JTGE40-2007 PDF English
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Test methods of soils for highway engineering
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JTG E40-2007: Test methods of soils for highway engineering---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/JTGE40-2007
INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE��S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
P JTG E40-2007
Test Methods of Soils for Highway Engineering
Issued on. JULY 11, 2007
Implemented on. OCTOBER 1, 2007
Issued by. Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China
JTG
Announcement of the Ministry of Communications of the People's
Republic of China
[2007] No. 21
Table of Contents
1 General Provisions... 1
2 Terms and Symbols... 2
2.1 Terms... 2
2.2 Symbols... 3
3 Classification of Soil... 5
3.1 General Requirements... 5
3.2 Classification of giant particle soil... 7
3.3 Classification of Coarse particle soil... 9
3.4 Classification of fine particle soil... 11
3.5 Classification of special soil... 13
3.6 Simple discrimination, classification and description of soils... 14
4 Soil Sample Acquisition and Preparation... 17
5 Soil Water Content Test... 26
6 Soil Density Test... 32
7 Specific Gravity Test of Soil... 51
8 Grain Size Analysis Test... 65
9 Limit Water Content Test... 83
10 Soil Shrinkage Test... 95
11 Test on Natural Consistency of Soil... 100
12 Test on the Relative Density of Sand... 102
13 Soil Humidification Test... 106
14 Test on Rising Height of Capillary Water in Soil... 108
15 Permeability Test... 112
16 Compaction Test of Soil... 121
17 Califonia Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test of Soil... 128
18 Resilience Modulus Test of Soil... 137
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This standard is formulated with a view to testing the basic engineering properties
of soil, unifying the test methods, and providing reliable calculation index and parameter for
the highway engineering and construction.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to basic engineering properties tests of foundation soil,
subgrade soil and other road using soil in highway engineering.
1.0.3 For engineering of all kinds, the reasonable testing program is prepared, the
representative samples are selected, the accurate data are gotten, and the correct analysis and
arrangement of data is conducted. The soil indexes to reflect the actual situation are provided
for engineering and construction.
1.0.4 The analysis and arrangement for soil test material are conducted according to
Annex A, and the overall (soil mass unit) characteristics and change regularity are estimated
by the research on the samples (data gotten in the test).
1.0.5 For soils of different type and gradation, the soil test reports shall state basic
particle gradation, liquid limit and plastic limit indexes of soils; for special soil, it shall also
provide test indexes in indicate the essential characteristic of special soil.
1.0.6 The highway soil tests shall meet the requirements of relevant current national
and professional standards, besides this standard.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Water content
Ratio of soil water mass to particle mass, expressed in a percentage
2.1.2 Density
Mass per unit volume of soil
2.1.3 Porosity
Ratio of soil void volume to total volume, expressed in a percentage
2.1.4 Void ratio
Ratio of soil void volume and solid particulate volume
2.1.5 Specific gravity of soil particle
Ratio of soil particle to the mass of 4�� distilled water
2.1.6 Gradation
Relative content of particle group divided of soil particles with similar particle size. it is
a concept to evaluate the state of particle size distribution curve of soil particles through the
nonuniformity coefficient (Cu) and the coefficient of curvature (Cc).
2.1.7 Consistency limit
Limit water content where cohesive soil changes from a state to other state with the
change of water content
2.1.8 Consolidation
Procedure of soil volume reduction and density increase due to gradual moisture
discharge from saturated soil mass venting under external loads
3 Classification of Soil
3.1 General Requirements
3.1.1 The engineering classification (hereinafter referred to as classification) of soils
applies identification, naming and description of soil for highway engineering, for the purpose
of qualitative evaluation on soil properties.
3.1.2 The following characteristics are used as the base of soil classification.
3.1.3 This "classification" shall determinate the content of particle group by sieve
method (T 0115-1993); determinate liquid limit and plastic limit through liquid and plastic
limit joint test T 0118-2007; and determinate the condition of organic matter by the method
specified in Article 3.4.8 in this method.
4 Preparation procedure of disturbed soil sample specimen
As required by the engineering, the disturbed soil is prepared to required specimens for
the tests like hydrological test and physical mechanical test.
According to the requirements in the specimen height, compacting method and sample
pressing method are adopted respectively. single layer compacting method for ones with
small height; and sample pressing method for ones with large height.
4.1 Compacting method
4.1.1 Corresponding ramming (compacting) energy is adopted to compact as required
by the engineering.
4.1.2 Wet soil samples are prepared by item 1 and 3 in this method according to the
required dry mass and water content, and the mass hereof are weighed to the accuracy of 0.1g.
