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GB 24512.3-2014: [GB/T 24512.3-2014] Seamless steel tubes and pipes for nuclear power plant -- Part 3: Seamless stainless steel tubes and pipes
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[GB/T 24512.3-2014] Seamless steel tubes and pipes for nuclear power plant -- Part 3: Seamless stainless steel tubes and pipes
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB 24512.3-2014 (GB24512.3-2014) | | Description (Translated English) | [GB/T 24512.3-2014] Seamless steel tubes and pipes for nuclear power plant -- Part 3: Seamless stainless steel tubes and pipes | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | H48 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.140.75 | | Word Count Estimation | 17,145 | | Date of Issue | 6/24/2014 | | Date of Implementation | 4/1/2015 | | Quoted Standard | GB/T 223.11; GB/T 223.16; GB/T 223.18; GB/T 223.19; GB/T 223.21; GB/T 223.22; GB/T 223.23; GB/T 223.25; GB/T 223.26; GB/T 223.28; GB/T 223.36; GB/T 223.37; GB/T 223.40; GB/T 223.42; GB/T 223.58; GB/T 223.59; GB/T 223.60; GB/T 223.62; GB/T 223.63; GB/T 223 | | Adopted Standard | EN 10216-5-2004, NEQ; SA 312, NEQ | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standards Bulletin No. 14 of 2014 | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This Standard specifies the nuclear power plant with stainless steel seamless pipe (hereinafter referred to as "pipe") Classification and code, size, shape, weight and tolerances, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, packaging, marking | GB 24512.3-2014: [GB/T 24512.3-2014] Seamless steel tubes and pipes for nuclear power plant -- Part 3: Seamless stainless steel tubes and pipes
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Seamless steel tubes and pipes for nuclear power plant.Part 3. Seamless stainless steel tubes and pipes
ICS 77.140.75
H48
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Nuclear power plants with seamless steel pipe
Part 3. Stainless steel seamless pipe
Part 3. Seamlessstainlesssteeltubesandpipes
Issued on. 2014-06-24
2015-04-01 implementation
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China
Standardization Administration of China released
Table of Contents
Introduction Ⅲ
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
Classification and designation 3 2
4 order contents 2
5 size, shape, weight and tolerances 3
6 Technical requirements 5
7 Test Method 10
11 8 Inspection Rules
9 cleaning, packaging, marking and documentation 11
Intergranular Appendix A (normative) pipe corrosion test 13
Foreword
5.4,5.6,6.1,6.2.1,6.2.2,6.2.3,6.2.4,6.2.5.1,6.2.5.2,6.3,6.4,6.5,6.6,6.7.1,6.8,6.9.1.1 this section ,
6.9.1.2,6.10, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, 9.1, 9.2 and 9.4 are mandatory, the rest are recommended.
GB 24512 "seamless steel tubes for nuclear power plant" is divided into three parts.
--- Part 1. Carbon steel seamless pipe;
--- Part 2. alloy steel seamless steel tubes;
--- Part 3. stainless steel seamless pipe.
This is Part 3 GB 24512's.
This section drafted in accordance with GB/T 1.1-2009 given rules.
This section referring to EN10216-5.2004 "Technical delivery conditions of seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Part 5. Stainless steel tubes" and
SA-312M "Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe nominal" to develop.
This part is proposed by the China Iron and Steel Association.
This part of the National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC183) centralized.
This section is drafted. ZTE Energy Equipment Co., Ltd., Metallurgical Industry Information Standards Institute, Suzhou Institute of Thermal Engineering Co.
Secretary, Jiangsu Wujin Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Jiuli Special Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Yinhuan Precision Steel Tube Co., Ltd., Shan
West Taigang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. Yongxing Special Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Co., Ltd., Pangang Group Jiangyou long
City Special Steel Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this section. Ma Xiaojun, Chou Yunlong, Li Dong, Zhao Yanfen, Song Jianxin, Shao Yu Hua Yang Kang, Kang Xi Tang, WANG Jian-yong, Zhao Bin,
Zhuwei Fei, Chu Yanli, Zhang Qi, Wang Bowen, Zhang Lu.
