GB/T 42729-2023 PDF in English
GB/T 42729-2023 (GB/T42729-2023, GBT 42729-2023, GBT42729-2023)
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Guidelines for safety use of lithium ion cells and batteries
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Standards related to (historical): GB/T 42729-2023
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GB/T 42729-2023: PDF in English (GBT 42729-2023) GB/T 42729-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 29.220.99
CCS K 82
Guidelines for safety use of lithium ion cells and batteries
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 06, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: MARCH 01, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation.
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 Possible dangers ... 9
4.1 Overview ... 9
4.2 Liquid leakage ... 9
4.3 Overheat ... 10
4.4 Electric shock ... 10
4.5 Fire ... 11
4.6 Explosion ... 11
5 Recommendations for equipment manufacturers ... 11
5.1 Protection function management ... 11
5.2 Voltage management ... 12
5.3 Current management ... 14
5.4 Temperature management ... 15
5.5 Series and parallel management of batteries ... 18
5.6 Communication management ... 18
5.7 Battery installation and protection ... 19
6 Recommendations for end product users ... 19
6.1 Charging and discharging ... 19
6.2 Long-term storage ... 20
6.3 Prevention of abnormal situations ... 20
6.4 Exception handling ... 21
7 Recommendations for maintenance personnel ... 21
7.1 General conditions ... 21
7.2 Prevention of abnormal situations ... 21
7.3 Exception handling ... 22
References ... 24
Guidelines for safety use of lithium ion cells and batteries
1 Scope
This document provides safety guidance and suggestions during the use of lithium-ion
cells and battery packs; provides relevant information about possible dangers that
lithium-ion cells and battery pack manufacturers provide to users.
This document applies to the use of lithium-ion cells and battery packs.
2 Normative references
This document does not have normative references.
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable to this document.
3.1
Lithium ion cell
A device, that relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and
negative electrodes, to convert chemical energy into electrical energy; it is designed
to be rechargeable.
Note: The device includes electrodes, separators, electrolytes, containers, terminals, etc.
3.2
Module
Configurations with multiple cells connected in series or parallel, which may or may
not have protective devices [such as fuses or positive temperature coefficient
thermistors (PTC)] and monitoring circuits.
[Source: IEC 62619: 2017, 3.9]
3.3
Battery pack
An energy storage device, which is electrically connected by one or more batteries
or modules.
Note 1: It may include protection and monitoring devices, that provide information (such as
battery voltage) to the battery system.
Note 2: It may include a protective cover, which is provided by the terminal or other
interconnection device.
[Source: IEC 62619: 2017, 3.10]
3.4
Battery protection circuit module; PCM
Battery management unit; BMU
Battery management system; BMS
A circuit board, circuit module or electronic system, which has the core function of
controlling the charging and discharging behavior of the battery pack, to protect
battery safety.
Note 1: Usually in simple portable product applications, a separate battery protection circuit
module is used to protect the battery. In the component modules in complex battery pack
systems, the battery management unit is used to manage the batteries in the module. In
complex battery pack systems such as new energy vehicle power battery packs, the battery
management system is used to manage and protect the batteries.
Note 2: A complex battery management system may include battery voltage, temperature
and current measurement, energy balance, power (SOC) calculation and display, abnormal
alarm, charge and discharge management, communication, etc.
3.5
Battery
Battery system
A system consisting of one or more cells, modules or battery packs. It has a battery
management system. If overcharge, overcurrent, over-discharge or overheat occur,
the battery management system will take action.
Note 1: If the battery manufacturer and the user reach an agreement, over-discharge cut-off
is not mandatory.
Note 2: It can include cooling or heating devices; some even include charge and discharge
modules and inverter modules.
- Leakage of electrolyte inside the cell due to bulging, deflation, etc.;
- Leakage of electrolyte inside the cell due to extrusion, wear, etc.
4.3 Overheat
4.3.1 Overview
Overheat may directly cause burns to the human body, OR cause the insulation level of
equipment to decrease and the performance of safety components to decrease, OR ignite
flammable liquids.
4.3.2 Causes
Including but not limited to the following situations:
- The cooling and heat dissipation functions of the cell fail;
- Increased current due to cell failure;
- The ambient temperature of the cell is too high;
- Failure of the protection function causes the cell to heat up abnormally.
4.4 Electric shock
4.4.1 Overview
The physiological response, which is caused by electric shock, depends on the size and
duration of the current value, as well as its path through the human body, which directly
harms the human body.
Voltages exceeding a DC value of 60 V are considered hazardous voltages.
Note: For products with inverter function that can output AC voltage, see GB 4943.1 for the
electric shock hazard.
4.4.2 Causes
Including but not limited to the following situations:
- Contact with exposed parts, that normally carry hazardous voltages;
- The insulation -- between parts with dangerous voltages under normal
circumstances and accessible conductive parts -- is broken down;
- Contact current flowing from parts carrying hazardous voltages to accessible parts.
