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GB/T 28022-2021: Age determination guidelines for toys
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 28022-2021 (GB/T28022-2021) | | Description (Translated English) | Age determination guidelines for toys | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | Y57 | | Word Count Estimation | 26,298 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 28022-2021: Age determination guidelines for toys---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Age determination guidelines for toys
ICS 97.200.50
CCSY57
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Replace GB/T 28022-2011
Guidelines for determining age applicable to toys
(ISO /T R8124-8.2016, Safetyoftoys-Part 8.
Released on 2021-04-13
Implementation on 2021-04-13
State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration
Issued by the National Standardization Management Committee
Table of contents
Foreword Ⅰ
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 1
4 Guide 2
4.1 Children whose starting age is from birth to less than 4 months 2
4.2 Children whose starting age ranges from 4 months to less than 8 months 3
4.3 Children whose starting age ranges from 8 months to less than 12 months 4
4.4 Children whose starting age ranges from 12 months to less than 18 months 5
4.5 Children whose starting age ranges from 18 months to less than 24 months 6
4.6 Children whose starting age ranges from 24 months to less than 36 months 7
4.7 Children whose starting age ranges from 3 years to younger than 4 years 9
4.8 Children whose starting age ranges from 4 years old to less than 6 years old 11
4.9 Children whose starting age ranges from 6 to younger than 8 years 13
4.10 Children whose starting age ranges from 8 years to younger than 14 years 14
Appendix A (informative) Toy classification system. description of toy categories and subcategories 16
Appendix B (informative) Considerations on electronic toys 22
Reference 23
Guidelines for determining age applicable to toys
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for determining the minimum age for children to start playing with toys in certain toy subcategories.
Manufacturers and organizations that assess whether toys meet safety standards.
This document can also be used as a reference to determine the applicability of the minimum age group of toys for distributors and relevant organizations that study children's play behavior
It can also be used by pediatric society, teachers and other professionals and consumers who use toys in daily activities.
This document applies to all toys, that is, all products and materials designed or scheduled for use by children under 14 years of age.
Each child develops different abilities at different ages. This document only gives typical age groups for children to learn a certain ability.
Although age classification implies safety significance, this document is not intended to address specific safety requirements. See the specific safety requirements for toys
GB 6675.1 and/or other relevant toy safety standards. For example. these standards will restrict toys of a certain age group that have a choking hazard
The presence of small parts and small balls.
Appendix B gives detailed information on how to consider electronic toys and electronic devices in toys in the development of age determination guidelines.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Agegroup
A specific age range defined by children’s activities, cognitive development, and behavior.
3.2
Category
The type or group of toys that make up the play category.
Note 1.The following are the play categories classified according to the purpose and function of the toy.
---Perception activity toys;
---Physical activity toys;
---Intellectual activity toys;
---Toys that reproduce the world of technology;
---Toys that promote the development of emotion and empathy;
---Creative activity toys;
---Social relations toys.
Note 2.In addition to the original classification, taking into account the continued development of the toy market, also includes new sub-categories (see Appendix A).
3.3
Grossmotorskils
Physical activity of large muscle groups related to maintaining head position, sitting, walking, and running functions.
3.4
Fine motor skills
Hand gripping movements, such as grasping, buckling and pinching, as well as fine movements for drawing and writing.
3.5
Startingage
The minimum age at which children are suitable to play with certain types of toys.
Note 1.When the child is very young, the interaction between the caregiver and the child can be regarded as "play", that is, the caregiver uses toys to please the child or attract
Children's attention, such as the use of rattles. Only after further development, children can really play with toys.
Note 2.For the purposes of this document, the starting age for different subcategories of toys is a range. The age range is from the lowest age in the age range
One day to the day before the highest age. For example. the starting age range from 4 months to less than 8 months is from the day when the baby grows to 4 months old.
The child grows to the end of the day before 8 months.
Note 3.When referring to the starting age of toys in a particular category, it does not mean that all toys belonging to that category will be classified as suitable for that age. Specific toy
The number of pieces, size, quality, fidelity, relationship with animation and special features of certain toys, etc., will change or increase the predetermined age.
4 Guide
4.1 Children whose starting age is from birth to less than 4 months
4.1.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from birth to less than 4 months
Generally, the following developmental and behavioral characteristics can be observed in children from birth to less than 4 months.