Nuclear power plants with seamless steel pipe
Part 3. Stainless steel seamless pipe
1 Scope
This section GB 24512 specifies the nuclear power plant with stainless steel seamless pipe (hereinafter referred to as "pipe") and classification code, size, shape,
Weight and tolerance, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, packaging, marking and documentation.
This section applies to nuclear power plant nuclear safety and non-nuclear security level 1,2,3 devices pressure parts of stainless steel seamless pipe.
This section does not apply to nuclear power plant heat exchanger with stainless steel seamless pipe.
2 Normative references
The following documents for the application of this document is essential. For dated references, only the dated version suitable for use herein
Member. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies to this document.
Determination of GB/T 223.11 steel and alloy chromium content of visual titration or potentiometric titration
Spectrophotometric determination of titanium content GB/T 223.16 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy The chromotropic acid
GB/T 223.18 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy The sodium thiosulfate separation - determination of copper content Iodometry
GB/T 223.19 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy neocuproine - chloroform extraction spectrophotometric determination of copper content
GB/T 223.21 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy 5-Cl-PADAB spectrophotometric determination of cobalt content
GB/T 223.22 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy nitroso R salt spectrophotometric method for measuring the amount of cobalt
GB/T 223.23 steel and alloy - Determination of nickel content dimethylglyoxime spectrophotometry
Determination of nickel content GB/T 223.25 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy dimethylglyoxime gravimetric method
GB/T 223.26 steel and alloy - Determination of molybdenum content - Thiocyanate spectrophotometric
GB/T 223.28 Determination of molybdenum steel and alloy chemical analysis method α- benzoin gravimetric method
GB/T 223.36 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy distillation - neutralization titration method for the determination of nitrogen
GB/T 223.37 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy distillation - indophenol blue photometric method for the determination of nitrogen
GB/T 223.40 Determination of steel and alloy niobium content sulphochlorophenol S spectrophotometry
Bromine pyrogallol red spectrophotometric determination of tantalum content - GB/T 223.42 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy ion exchange separation
GB/T 223.58 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloys of sodium arsenite - sodium nitrite determination of manganese content titration
GB/T 223.59 Steel and Alloy Determination of phosphorus content by bismuth phosphomolybdate blue spectrophotometric method and antimony phosphomolybdate blue spectrophotometry
GB/T 223.60 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy perchloric acid dehydration gravimetric method for the determination of silicon content
GB/T 223.62 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy butyl acetate extraction spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus content
GB/T 223.63 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy The sodium (potassium) for Determination of amount
GB/T 223.64 steel and alloy manganese content - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Determination of sulfur content of potassium iodate titration method after GB/T 223.68 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy tube furnace combustion
GB/T 223.69 after carbon and alloy steel - Determination of the pipe furnace combustion gas volumetric method
GB/T 223.72 steel and alloy sulfur content - Gravimetric method
GB/T 223.75 Determination of methanol distillation steel and alloy of boron content - Curcumin spectrophotometric
GB/T 223.84 steel and titanium alloys - Determination of two methane antipyrine spectrophotometry
After GB/T 223.85 steel and alloy sulfur content induction furnace combustion infrared absorption method
After the determination of GB/T 223.86 total carbon content and alloy steel induction furnace combustion infrared absorption method
RT Test Method. Test Part 1 GB/T 228.1 metallic materials tensile
GB/T 241 metal pipe Hydrostatic pressure testing
Opening Test methods GB/T 242 metal tube expansion
GB/T 246 metal pipe Flattening test methods
GB/T 2102 Acceptance, packing, marking and quality certification
GB/T 2975 Steel and Steel Products mechanical testing location and sample preparation
Intergranular corrosion of stainless steel crystal GB/T 4334-2008 Corrosion of metals and alloys - Test methods
GB/T 4338 high-temperature metallic materials - Tensile testing
GB/T 5777-2008 Seamless Steel ultrasonic testing method
GB/T 6394 Determination of average grain size of metal
GB/T 7735 steel pipe eddy current testing method
GB/T 11170 Determination of multi-element stainless steel spark discharge atomic emission spectrometry (Routine method)
GB/T 17395 seamless steel pipe size, shape, weight and tolerance
GB/T 17505 Steel and steel products General technical delivery requirements
GB/T 20066 Steel and iron - Sampling and determination of the chemical composition of the sample with a sample preparation method
GB/T 20123 Steel - Determination of total carbon and sulfur content of the high-frequency induction furnace combustion infrared absorption method (conventional method)
GB/T 20124 Steel - Determination of nitrogen content of inert gas fusion thermal conductivity method (conventional method)
Ultrasonic testing GB/T 20490 Seamless and welded (except submerged arc welded) steel laminar imperfections
GB/T 20878 stainless steel and heat-resistant steel grades and chemical composition
JB/T 4730.5 Non-destructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 5. penetrant testing