4.1.5 The quantity of specimen prepared is determined as required by the test; generally,
more 1~2 groups of standby specimens shall be prepared. The difference of density, water
content and preparation standard of the specimens in parallel or in same group shall
respectively within ��0.1g/cm3 or 2%.
4.2 Sample pressing method
4.2.1 As required by 4.1.2 in this method, the wet soil is placed in the pressure die and
pressed with static pressure to a certain height after leveling the soil sample; the bulldozing
device is used to pull the soil out.
4.2.2 Operate according to the requirements of 4.1.3 ~4.1.5.
5 Preparation procedure of undisturbed soil specimen
The undisturbed soil package is unpacked carefully according to the upper and lower
layer of the soil sample, and the soil sample is taken out and placed straight; the both ends are
leveled. the in-wall of the soil-cutting ring for test is coated with a thin layer of vaseline, and
placed on the specimen, the cutting edge facing downward; without special requirement, the
direction of soil-cutting shall be perpendicular to the natural soil layer surface.
6 Specimen saturation
The procedure that the soil venting gradually is filled with water refers to saturation. the
soil whose venting is filled with water is referred to as saturated soil.
7 Capillary vessel saturation method
7.1 Instruments and equipment
7.1.1 Saturator. See Figure 0102-1~ Figure T 0102-3
7.1.2 Water tank. with a cover
7.1.3 Balance. 0.1g in sensibility
7.2 Operation procedure
7.2.1 The porous stone and the filter paper whose diameter is slightly larger than the
one of the cutting ring are placed in midmost under the lapped type saturator; the cutting ring
with the specimen is placed on the filter paper; another filter paper and a porous stone are
placed on the specimen upper side; by above order, overlap to proper height from the lower to
the upper, and place the saturator upper plate on the uppermost porous stone; tighten the
screw on the upper end of the tie bar and clamp the cutting ring close between the upper and
lower plates.
7.2.3 Place the saturator with the specimen into the water tank (lay down lapped type
and frame saturator; lay flat flat-row saturator);
7.2.4 Close the cover of the tank, to prevent water evaporation; keep it still for several
days; make the specimen saturated by the soil capillary action; the saturation process may last
about 3d.
7.2.5 Take the saturator out, loosen the screw; take the cutting ring out; dry up the outer
wall; absorb out the surface area water; take the upper and lower filter papers of the specimen;
weigh the mass of the soil and the ring to the accuracy of 0.1g;
8 Vacuum saturation method
8.1 Instruments and equipment
8.1.1 The compete device for vacuum saturation method is shown as Figure T 0102-4.
8.1.2 Saturator. See Figure 0102-1~ Figure T 0102-3
8.1.3 Vacuum cylinder. made of metal or glass.
8.1.4 Air pump
8.1.5 Vacuum manometry
8.1.6 Other. balance, hard rubber pipe, rubber stopper, tube clip, two-way piston, water
cylinder, vaseline
8.2 Operation procedure
8.2.1 The specimen is placed into the saturator by procedure 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 in this
method.
8.2.2 The saturator with the specimen is placed in the vacuum cylinder, and the cover is
coated with a thin layer of vaseline to prevent gas leakage.
8.2.3 Close the tube clip, open the valve (See Figure T 0102-4), start the air pump, and
discharge the air in the cylinder and the soil by suction; where the reading of vacuum pressure
gauge reaches -101.325 Kpa (a negative atmospheric pressure value), open the tube clip
slightly, to make the fresh water discharge from the diversion conduit to the vacuum cylinder;
during the water discharging process, regulate the tube clip to make the vacuum pressure gage
value to remain constant basically.
8.2.4 After the saturator is submerged in water completely, the air extraction stops, and
the diversion conduit is taken out from the water cylinder, to make air enter into the vacuum
cylinder; stay for a certain time, and make the specimen saturated by atmospheric pressure.
8.2.5 Take out the specimen and weigh the mass to the accuracy of 0.1g; work out the
saturation.
9 Soil sample preparation for chemical test
The soil sample is spread a thin layer on enamel tray, wood plate or thick paper and
placed in cool, dark and ventilated place indoor; mix and pinch the soil sample to make is air
dry. The air-dry place shall be dry and clean, and free from acid or alkali steam, or dust.
Crush the air-dried soil sample with a wood rod, carefully check the sand gravel, sieve
the sample with a 2mm sieve and re-crush the sieved-out soil block still all sample passes the
sieve. The sieved soil sample is reduced quarterly to about 200g, and placed in a porcelain
mortar for graining, to make the soil pass the 1mm sieve;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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