---Does not have the movement ability required to play with toys; toys are only used as objects for exploration and entertainment, not for playing.
---Due to lack of physical, cognitive and visual abilities, they have not yet possessed the skills to interact with books.
---Able to be attracted by a variety of sensory factors, able to recognize parents; have sucking and breastfeeding reflexes, but cannot sit alone; can be blunt and not
Controlled and limited actions. They will touch, grasp, hold and shake anything in their hands, exerting force on their arms
The amount is not conscious.
--3 months or so, they are able to grasp (reflex grasp) and hold objects (whether suspended or not). They probe and explore with their hands and mouth
And feel objects.
---The learning process occurs in the assimilation and absorption of the senses and reflexes to stimulus responses and repetitive actions.
---The auditory system works at birth, but it requires the maturity of the nervous system and sensory experience to fully develop the auditory function. by
Because children are immature and inexperienced, they show high sensitivity to surrounding sounds. From the moment of birth, babies begin to talk to each other
Tones and human language respond. At around 2 months, most babies will calm down when they hear familiar sounds. 3 pcs
At the month of the month, they can find out and respond to the sound, and can make sounds for feelings related to cleaning and eating.
--- They turn their heads toward the sound and are attracted to objects that make sounds they feel familiar.
---Visual development is gradual. At birth, the focus of the baby's eyes is about 20cm at most. After 1 month, the babies are able to focus
On an object up to 30cm away, you can see a few meters away by 3 months. Visual acuity at birth is approximately
2.5%~5%, it will increase to nearly 20% in three months.
---Although they will be attracted by bright colors such as yellow and red, they cannot distinguish the colors clearly. At 2 months, the primary color is fine
After cell development is complete, they can distinguish contrast and the three primary colors of blue, red, and yellow.
4.1.2 Recommended toy subcategories
This age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 1.
4.2 Children whose starting age is from 4 months to less than 8 months
4.2.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 4 months to less than 8 months
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 4 months to less than 8 months.
---Attracted by a variety of sensory factors, interest in the surrounding environment gradually increases. Entering the lip period, start to grow teeth. With natural nothing
Conscious action. The learning process occurs through the senses, especially the mouth and reflexes, which rely on assimilation to stimulate and repeat actions.
---Hearing continues to develop, and you can already use your visual and motor abilities to play with others. Able to interact with toys and objects.
Began to realize the existence and permanence of the object (even if the object leaves the line of sight, the object still exists). Imitate simple actions
And gestures.
---Possibility to locate the sound accurately. Starting from 4 months, repetitive vocal games that emphasize the same syllable will be played, such as "Mommy"
"Dad Dad". Children begin to interact with adults and learn language games that speak in a repetitive manner. Love songs and sounds. From
From 4 months to 6 months, they are more sensitive to sound and respond to changes in pitch and voice.
--- Carry out physical exercises, swing the body from side to side, leaning forward and closing back. Play better on the floor at 5 to 6 months and start by yourself
Sit up and crawl.
--- Extensive and fine motor coordination and lower limb autonomy. The fine motor coordination of the hand is still developing. use
The palm grasps the object (primitive grasp). Grasp firmly, reach out the palm to grasp the object, and be able to transfer the object from one hand to another
Hand.
---Sports ability is gradually developed, such as holding, grasping, pressing, shaking, dragging objects and throwing objects to the ground. In about 6 months
Fully grasp grasping and holding. Able to turn thick pages awkwardly.
- At about 6 months, visual acuity and color receptors are almost the same as adults. They will be affected by red and yellow colors and printed patterns
attract.
4.2.2 Recommended toy subcategories
This age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 2.
4.3 Children whose starting age is from 8 months to less than 12 months
4.3.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 8 months to less than 12 months
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 8 months to less than 12 months.
---If the mother (or father) is not present or a stranger appears, you may feel anxious. They became obsessed with providing comfort and security
Full-feeling objects (blankets, plush toys, etc.). Begin to develop imitating behavior, able to recognize and imitate speech, song and sound. in
After hearing it several times, you can repeat the song and sound.