YB/T 5137 high-pressure hot-rolled and forged seamless steel tube round
3 Classification and designation
3.1 Pipe manufacturing methods fall into two categories by product, category, and its code is as follows.
a) hot-rolled (extrusion, top, forging, expansion) steel pipe, code-named WH;
b) cold drawn (rolled) steel pipe, codenamed WC.
3.2 precision steel tubes by size into two categories, their category and code are as follows.
a) ordinary level precision, code-named PA;
b) High precision, code-named PC.
3.3 The following codes apply to this part.
D. outside diameter (nominal diameter, unless otherwise specified or the calculated diameter, is calculated nominal diameter or outside diameter).
S. Wall thickness (unless otherwise specified nominal wall thickness or minimum thickness, is the nominal wall thickness or minimum thickness).
Smin. minimum wall thickness.
d. nominal inside diameter.
L. length.
4 ordering content
According to the standard steel pipe order contract or order should include the following.
a) number of this standard;
b) the product name;
c) steel grades;
d) nuclear safety level;
e) the number of orders (total weight or length);
f) Dimensions;
g) intergranular corrosion test methods;
h) Delivery status;
i) special requirements.
5 size, shape, weight and tolerance
5.1 diameter and wall thickness
5.1.1 nominal diameter steel pipe according to the nominal wall thickness and delivery pipe nominal diameter and nominal wall thickness shall comply with GB/T 17395 of. root
According to the requirements of the buyer, negotiated by both sides, we can supply other than the GB/T 17395 predetermined size of the pipe.
5.1.2 According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, according to pipe nominal diameter and minimum wall thickness, nominal inner diameter and nominal wall thickness or other foot
Inch standard mode of delivery.
5.2 diameter and wall thickness of tolerance
5.2.1 nominal diameter steel pipe according to the nominal wall thickness and delivery, the nominal diameter and nominal wall thickness tolerances shall comply with the provisions in Table 1.
Pipe according to the nominal outside diameter and minimum wall thickness of the delivery, the nominal diameter tolerances shall comply with the requirements of Table 1, the wall thickness deviation should be allowed
In accordance with Table 2.
Press pipe nominal wall thickness of the inner diameter and the nominal delivery, the nominal diameter tolerance of ± 1% d, nominal wall thickness deviation should be allowed breaks
Specified in Table 1 together.
5.2.2 When the demand side is not specified in the contract pipe size tolerance level, pipe diameter and wall thickness tolerances shall comply with the general level of
Provisions.
According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and in the contract, the supply table outside dimensions and tolerances specified in Table 2 1 steel
Tube or other steel pipe inner diameter tolerances.
