GB/T 40427-2021 PDF English
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Technical guidelines for power system voltage and reactive power
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GB/T 40427-2021: PDF in English (GBT 40427-2021) GB/T 40427-2021
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 29.020
CCS F 21
Technical guidelines for power system voltage and reactive
power
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 11, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 General requirements ... 6
5 Allowable voltage deviation ... 7
6 Reactive power balance and compensation ... 9
7 Selection of reactive power compensation equipment ... 12
8 Selection of voltage regulating manner and voltage regulation range of transformers
... 12
9 Reactive voltage control of power system ... 14
Bibliography ... 15
Technical guidelines for power system voltage and reactive
power
1 Scope
This document specifies the basic technical requirements for the voltage and reactive
power of various voltage levels of the power system, the allowable voltage deviation,
the reactive power balance and compensation, the selection of reactive power
compensation equipment, the selection of transformer voltage regulating manner and
voltage regulation range, and the reactive voltage control of the power system.
This document is applicable to the voltage control and reactive power configuration of
the power system of various voltage levels for power generation, transmission,
distribution and utilization.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 19963 Technical specification for connecting wind farm to power system
GB/T 19964 Technical requirements for connecting photovoltaic power station to
power system
GB/T 31460 Technical guide for reactive power compensation and allocation of
HVDC converter stations
GB 38755 Code on security and stability for power system
GB/T 38969 Guide on technology for power system
NB/T 32015 Technical rule for distributed resources connected to distribution
network
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
reverse voltage regulating manner
The voltage regulating manner in which the voltage of the central point is reversely
regulated with the increase or decrease of the load, that is, the voltage of the central
point is increased when the load is large, and the voltage of the central point is decreased
when the load is small.
3.8
balance of reactive
Under a certain system voltage level, the state in which the reactive output is balanced
with the reactive load of the reactive power source in the power system.
3.9
automatic voltage control; AVC
Using computer system, communication network and controllable equipment, calculate
the control strategy online according to the real-time operating conditions of the power
grid, and automatically closed-loop control the reactive power and voltage regulation
equipment, to achieve a reasonable reactive voltage distribution.
4 General requirements
4.1 The voltage of each voltage level node in the power system shall meet the
requirements of allowable voltage deviation.
4.2 The reactive power compensation of the power grid shall meet the principle of
hierarchical and on-site balancing under the highest and lowest load levels, shall be
adjusted with the load (or voltage) changes, and shall avoid the transmission of reactive
power through long-distance lines or multi-level transformers.
4.3 In the planning and design of the power system, it shall carry out the planning of
reactive power compensation equipment/reactive power source, and reserve an
appropriate margin.
a) In the planning and design of power generation, transmission, distribution and
utilization projects, it shall carry out special research on reactive voltage; if
necessary, it shall carry out calculation and analysis of overvoltage, including
power frequency overvoltage, operating overvoltage, resonance overvoltage,
submerged supply current and recovery voltage, etc.
b) In the planning and design of the receiving end system, it shall strengthen the
network connection of the highest-level voltage; it shall be connected to a power
source with sufficient capacity and support and adjustment capabilities to ensure
the flexibility of the voltage support and operation of the receiving end system; it
shall configure sufficient reactive power compensation capacity.
c) For DC drop points, load concentration areas and channels such as new energy
centralized transmission, it shall reasonably configure dynamic var compensation
equipment.
d) For the configuration of reactive power compensation equipment and the selection
of equipment type, it shall be compared technically and economically. For power
grids of 220 kV and above, it should consider the need to improve the stability of
the power system.
4.4 There shall be sufficient reactive power reserve for the operation of the power
system to ensure the normal operation of the power system and the voltage stability
after accident.
4.5 The synchronous generator or synchronous phase conditioner shall operate with
automatic regulation excitation (including forced excitation), with sufficient phase
advance and retardation capability, and maintain the stability of its operation.
4.6 The new energy station shall have reactive power regulation capability and
automatic voltage control function, and maintain the stability of its operation. In
principle, the reactive power regulation capability of the new energy station shall be
consistent with that of the synchronous generator set.
4.7 The distribution network below 110 kV shall adopt a reasonable power supply
radius.
4.8 According to the structure of the power grid and the nature of the load, it shall
reasonably select the voltage regulation range and voltage regulating manner of the tap
changer of the step-up and step-down transformer in the voltage network of all levels.
5 Allowable voltage deviation
5.1 Allowable voltage deviation at user’s receiving end
5.1.1 The sum of the absolute value of the positive and negative deviations of the user
power supply voltage of 35 kV and above shall not exceed 10 % of the nominal voltage.
5.1.2 The allowable deviation of the three-phase power supply voltage of 20 kV and
below shall be ±7 % of the nominal voltage.