---Since 8 months, their babbling sounds are similar to the sounds of their mother tongue. They started to imitate some using materials or toys
Familiar behaviors, such as holding a doll (this is the first stage of symbolization), and understand the meaning of some gestures (e.g., kissing,
See and come here). Begin to use gestures to express their meaning (such as stretching and tightening their hands when they want something), however, he
We still only recognize what is in the field of vision. At this age, they begin to utter the first few words and combine them with
The actions are linked, but their knowledge is limited to their surroundings. Therefore, intentional verbal and physical communication has been developed.
Raw. They are still attracted by elements that stimulate the senses.
---Begin to associate the object with its intended use, and have a full awareness of the existence and continuity of the object (even if the object leaves
Can still be aware of the sight range). Can easily turn the pages of the book, understand simple causal relationships, and enhance self-awareness. They drive
He began to have a concept of height and falling risk.
---Body balance is better, interested in the movement and placement of objects (balance, movement), movement is more sophisticated and capable. Probe
Interested in the environment, you can crawl and sit up by yourself. Keep standing and take the first step with the help of others.
---With muscle control ability and more mature fine motor coordination. The original grip (grip, clamp) is more coordinated and can be used with fingers
(Usually the index finger) Playing musical instruments. Use your index finger to point to objects and people purposefully.
---Able to hold two objects at the same time, but cannot use them in coordination. The object can be held in the hand for a long time, grasping and hitting with a higher frequency
Hit the object. They practice fine motor skills by grasping, pushing, pulling, pressing, patting, caressing, nudging, shaking and graffiti. They can use wax
Pens and felt-tip pens do graffiti, but cannot draw or write effectively.
4.3.2 Recommended toy subcategories
The age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 3.
4.4 Children whose starting age is from 12 months to less than 18 months
4.4.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 12 months to less than 18 months
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 12 months to less than 18 months.
---When pushing the ride-on toy, you may not change steps or step on the pedals. The first ride-on toy does not require a steering mechanism, because young children can
Can they be used effectively. And they just simulate sports by playing, there are no rules at all.
---Growth is slowed down, sports and extensive movement skills are further developed. Fine motor skills are continuing to develop, but agility is still there
Limited. Eye-hand coordination is constantly improving.
---Start to choose your own toys and place them near you. Can remember the past, still like to explore things with hands and mouth. Use
Explore the world with the senses. There is simple symbolic thinking.
--At about 13 months, I started to sing to myself. Language skills are getting stronger and stronger, able to communicate in more languages, and
Understand the meaning of many words. Can distinguish between repetitive and rhythmic sounds. Like to listen to simple stories, you can combine pictures and
Link the spoken language.
---Love songs related to the body (such as "10 little fingers"), appreciate rhythmic instruments and play them exploratoryly. Listen to children's songs
And nursery rhymes, and can move objects according to the rhythm of the music. Watching TV and other media, like watching the same show repeatedly.
---I am more and more curious and like new objects. The exploration game is the main activity at this stage.
---They began to see differences in the size, shape and mobility of things. Able to match simple shapes and start to discover
Don't match simple shapes, such as triangles, squares, rectangles, etc. They can feel different textures.
---Able to carry and carry toys and light objects. Throw and kick light soft balls.
---I like small toy cars that can be pushed. Like toy cars with doors or carriages.
---I like to turn some handles and dials with little resistance. Grasp, touch the toy, and change the toy from one hand to the other,
And deliberately let go of the toy. Flip through books or magazines (a few pages at a time), paying attention to pictures, not words. Recognize inverted images
shape. Like graffiti, can use plasticine and modeling clay with the help of adults.
--- Observe and imitate other children and adults. Have stronger social skills, but tend to be self-centered. Solution through trial and error
Solve the problem.
---Strong ability to walk, but the balance may still be unstable, and the muscles are not well strengthened and developed. However, from about 16
From months old, most young children can walk and stand still. Begin to explore their surroundings; begin to walk, one step at a time
Go up and down stairs, climb furniture, play ground toys, etc.; rarely fall on flat ground; know the height and the danger and basics of falling
The spatial relationship.
---At nearly 18 months, able to run and stand on tiptoes without support. Increased flexibility, started dancing, and performed both feet
jump. Perform simple rotations of body parts.
4.4.2 Recommended toy subcategories
The age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 4.