Table 1 pipe nominal diameter and nominal wall thickness tolerances in millimeters
Hot-rolled (extrusion, top, forging, expansion) steel (WH) cold drawn (rolled) steel (WC)
size
Tolerance
Ordinary Level (PA) Advanced (PC)
size
Tolerance
Ordinary Level (PA) Advanced (PC)
Nominal diameter
68 ~ 159 ± 1.25% D
> 159 ± 1.5% D
± 1% D
Nominal diameter
6 ~ 10 ± 0.20 ± 0.15
> 10 ~ 30 ± 0.30 ± 0.20
> 30 ~ 50 ± 0.40 ± 0.30
> 50 ~ 219 ± 0.85% D ± 0.75% D
> 219 ~ 457 ± 0.9% D ± 0.8% D
> 457 ± 1% D ± 0.9% D
Nominal wall thickness
< 15 15% S-12.5% S
≥15 20% S-15% S
± 12.5% S
Nominal wall thickness
≤3 ± 12% S ± 10% S
> 3 12.5% S-10% S ± 10% S
Table 2 pipe minimum wall thickness tolerances in millimeters
Manufacturing methods Size
Tolerance
Ordinary Level (PA) Advanced (PC)
Hot-rolled (extrusion, top, expanding, forging) steel
WH
Smin < 15 27.5% Smin 0
Smin≥15 35% Smin 0
25% Smin
Cold drawn (rolled) steel pipe
WC
Smin≤3 24% Smin 0
20% Smin
Smin > 3 22.5% Smin 0
20% Smin
5.3 length
5.3.1 usual length
5.3.1.1 pipe length is generally 4000mm ~ 12000mm.
5.3.1.2 negotiated by both sides, and specified in the contract, the delivery of a length greater than or less than 4000mm 12000mm but not less than
Pipe 3000mm, and 4000mm length shorter than the pipe, but not less than 3000mm, the number should not exceed the total number of batch delivery pipe
5% of the amount.
5.3.2 cut length and double length
5.3.2.1 According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and in the contract, the length of the pipe can be cut to length or double length delivery.
5.3.2.2 Pipe press cut length delivery, the length tolerances shall comply with the following requirements.
When a) D≤406.4mm, 15 0 mm;
b) D > at 406.4mm, 20 0 mm.
5.3.2.3 Pipe press double length delivery, each double length the following provisions shall stay out of the incision margin.
When a) D≤159mm, cut the balance of 5mm ~ 10mm;
c) D > When 406.4mm, and the balance of the cut 15mm ~ 20mm.
5.4 curvature
5.4.1 curvature per meter pipe shall be as follows.
a) S≤15mm time, not more than 1.5mm/m;
b) 15mm \u003cS≤30mm时,不大于2.0mm/m;
c) S > When 30mm, is not greater than 3.0mm/m.
5.4.2 D≥127mm steel pipe, the entire length of the bend should not exceed 0.10% of the total pipe length.
5.5 roundness and uneven thickness
According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and specified in the contract, roundness and wall thickness of the pipe shall not exceed the outer diameter, respectively, and no
80% of the wall thickness tolerance.
5.6 tip shape
Pipe ends and pipe end should be perpendicular to the axis, cut burr should be removed.
5.7 wt.
5.7.1 Delivery Weight
Pipe according to nominal diameter and nominal wall thickness or nominal inner diameter and a nominal wall thickness delivery pipe according to the actual weight of the delivery, also according to theoretical weight
delivery.
Pipe according to the nominal outside diameter and minimum wall thickness delivery pipe according to the actual weight of the delivery; supply and demand sides negotiated and specified in the contract, also steel
According to theoretical weight delivery.
5.7.2 Calculation of theoretical weight
Theoretical weight of steel in accordance with the formula (1).
W =
(DS) S × ρ (1)
Where.
The W --- theoretical weight per meter pipe, in kilograms per meter (kg/m);
π --- 3.1416;
D --- steel pipe nominal outside diameter in millimeters (mm);
S --- nominal pipe wall thickness, in millimeters (mm);
Density ρ --- steel (see Table 4), in kilograms per cubic decimeter (kg/dm3).