4.5 Fire
4.5.1 Overview
A fire may directly burn the human body, OR cause a fire hazard to the equipment,
AND may produce harmful gases that affect human health.
4.5.2 Causes
Including but not limited to the following situations:
- Too much heat energy accumulates inside the cell, meanwhile the temperature
reaches the ignition point of internal flammable materials;
- Combustible gas accumulates inside the cell, meanwhile the temperature reaches
its ignition point;
- Burning of external parts of the cell may ignite the cell or battery pack.
4.6 Explosion
4.6.1 Overview
When an explosion occurs, the components or parts are ejected, which may directly
harm the human body or damage the equipment.
4.6.2 Causes
Including but not limited to the following situations:
- Excessive heat energy and gas accumulation inside the cell, meanwhile the internal
pressure exceeds the endurance of the casing;
- Overheat of the outside of the cell and other factors cause a large amount of heat
or gas to be generated inside the cell, meanwhile the internal pressure exceeds the
capacity of the casing.
5 Recommendations for equipment manufacturers
5.1 Protection function management
It should use a battery pack, which is equipped with PCM/BMU/BMS.
When using batteries and battery packs, which are not equipped with battery protection
Where:
I1 - Maximum charging current of cell, in Ampere (A);
I2 - Over current for charge protection of battery pack, in Ampere (A);
I3 - Maximum charging current of battery pack, in Ampere (A);
I4 - The equipment's continuous charging input current to the cell/battery pack, in Amperes
(A);
I5 - Continuous discharge load current of the cell/battery pack to the equipment, in Amperes
(A);
I6 - Maximum discharge current of battery pack, in Ampere (A);
I7 - Over current for discharge protection of battery pack, in Ampere (A);
I8 - Maximum discharge current of cell, in Ampere (A).
Generally, the maximum charging current and maximum discharge current capabilities
of lithium-ion cells are closely related to the ambient temperature. The equipment
should be able to adjust the charge and discharge current of the cell or battery pack,
according to the ambient temperature, to ensure that the cell or battery pack in the
equipment does not exceed its maximum charge and discharge current, at the current
ambient temperature.
If the charge/discharge current exceeds the normal operating current range of the cell
or battery pack, the equipment should take protective action immediately.
5.4 Temperature management
The equipment should have a cell or battery pack temperature monitoring function. It
is recommended to monitor the cell or battery pack at multiple points, covering at least
the maximum possible temperature point.
Exceptions are made for equipments using battery packs with temperature monitoring
capabilities. Equipment is encouraged to add temperature monitoring functions, which
can directly measure temperature or read temperature data, through a data interface.
The charging temperature of the cell or battery pack by the equipment should not exceed
the operating temperature range of the cell or battery pack, as shown in Figure 3.
T9 - Lower limited discharging temperature of battery pack, in degrees Celsius (°C);
T10 - Lower limited discharging temperature of cell, in degrees Celsius (°C).
If the cell or battery pack used has different maximum charging current and charging
limit voltage, under different ambient temperatures, the charging circuit of the
equipment should control the charging current and voltage, according to the
temperature of the cell or battery pack, to not exceed the acceptable range at the current
temperature.
If the temperature exceeds the working range of the cell or battery pack, the equipment
should take protective action immediately.
In general, the lower limit of working temperature of equipment, which has auxiliary
heating function, can be lower than the lower limited charging/discharging temperature
of the cell or battery pack; however, it must be ensured that the working temperature of
the cell or battery pack is within a safe temperature range. For the products which have
auxiliary cooling function, the upper limit of working temperature can be higher than
the upper limited charge/discharge temperature of the cell or battery pack; however, it
must be ensured that the working temperature of the cell or battery pack is within a safe
temperature range.
5.5 Series and parallel management of batteries
This Article only applies to equipment, that directly uses multi-stage series and parallel
batteries.
Select batteries, whose consistency meets the requirements, for assembly. If the
capacities of the assembled batteries are inconsistent, the charging current and
discharge current values of each parallel battery must match the values, which are
specified by the battery manufacturer; meanwhile it has an "effective charge/discharge
current control" function, to ensure that their safe use range is not exceeded.
The equipment should have the function of monitoring the voltage of a single cell.
When the voltage of any cell exceeds the specified range, the equipment starts
protection.
5.6 Communication management
The equipment should have the function of receiving and processing battery status
information, which is reported by the cell or battery pack, including voltage, current,
temperature and other related information of the cell or battery pack.
5.7 Battery installation and protection
The equipment needs to provide a secure installation method.
For cells or battery packs without protective shells, the equipment should provide
appropriate mechanical protection, fire protection, electrical protection, environmental
protection, etc.
For cells or battery packs with protective shells, the equipment should be equipped with
additional protective shells.