Table 4 Subcategories of toys used by children from 12 months to less than 18 months
4.5 Children whose starting age is from 18 months to less than 24 months
4.5.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 18 months to less than 24 months
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 18 months to less than 24 months.
---Has more precise fine motor skills and improved extensive motor skills, but the sensitivity is limited. You can build a few blocks. Can be careful
Turn the pages of the book to avoid tearing, often name the familiar objects in the book and point them out. Understand the pictures and adults that express the story
Read the story. There is still a need for non-verbal expressions.
---Understand daily activities through the sequence of events, and increasingly imitate observed behaviors. There are already representational thinking and performance symbols
Sexual games, role-playing in daily activities (mother and daughter, telephone conversation, etc.) in an independent manner.
---At about 20 months, they can walk with things in their hands, and can assemble and separate various parts (simple assembly method).
Use building blocks to build structures and think overthrowing them is a very interesting activity. As long as the beads have large holes, they can wear large beads in
On the rope. Draw abstract shapes and simple corners.
---The sense of space is developing. "front", "rear", "up" and "down". Know the body parts. Demonstrate higher memory development and be able to play easily
Toys and puppets. Through repeated learning, gradually understand the cause and effect relationship. Purposeful actions have emerged.
---Able to extend limbs (arms) into large openings. Explore other physical skills such as balance, running and jumping. Can walk normally, but still
Can't step on and drive the vehicle accurately. Able to pull carts and four-wheelers. Have strength and balance, walk more steadily and boldly. can
Use dancing, jumping, running, spinning, leaping, clapping, stomping, etc.
---Able to press the keys of the keyboard (computer/tablet/smartphone) and understand the expected response. Ability to use remote control (e.g. electric
Sight) and other simple devices. Understand the use of electronic devices for adults (such as tablets, smartphones, and computers).
---Form the concept of taking good care of one's toys, and will still put toys in the mouth, but the frequency is low.
--- Can speak many words, enhance understanding of how words can be used in different situations, have different meanings, but do not fully understand
The meaning of words. Begin to interact more with adults, have the ability to maintain short conversations, like to listen to children's songs, and interact with adults.
Start humming repeatedly. Begin to use single words to form phrases (e.g. Baobao, Nana). By 24 months, they will be able to form three or four characters
Phrase, such as "baby wants to eat", and can say question phrases, such as "what is this?"
---By the end of this age, consciousness, perception, and empathy have been further developed. They can recognize the relationship between real objects and toys.
Differences, choosing their own toys, and beginning to show their preference for social games, but still little interaction. They are still not very divided
Enjoy your own toys.
---I like playing with sand and water, but I am not aware of the risk of drowning.
4.5.2 Recommended toy subcategories
The age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 5.
Table 5 Subcategories of toys used by children from 18 months to less than 24 months
4.6 Children whose starting age is from 24 months to less than 36 months
4.6.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 24 months to less than 36 months
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 24 months to less than 36 months.
--- Demonstrate stronger extensive and fine motor skills and strength. Already have strong dexterity, there is a gap between sports and cognitive behavior
contact. Can throw, receive and kick the ball without falling. Walking, running, jumping and balance are quite good.
---Able to recognize simple melody; associate music with other physical activities, such as moving, dancing and clapping at the same time. Like vocal activities, especially
It is singing. Can remember and repeat simple melody and lyrics. Sing your favorite songs, nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes with your own rhythm. Correct
Interested in the sounds of different instruments and can perceive volume changes.
---Binocular vision and hand-eye coordination are still in the stage of growth and development. They are usually unable to distinguish the tiny details of objects at close range.
---Learn to step on the pedal and be able to drive a toy car that is usually braked with a foot. Be more interested in enclosed spaces (huts, caves, etc.) and role-playing
interest. Like outdoor environments such as beaches, parks and zoos.
---The understanding of symbolic associations (reality and fantasy) is getting stronger and stronger. Have the recognition of simple learning through animal toys and exploration toys
Knowing ability.
---In the anal period, this is the key to intestinal movement control. Pay attention to independent nursing function and realize sphincter control. Start training
Practice to stop using diapers.
---Show short attention span. I like free activities and play alone in an exploratory way. Like partners, more and more to social activities
The more interested and want to play with other people. I still don’t understand the concept of games involving rules and strategies.