According to the nominal inner diameter and a nominal wall thickness of the delivery pipe, the outer diameter shall be calculated using theoretical weight calculation, the calculation is based on the nominal outer diameter of the inner and public
Nominal wall thickness of the outer diameter of the calculated value; press delivery pipe minimum wall thickness should be used to calculate the average thickness of the theoretical weight, which is based on the average wall thickness wall thickness
Its tolerance calculated from the average maximum and minimum wall thickness.
5.7.3 Weight Tolerance
When the steel according to the theoretical weight delivery, both parties can negotiate weight tolerance, and specified in the contract.
6 Technical Requirements
Grades and chemical composition of the steel 6.1
6.1.1 steel grades and chemical composition (melting component and finished components) shall comply with the requirements of Table 3.
6.1.2 According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and in the contract, for only analyze and report on the content of residual elements in steel.
6.2 Manufacturing
6.2.1 Manufacturing Outline
Former steel manufacturing, the manufacturer shall establish manufacturing outline, which shall include the manufacturing process in the order that each of the manufacturing and testing
Step.
6.2.2 steel smelting method
6.2.2.1 outer furnace steel should add refining or remelting smelting. When the demand side to specify a particular method of smelting, should be specified in the contract.
(Quality
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Si
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6.2.2.2 negotiated by both sides, and specified in the contract, may be more demanding other smelting methods.
6.2.3 The method of manufacturing a tube
Tube should be used to cut different kinds of steel continuous casting billet or transition section of the full removal of the head and tail of molded steel ingot by hot rolling or forging methods
Made. Removal ratio should be clearly defined in the manufacture of the outline. Total extension coefficient tube hot-rolled or forging shall not be less than 3.
Hot rolling (forging) tube should be consistent with the provisions of YB/T 5137's.
6.2.4 The method of manufacturing a steel pipe
Hot-rolled steel should be used (extrusion, top, forging, expansion) or cold drawn (rolled) seamless method of manufacture. Thermal expansion pipe should be adopted by the whole steel billet heating
Enlarging the system deformation methods.
Manufacturing plants should be used to ensure the proper steel manufacturing processes in different parts of the deformation process uniformity and will not weaken the resistance to intergranular corrosion of steel
performance.
6.2.5 Delivery Status
6.2.5.1 pipe shall be a solid solution heat treatment delivery, the solution heat treatment temperature should be 1050 ℃ ~ 1150 ℃.
6.2.5.2 pipe shall pickling, passivation after delivery. Where it overall grinding (polishing), boring or bright heat treatment of steel may pickled delivery.
6.2.5.3 According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and in the contract, 06Cr18Ni11Ti steel after solution heat treatment, can enter
Bank stabilization heat treatment, heat treatment system stabilized by both parties through consultation.
6.3 Mechanical Properties
6.3.1 Mechanical properties at room temperature
Mechanical properties at room temperature Delivery status tubes shall comply with the requirements of Table 4.
Table 4 Mechanical Properties and Density
No.
Unified Digital
Code
Trademark
Temperature 350 ℃
tensile strength
Rm /
MPa
Plastic provisions
Extension strength
Rp0.2 /
MPa
The Elongation
A /%
Portrait Landscape
Plastic provisions
Extension strength
Rp0.2 /
MPa
tensile strength
Rm /
MPa
not less than
density
kg/dm3
1 S30408 06Cr19Ni10 520 210 45 45 125 394 7.93
2 S30403 022Cr19Ni10 490 175 45 45 105 350 7.90
3 S30453 022Cr19Ni10N 520 210 45 45 125 394 7.93
4 S31608 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 520 210 45 45 130 445 8.00
5 S31603 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 490 175 45 45 105 355 8.00
6 S31653 022Cr17Ni12Mo2N 520 220 45 45 135 400 8.04
7 S32168 06Cr18Ni11Ti 520 210 40 35 130 394 8.03
8 S31782 015Cr21Ni26Mo5Cu2 520 230 35 30 - - 8.00
6.3.2 high temperature mechanical properties
According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and specified in the contract, the pipe can be 350 ℃ high temperature tensile test results should meet
Table 4.
