--- Design easy-to-operate machines, especially hand-held or mobile machines;
--- try to avoid noise, vibration and thermal effects;
--- Avoid the operator's work rhythm being associated with the machine's automatic cycle;
--- provide local lighting outside or inside the machine;
--- The selection, location and identification of manual controls (actuators) shall be clearly visible, identifiable, and appropriately marked when necessary;
--- Selection, design and location of indicators, dials and visual display units.
Note 1.Noise, vibration and adverse thermal environmental effects on health are recognized and are not given in this standard. However, environmental factors can interact with the design of the machine,
This standard gives the risks resulting from this effect.
Note 2.The lighting of the machine or the lighting of the workplace around the machine has an important impact on the safety of operating the machine, and this standard gives this risk.
This method is based on the iterative process of GB/T 15706 and is used to identify major hazards and reduce risks.
The relevant steps of the iterative process have been adapted to incorporate ergonomic principles, and the application of ergonomics in relation to machine design is given.
A practical guide to efficacy standards.
This standard applies to standard setters and machine designers. This standard can also be used when there is no relevant Class C standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this article
pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 15706-2012 General Principles of Mechanical Safety Design Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction (ISO 12100.2010, IDT)
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 15706-2012 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
ergonomics
human factors studyofhumanfactors
Study the interactions between people and other elements of the system, applying theories, principles, data and methods to design to improve the quality of human life
The discipline of optimizing overall system performance.
[Rewriting GB/T 16251-2008, 2.3]
3.2
ergonomichazard
Hazards arising from ergonomic principles are not adequately considered in the machine design process.
Note. For ergonomic hazards, see also Table B.1 in GB/T 15706-2012, No. 8.
4 Risk assessment and risk reduction strategies related to ergonomic hazards
4.1 Overview
The designer conducts risk assessment according to Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706-2012, and gives the information required for risk assessment, so as to be able to judge whether the
Whether risk reduction is necessary. These judgments require the aid of qualitative estimates of the identified risks or, as the case may be, quantitative estimates
count. This can be achieved by taking into account the usual risks of machine design as well as risks arising from failure to consider ergonomic principles.
Figure 1 gives an illustration of the risk reduction process derived from GB/T 15706-2012, showing how ergonomics can be integrated into risk
Reduce iterative three-step method (including references to relevant clauses of this standard).
4.2 Significant ergonomic hazards associated with GB/T 15706
Design without ergonomics can lead to potential consequences of discomfort, fatigue, musculoskeletal disorders, stress, and human error (see 4.3).
When these potential consequences are associated with machines, they are associated ergonomic hazards. Consequences such as discomfort and fatigue can also indirectly lead to human error. like
If the potential consequences need to be regulated, these hazards are significant hazards as important as machine, electrical and other hazards (see GB/T 15706-
2012, Table B.1).
Note 1 to entry. Discomfort and fatigue are relevant warning signs, because discomfort and fatigue can lead to occupational disease or accidents and can affect performance and quality.
Note 2.The term "ergonomic hazard" used in GB/T 15706 is used to describe the danger caused by failure to fully consider ergonomics in the design process. for
To ensure consistency, this standard retains this term.
Table 1 gives an example comparing mechanical and ergonomic hazards.
4.3.3 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of impaired executive functioning due to current or previous physical and/or mental activity. Fatigue can be physical or
Psychological, systemic or local. Fatigue levels depend on the intensity, duration, and timing patterns of these activities. Eliminating fatigue requires adequate
Break time.
Important factors that affect fatigue are.
--- type of workload, psychological or physical;
--- Work load intensity, such as the weight of the object to be handled, the complexity of the information to be processed;
---Repetitiveness of work content (highly repetitive work is more prone to fatigue);
--- Recovery time, such as breaks.
NOTE. Physiological and psychological abilities vary between operators, and similarly, the same operator's ability, sensitivity to fatigue and other consequences can vary over time
change with change.
4.3.4 Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders can be acute or chronic. Acute conditions are usually caused by some form of muscle overload, such as working
A tear or injury to a muscle or other soft tissue mechanism caused by too much effort or with other characteristics such as suddenness.
Chronic diseases often result from persistent or repetitive work that exceeds the body's ability to restore and repair. sometimes unaccustomed
Movement can also be dangerous, and adding a guide or learning process can help.
Certain ailments can be acute or chronic. For example, some tendon problems may be caused by short-term overload (acute) or
Can be caused by repetitive activities that last for a long time.
Static loading (the application of force without movement) can also cause problems because muscle movement is an integral part of the muscle recovery or repair process
part.
Major aspects affecting musculoskeletal disorders.
--- Force requirements (related to the size of the relevant body part, larger muscles usually produce larger forces);
--- Movement frequency (compared to large joint parts such as shoulders, smaller body parts such as fingers are more suitable for rapid movement);
---The duration of the force application (the greater the force, the shorter the maintenance time, especially in the state of no movement);
--- Posture - Posture (body parts are more flexible when working near their anatomically balanced positions, such as arms at the sides of the body rather than lifting
over the shoulder);
---The range of motion of the joint (roughly within the middle 50% of the range of motion is more appropriate, the more extreme the movement or posture, the more pressure it will bear)
greater force).
NOTE. External environmental loads such as arm/whole body vibration or extreme temperatures may need to be considered. Noise and vibration requirements are not addressed in this standard.
4.3.5 Pressure
4.3.5.1 Overview
In some cases, the term "stress" is equivalent to the term in engineering applications, reflecting the load on a person (the result of which is considered a "burden").