5.1.3 The allowable deviation of 220 V single-phase power supply voltage shall be -
10 % ~ +7 % of the nominal voltage.
5.1.4 The allowable voltage deviation of special users shall be determined according to
the value agreed upon in the electricity supply contract.
5.2.7 A 10 kV (or 20 kV or 6 kV) busbar shall make the voltage of all the high-voltage
users of the line and the low-voltage users powered by the distribution transformer meet
the requirements of 5.1.
5.2.8 The allowable deviation of the voltage at the grid connection point of wind farms
and photovoltaic power stations: when the voltage of the public grid is within the
normal range, for the wind farm that is connected to the public grid with a voltage level
of 220 kV (or 330 kV) and below, the wind farm shall be able to control the voltage at
the grid connection point within the range of -3 % ~ +7 % of the nominal voltage. For
the wind farm in the wind farm group that is connected to the public grid through a
voltage level of 220 kV (or 330 kV) that is boosted to a voltage level of 500 kV (or 750
kV) through the wind power collection system, the wind farm shall be able to control
the voltage at the grid connection point within the range of 0 % ~ 10 % of the nominal
voltage. For the photovoltaic power station that is connected to the power grid through
a voltage level of 110 kV (66 kV), it shall be able to control the voltage at the grid
connection point within the range of -3 % ~ +7 % of the nominal voltage. For the
photovoltaic power station that is connected to the power grid through a voltage level
of 220 kV and above, it shall be able to control the voltage at the grid connection point
within the range of 0 % ~ +10 % of the nominal voltage. They shall meet the
requirements of GB/T 19963 and GB/T 19964. For the distributed power source that is
connected to the distribution network, the voltage deviation of the grid connection point
shall meet the requirements of 5.1.
6 Reactive power balance and compensation
6.1 The reactive power compensation of power grids is mainly to compensate the
reactive power demand of the public network and the system. The reactive power
compensation of the power user is mainly to compensate the reactive power demand of
the load side.
6.2 For 220 kV/330 kV/500 kV/750 kV/1000 kV power grids, it shall configure high-
and low-voltage parallel reactors according to the basic requirement of hierarchical and
on-site balancing, to compensate the charging power of the transmission line. The
charging power of overhead lines of 330 kV and above and cable lines of 220 kV and
above shall be basically compensated. The capacity distribution of high- and low-
voltage parallel reactors shall be comprehensively researched and decided according to
the system conditions and their respective characteristics.
6.3 In the planning and design stage, the configuration of capacitive reactive power
compensation equipment should adopt the method of power flow analysis, to achieve
the goal of hierarchical and on-site balancing of reactive power under the highest load
level, to ensure that the busbar voltage of each voltage level is within a reasonable range.
It shall reserve a reasonable maintenance reserve and accident reserve.
6.4 The reactive power compensation of 6 kV ~ 20 kV distribution network is mainly
based on the low-voltage side compensation of the distribution transformer,
supplemented by the high-voltage side compensation. The reactive power
compensation capacity of the distribution transformer can be configured according to
20 % ~ 40 % of the transformer capacity. High-voltage capacitors can be appropriately
installed on overhead lines with long power supply distance and low power factor, and
their capacity can be determined by calculation, or configured so that it is not more than
10 % of the total capacity of distribution transformers on the line, but shall not send
reactive power back to the system when the load is low. If the configuration capacity is
too large, an automatic switching device shall be installed.
6.5 The power factor of power users shall meet the following requirements:
a) For power users with a high-voltage power supply of 35 kV and above, after
considering reactive power compensation, the power factor of the primary side of
the transformer shall not be lower than 0.95 when the load is peak, and the power
factor shall not be higher than 0.95 when the load is low.
b) For power users with a power supply of 100 kVA and above 10 kV, the power
factor shall be above 0.95.
c) Electricity users shall not send reactive power to the system, and shall not absorb
a large amount of reactive power from the power grid when the power grid load
peaks.
6.6 Requirements for generators (including steam turbine generators, hydro generators
and pumped storage generators):
a) Determine the rated power factor (late phase) value of generators according to the
following requirements:
• For the generator that is directly connected to the power grid of 330 kV and
above, and is at the sending end, the power factor should be selected as 0.9; for
the generator at the receiving end, the power factor can be selected from 0.85 ~
0.9.
• For the generator at the sending end of the DC transmission system, the power
factor should be selected as 0.85; for the generator of AC-DC mixed
transmission system, the power factor can be selected from 0.85 ~ 0.9.
• The power factor of other generators can be selected according to 0.8 ~ 0.85.
b) Determine the generator’s ability to absorb reactive power (phase advance)
according to the following requirements:
• All newly installed generators shall be capable of running with a power factor
advance of 0.95 when the active power is at the rated value.