6.3.3 Mechanical properties of the sample
An outer diameter less than 219mm of steel pipe, longitudinal tensile test shall be sampled along the pipe.
An outer diameter of not less than 219mm of steel pipe when pipe size permits, transverse tensile test shall intercepted cylindrical test pieces along the pipe. when
When pipe size is not sufficient to intercept the lateral direction cylindrical test pieces, longitudinal tensile test shall be sampled along the pipe. Transverse cylindrical test pieces should
Taken from the sample without flattening.
Axis parts of the mechanical properties of the test specimens should be as close to the inner surface of the steel pipe.
6.4 hydraulic testing
Steel hydraulic test should be carried out by the root. Test pressure according to equation (2) calculation of the maximum test pressure should not exceed 50MPa. In the test pressure
Under steady time should be less than 15s, pipe leakage is not allowed and residual deformation.
p = 2SR/D (2)
Where.
p --- test pressure in megapascals (MPa), when p < 7MPa when rounded to the nearest 0.5MPa, when p≥7MPa
When rounded to the nearest 1MPa;
S --- pipe wall thickness, in millimeters (mm);
R --- allowable stress, as specified in Table 4 at room temperature proof strength minimum of 70% in megapascals (MPa);
--- The D pipe diameter, in millimeters (mm).
Water hydraulic test requirements negotiated by both parties and specified in the contract.
By the need to agree, and noted in the contract, for only with eddy current testing instead of hydraulic tests. When the eddy current testing, artificial contrast sample tube defects
Shall comply with GB/T 7735 in the acceptance level B.
6.5 Process Performance
6.5.1 Flattening test
6.5.1.1 Steel Tube flattening test should be done. Flattening test the following two steps.
a) The first step is the ductility test sample pressed between two plates to the test distance H, H according to equation (3) calculation.
H =
(1 α) S
(3)
Where.
H --- the distance between the two plates, in millimeters (mm);
α --- deformation coefficient per unit length, when D≤114.3mm, take 0.13; when D > 114.3mm, take 0.11;
S --- pipe wall thickness, in millimeters (mm);
--- The D pipe diameter, in millimeters (mm).
Between two plates pressed to sample distance is H, does not allow cracks or gaps on the specimen.
b) The second step is to test the integrity of the (closed flattened). Flattening continues until the sample is broken or the sample relative walls collide. Throughout
During a flattening test, the sample does not allow visual evidence of delamination, white spots and inclusions.
6.5.1.2 The following shall not as a flattening test determines whether or not qualified by.
a) the specimen surface defects caused by non-metallic luster cracks or gaps;
b) When the S/D > 0.1, Sample 6 o'clock (bottom) and 12 o'clock (top) position within the surface cracks or gaps.
6.5.2 flaring test
An outer diameter of not more than 150mm and a wall thickness of not more than 10mm pipe flaring test should be done. Flaring test at room temperature, top center cone
Degree of 60 °. The inner diameter of the flared after flaring rate should reach 30% of the sample, the sample is not allowed after flaring cracks or gaps.
Grain size 6.6
For nuclear safety 1,2 grade steel, grain size of the actual delivery status should be grade 2 or finer grain size and the maximum level of the previous two test pieces
The minimum level difference should not exceed three.
According to the requirements, negotiated by both sides, and specified in the contract, the actual delivery status of steel grain size may be 4 or finer.
Grain size failed, the batch as unqualified pipe shall be allowed a retest.
6.7 intergranular corrosion test
Steel intergranular corrosion test should be done. After the test sample is not allowed to intergranular corrosion tendency test methods in Appendix A.
6.8 surface quality
6.8.1 steel inner and outer surface does not allow cracks, folded, scarring, rolled off and separation. These defects should be completely removed, clear the depth defects
Shall not exceed 10% of the wall thickness at the actual wall thickness defect cleared the wall thickness should not be less than the minimum allowed. Clear defects are not allowed at the weld
Fill and the transition should be smooth, deep defect removal, width and length ratio of not less than 1.6.8.
On the inner and outer surfaces of straight pipe ...
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