In some cases, it is regarded as the influence of stress and is called a stressor. There are other situations where loads are referred to as stress for the potential consequences of stress.
When used in engineering, the term is basically neutral, and stress can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on its characteristics. but
In other cases, stress is defined as the result of adverse consequences.
The discomfort and fatigue described in 4.3.2 and 4.3.3 can be caused by psychological or physical stressors. Workload can be a source of psychological stress,
But negative results are often caused by a combination of multiple psychological factors. For this reason, in order to avoid confusion, the term "psychological stress" is used.
the term.
Note 1.Psychological stress can also increase discomfort and fatigue.
Note 2.Psychological stress sometimes refers to mental stress.
4.3.5.2 Psychological stress
In the field of machinery safety, psychological stress issues can be such as the complexity and variability of tasks required by operators and other personnel, and
Perceived factors such as the requirement for constant attention, the probability and consequences of errors that lead to the occurrence of the risk.
The main factors causing psychological stress that can be affected by mechanical design are.
--- the complexity of the task;
--- Variation of tasks;
--- Time constraints for executing tasks;
--- Cognitive resources required;
--- the ability to perform multitasking and series of tasks;
--- probability of error;
--- Consequences of mistakes;
--- design of interfaces (such as displays, signals and controls);
---Continuous attention to demand;
--- the repetition of tasks performed;
--- the intensity of the workload;
--- Timing pattern of workload.
The general factors that contribute to the overall burden of psychological stress can be grouped into six broad categories.
a) demand (inability to cope with the demands of the job);
b) control (inadequate effect on how work is done);
c) support (without adequate support from colleagues and superiors);
d) interpersonal relationships (experience of unacceptable behavior);
e) roles (not understanding the roles and responsibilities assumed);
f) Changes (changes in the organization not involved and not aware of).
However, the key to the core of the concept of psychological stress and the main indirect factor affecting whether the individual's demands are excessive is that the individual's "should be
A sense of "external requirements". Therefore, when the demands of different types and combinations of work exceed the individual's talents and abilities, psychological pressure is formed,
The results can be quite serious, including poor mental health, anxiety or worry, and physical ill health.
4.3.6 Human error
Human error can be understood as the difference between actions that people take or omit and actions that are expected or required. Human error is a
A very complex field, there are many different ways to define and classify it. As far as the field of mechanical safety design is concerned, the focus is on the
Potential human error due to ill-conceived planning, such as failure to adequately ensure that controls or displays are clearly identifiable and
the user's expectations (inherent impressions) to operate correctly.
Essentially, when someone does something they shouldn't (such as operating the wrong controls), or fails to do what they should (such as discovering
warning signal), human error occurs. However, when exploring the possibilities further, the complexity increases significantly, such as what triggers the error
The wrong control device is still operating the correct control device incorrectly, or operating the correct control device at the wrong time, etc. turn out
Whether it is caused by not operating the correct controls or operating the wrong controls. Human error may also be subject to work
Demands or pressure, prolonged vigilance, monotony, and other factors.
Some important aspects of machine design that contribute to human error include.
--- choose an inappropriate display design (such as digital display or analog display);
--- Inappropriate controller design (such as the design of the device that needs to be operated with gloves is too small);
--- Inappropriate control-response relationships (such as the direction of motion control relative to machine motion);
--- Controls or displays that are difficult to discern (e.g. inconspicuous labels, wrong color codes);
--- Unreasonable layout of control devices (such as insufficient space between devices);
--- The display layout is unreasonable (such as the viewing angle from the operating position).
The aspects listed above can all increase the risk of human error when not carefully considered in the design. avoided by good design,
It can improve the safety level of the machine.
5 Incorporate ergonomics into the risk assessment process
5.1 Information for risk assessment
5.1.1 Overview
5.2~5.5 give the steps to incorporate ergonomics into the risk assessment process, which conforms to GB/T 15706-2012 No. 5
provisions of the chapter.
Since ergonomics is concerned with the interaction between people and other elements of the system, special attention should be paid to the entire work system (see
GB/T 16251), which is the basis for determining mechanical limits [see 5.2d) and 5.3 in GB/T 15706-2012].
5.1.2 Information for establishing evaluation criteria
Establishing evaluation criteria requires knowledge of the technical design of the machine, the characteristics and capabilities of the intended operator population, including their experience with similar machines
and received training.
In order to complete an adequate risk assessment, the following basic parameters of the machine should be identified.
a) functions and their limitations;
b) The human-machine interface of the different parts of the machine.
The determination of operator population characteristics is based on the following two aspects.
---Physiological limitations (height, reach, strength, vision, etc.);
--- Mental abilities (education, training, experience, etc.).
The basic information required for risk assessment is related to the following factors.
--- function of the machine;
--- functional assignment of automatic processes and manual processes;
--- work (task element);
--- Human-machine interface features;
--- the installation location of the machine;
--- how to use (including maintenance) and remove the machine;
--- information on personnel training;
--- Production and maintenance procedures.
5.2 Determination of mechanical limits (user side)
Risk assessment begins with the determination of machine limits, including consideration of the characteristics and capabilities of the intended operator population.
NOTE. Mechanical limitations may be part of the contract between the machine supplier and the user.
5.3 Hazard identification
5.3.1 General concepts for identifying ergonomic hazards
Human error, musculoskeletal disorders, stress, discomfort and fatigue are all ergonomics resulting from the design process that did not adequately consider ergonomics
Potential consequences of hazards [see 5.4a) and 5.4c) in GB/T 15706-2012].
Important ergonomic risk factors to consider include.
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