7 Selection of reactive power compensation equipment
7.1 Parallel capacitors and parallel reactors shall be used as the preferred equipment for
reactive power compensation in the power system. The capacity of a single bank should
not be too large, and the voltage change rate during switching shall not exceed 2.5 %.
When there are many short lines with voltage level of 330 kV and above in local areas,
according to the principle of on-site balancing of reactive power and the structural
characteristics of the power grid, after calculation and analysis, it shall install busbar
high-voltage parallel reactors at appropriate locations for reactive power compensation.
The busbar high-voltage parallel reactor shall be equipped with a circuit breaker.
7.2 When power grids of 220 kV and above have problems such as large-capacity DC
drop point near areas, lack of dynamic reactive power support in high-proportion power
receiving areas and lack of voltage support in the middle of long-distance power
transmission lines, in order to improve transmission capacity and system stability, it is
necessary to install dynamic var compensation equipment. When the technology and
economy are more reasonable, phase conditioners can be selected.
7.3 For power users with shock loads or large load fluctuations and serious imbalance,
it shall configure dynamic var compensation equipment such as static var generators.
7.4 For the capacitive reactive power compensation equipment installed in the converter
station, AC filters should be the first choice to meet the harmonic performance index
and reactive power compensation requirements of the converter busbar. Parallel
capacitors are used for the insufficient part. The inductive reactive power compensation
equipment installed in the converter station should be switchable high-voltage or low-
voltage parallel reactors.
7.5 In areas with a high proportion of new energy grid-connected power generation, the
new energy station shall provide necessary short-circuit capacity support for the system
by means of configuration such as phase conditioners, and select reactive power
compensation equipment with better steady-state and dynamic voltage regulation
performance.
8 Selection of voltage regulating manner and voltage
regulation range of transformers
8.1 The rated transformation ratio, voltage regulating manner, voltage regulation range
and voltage regulation value of each gear of the transformers at all levels shall meet the
requirements of power plant, substation busbar and user voltage quality, and consider
the needs of power system development.
8.2 The rated voltage of the high-voltage side of the generator’s step-up transformer
shall be determined through calculation and demonstration according to the
requirements of system voltage control and hierarchical balance of reactive power. The
sending end should use 1.05 ~ 1.1 times the nominal system voltage, and the receiving
end should be determined according to the operating voltage of the system.
8.3 The rated voltage of the high-voltage side of the step-down transformer shall be
determined according to the operating voltage of the system. The rated voltage of the
medium-voltage side and the low-voltage side should be 1.0 ~ 1.05 times the nominal
system voltage.
8.4 The generator’s step-up transformer can be of the non-excitation voltage regulation
type. For units whose phase advance capability may be limited due to the plant voltage,
it should adopt the on-load voltage regulating manner. The step-up transformer of the
new energy station should adopt the on-load voltage regulation type.
8.5 The step-down transformer with a voltage level of 330 kV and above should adopt
the non-excitation voltage regulation type. For areas where the voltage fluctuates
greatly with the load and the voltage regulation is difficult, it can adopt the on-load
voltage regulation type. In other areas, when it is necessary and reasonable in
technology and economy after the voltage regulation calculation and demonstration, it
can adopt the on-load voltage regulation type.
8.6 The step-down transformer that directly supplies power to the 20 kV or 10 kV
distribution network shall be of the on-load voltage regulation type. After the voltage
regulation calculation, if only this voltage regulation of one level cannot meet the
requirements of voltage control, it can add another one level of on-load voltage
regulating transformer to the step-down transformers at all levels on the power supply
side.
8.7 When the power user’s requirements for voltage quality are higher than the
requirements in 5.1, the user’s transformer shall adopt the on-load voltage regulation
type.
8.8 The voltage regulation range of the transformer’s tap changer shall be determined
by the voltage regulation calculation. For non-excitation voltage regulating
transformers, it can adopt ±2 × 2.5 % (for 1000 kV transformers, it can adopt ±4 ×
1.25 %). For on-load voltage regulating transformers, with a voltage level of 66 kV and
above, it should adopt ±8 × 1.25 % ~ ±8 × 1.5 %; with a voltage level of 35 kV, it should
adopt ±3 × 2.5 %. For the step-up transformers located in the power plant in the load
center area, the voltage regulation range of the tap changer on the high-voltage side
shall be appropriately reduced by 2.5 % ~ 5.0 %; for the transformers located in the
step-down substation near the power plant at the sending end of the system, the voltage
regulation range of the high-voltage side shall be appropriately moved up by 2.5 % ~
5 %.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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