When selecting protective materials, it is recommended to comprehensively consider
the physical and chemical properties of the material. Within the allowable range,
priority is given to the use of materials with good flame retardant, insulation and other
properties, to reduce the influence on the safety of the battery pack, in abnormal
situations such as fire and high temperature.
6 Recommendations for end product users
6.1 Charging and discharging
Recommendations for charging and discharging end product users are as follows:
a) During use, it should follow the charging and discharging conditions specified by
the manufacturer; use a charging device, which matches the cell or battery pack,
for charging;
b) During use, it should choose a dry and open environment to charge and discharge
the cell or battery pack; avoid charging and discharging in complex environments
(except for conditions permitted by the battery manufacturer, such as
corresponding IP protection, etc.), such as high temperature, high humidity, etc.,
to avoid short circuit, corrosion or failure of related protective functions;
c) Cells and battery packs should be operated, at normal operating temperatures, to
avoid cells or battery packs operating outside the temperature range, which is
recommended by the manufacturer;
d) Before charging, it should clean the environment around the cell or battery pack;
avoid accumulation of flammable materials around it; stay away from flammable
and explosive areas;
e) The cell or battery pack should be designed with anti-reverse polarity protection.
If it does not have this function, pay attention to the polarity of the cell or battery
pack, when using it.
6.4 Exception handling
Recommendations for handling abnormal situations for end product users are as follows:
a) If misuse occurs during use, the user should immediately follow the reasonably
foreseeable misuse measures provided by the manufacturer, to avoid battery
leakage, high temperature, explosion, fire, or other dangers;
b) After the cell or battery pack is immersed in water, it should be handled, in
accordance with the requirements specified by the manufacturer, unless permitted
by the manufacturer. Under normal circumstances, it should not be continued to
use;
c) During use or charging, if the battery is found to be overheated, emit odor,
deformed or otherwise abnormal, stop using or charging immediately AND
handle it in accordance with the requirements specified by the manufacturer;
d) If a child accidentally swallows a battery, it is recommended to seek medical
attention immediately.
7 Recommendations for maintenance personnel
7.1 General conditions
Recommendations for general situations are as follows:
a) Maintenance of cells and battery packs should be carried out by designated
professionals;
b) The cell and battery pack should be completely discharged before maintenance.
Inspection and maintenance should be carried out, according to the method and
cycle recommended by the manufacturer, to avoid damage to the cell and battery
pack. If it needs to replace the battery pack, it is recommended to use the original
cell or battery pack, which is provided by the cell or battery pack manufacturer.
7.2 Prevention of abnormal situations
Recommendations for preventing abnormal situations are as follows:
a) The maintenance process should be carried out, in a dry and ventilated
environment;
b) During the maintenance process, the cell or battery pack can be equipped with
necessary cushioning pads, to avoid damage to the cell and battery pack, as caused
by collisions, drops, etc.;
c) Appropriate tools should be used during maintenance, to avoid mechanical
damage to the cell, such as breakage, perforation, etc. that may lead to electrolyte
leakage and cause battery short circuit, overheat, explosion or fire. It is
recommended to replace the battery, if it is found to be damaged;
d) During the maintenance process, the cell and battery pack should be kept clean
and dry. If foreign matter is attached to the terminals of the cell or battery pack,
it is recommended to use the method specified by the manufacturer for cleaning;
e) During the maintenance process, the cell or battery pack should not be exposed to
corrosive substances. Keep the workbench clean during maintenance, to prevent
corrosion of the cell or battery pack;
f) Necessary insulation protection should be carried out, during maintenance, to
prevent short circuit of the cell or battery pack. The equipment and tools used
should be equipped with insulation measures, at the parts that are in contact with
the positive and negative electrodes of the battery;
g) During the maintenance process, it should not forcefully change the battery size,
when disassembling or installing batteries or battery packs. It should not hit the
cell with hard objects, to prevent sharp objects from puncturing the cell. It should
not damage the packaging and appearance of the cell. It should not let the cell in
drop or vibration state, to avoid dangers caused by physical factors;
h) It should not store multiple cells or battery packs randomly on shelves or drawers.
Insulation protection should be provided, during the storage process, to prevent
them from short-circuiting each other or being short-circuited by other metal
objects. It is recommended to set up storage facilities specifically for fixing cells
or battery packs;
i) For battery packs used in special occasions and products, attention should be paid
to protecting the battery pack’s structural waterproofing, dustproof, insulation and
other special designs, during maintenance, to avoid damaging the special
functions of the battery pack.
7.3 Exception handling
Recommendations for handling abnormal situations are as follows:
a) If a danger occurs during maintenance, it should be handled immediately,
according to the reasonably foreseeable misuse measures, which are provided by
the manufacturer, to avoid the high temperature, leakage, fire, explosion and other
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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