---Have a stronger ability to reason, remember, pay attention and observe details. Able to assemble simple puzzles. Like Jane with a few details
Single picture. Simple parts can be combined, and small pictures can be assembled into big pictures by observing colors, shapes and images.
--- Demonstrate stronger hand and finger movement ability, and have a more coordinated grasping ability. Able to move each finger independently, making simple
Rotating action, but other activities are not coordinated, such as inserting a screw into a hole or tightening a nut. Able to wind the clockwork with a low torque wrench
(Up to two laps).
---Able to play fishing games with a magnetic fishing rod, move the joystick, and put the object into the large opening. Able to press buttons to build blocks independently.
---Learn about writing (letters and words, strokes and words), be able to draw straight lines and circles (circles and crosses), and be able to use scissors. Causality
Have a better understanding.
---Able to stand up throwing and catching the ball (such as catching a small ball with one hand and a large ball with two hands). May like to sit and play, you can
Aim at the target and throw things at the target.
---Interested in electronic devices, if they are part of the game environment. Ability to use software programs that require simple answers from children
(For example, answer via a single key on the keyboard/screen). Use the mouse in a limited way, but there may be
difficult.
---I like to listen to stories repeatedly. Make up the answers and remember them so that you can repeat them later. I like to have my own books and turn the pages of books. Appreciation zone
Books with pop-up pictures and/or pictures hidden behind doors and windows. Be able to name pictures and name some parts of the body.
---Begin to understand the purpose of numbers and number sequences in counting objects, so now we can understand the concept of "two". Can speak multiple words
language. The number of words, phrases, and sentences and the level of understanding continue to increase. Call someone you know by name. In a known context, such as
If the topic of conversation is interesting, you can talk with adults. Frequently ask "why" to use language to inform, ask and interact.
--- Actively participate in dressing, undressing, bathing and feeding. Can remember past things, focus on tasks, and be able to understand up to three at the same time
instruction. Still learn by imitation and repetition. Make more and more detailed imitations.
---The behavior is dramatic, naughty, and trying to impose their will. Understand the concepts of "in", "outside", "up", "down" and time, such as "now" and
"after". Still attracted by a variety of sensory factors (visual, sound, and motion), some objects will still be put into the mouth.
---Able to drive battery-powered strollers at low speeds.
---When they are almost 3 years old, they can maintain their balance on skates (except inline skates).
4.6.2 Recommended toy subcategories
The age group recommends the toy subcategories in Table 6.
Table 6 Subcategories of toys used by children from 24 months to less than 36 months
4.7 Children whose starting age is from 3 years old to less than 4 years old
4.7.1 Motor and cognitive development and behavior of children from 3 years old to less than 4 years old
Generally, the following growth and development and behaviors can be observed in children from 3 years old to less than 4 years old.
---Coordination and fine motor skills are more developed. Children have greater ability to perform hands-on tasks than younger children. Difficulty with playing cards
Difficult, but can eat with chopsticks, spoons and forks without the help of others. Able to hold heavier balls and objects, and be able to throw and throw with both hands
Catch.
---Wash your hands, brush your teeth, put on clothes and start taking care of yourself.
---Walking, running, jumping and pedaling. Sing, dance and play musical instruments. I like funny and nonsense vocabulary and nursery rhymes. Like to listen repeatedly
Songs, stories, watching videos and movies. I like stories about family events and create my own stories. Remember, tell and repeat the past
Incident; at that time they could not accurately understand what was being repeated. They are more talkative. Accept the characters you like and pay equal attention to
Repeat their words.
---Riding tricycles and bicycles with training/support wheels, can do limited roller skating movements.
---Able to drive battery-powered strollers at a faster speed.
---Show longer attention span and like simple toys and games (letters and numbers) that can be played according to their creative ability.
They have not yet had the cognitive ability to play and assemble toys in accordance with the instructions.
---Strong interest in activities without rules.
---Already have a limited but increasing vocabulary and understanding of basic grammatical rules. They may inadvertently create more refined
Beautiful sentences. Love to ask questions, express opinions, and ask "why". Understand numbers and be able to speak most familiar objects, images,
Shapes, colors and some numbers.
--- Be more and more interested in role-playing activities with lower complexity, and learn by simulating real life experience.
---Able to climb objects, and swing, without the help of others.
---Like playing with water, clay and modeling clay.
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