GB/T 35528-2017 PDF English
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Safety guidelines for cryogenic liquefied gases
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GB/T 35528-2017: PDF in English (GBT 35528-2017) GB/T 35528-2017
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.100.20
G 86
Safety guidelines for cryogenic liquefied gases
ISSUED ON: DECEMBER 29, 2017
IMPLEMENTED ON: JULY 01, 2018
Issued by: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of the People's Republic of China;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations ... 7
3.1 Terms and definitions ... 7
3.2 Abbreviations ... 9
4 General ... 10
4.1 Establishment approval ... 10
4.2 Safety review ... 10
4.3 Safety protection system ... 10
4.4 Alarm system ... 10
4.5 Safety certificate ... 11
4.6 Operating procedures ... 11
4.7 Safety training ... 11
4.8 Safety inspection ... 12
5 Design safety ... 12
5.1 Design qualification ... 12
5.2 Principles for the use of new technologies... 12
5.3 Principle to avoid accident resulted from human error ... 13
5.4 Principle to avoid chain reaction accident ... 13
5.5 Risk assessment ... 13
5.6 Material selection ... 13
5.7 Safety distance ... 13
6 Filling and storage safety ... 14
6.1 Containers for filling and storage ... 14
6.2 Stationary cryogenic liquid filling and storage system ... 14
6.3 Mobile cryogenic liquid storage system ... 16
6.4 Mobile cryogenic container safe filling technology ... 18
7 Transport safety ... 21
7.1 On-site short-distance transportation ... 21
7.2 General requirements for long-distance transport and intermodal transport of goods 21
7.3 Rail transport ... 23
7.4 Road transport ... 24
7.5 Waterway transportation ... 25
7.6 Air freight ... 26
8 Safety on use ... 30
8.1 Code for safe operation of liquid flammable gases ... 30
8.2 Specification for safe operation of liquid oxygen ... 32
8.3 Specifications for safe operation of liquid inert gases ... 35
9 Fire safety ... 38
9.1 General ... 38
9.2 General firefighting measures ... 40
9.3 Firefighting measures for hydrogen fires ... 42
9.4 Fire-fighting measures for methane fires ... 43
9.5 Firefighting measures for oxygen fire ... 43
9.6 Firefighting measures for inert cryogenic liquid fires ... 44
10 Personal safety protection ... 45
10.1 Labor protection articles ... 45
10.2 Occupational injury prevention ... 46
10.3 On-site first aid ... 47
Annex A (informative) Safety characteristics of cryogenic liquefied gas commonly used
in industry ... 50
A.1 Main physical and thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquefied gases commonly
used in industry ... 50
A.2 Hazard classification of common industrial liquefied gases ... 52
A.3 Product name number of gas dangerous goods ... 53
A.4 Safety hazards of cryogenic liquefied gas ... 53
Annex B (informative) International chemical safety card (ICSC) ... 56
B.1 Liquid hydrogen ... 56
B.2 Liquid oxygen ... 58
B.3 Liquid nitrogen ... 60
B.4 Liquid methane ... 61
B.5 Liquid helium ... 64
B.6 Liquid neon ... 65
B.7 Liquid argon ... 67
B.8 Liquid krypton ... 69
Annex C (informative) Low temperature properties of materials ... 71
Bibliography ... 73
Safety guidelines for cryogenic liquefied gases
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the basic requirements closely related to safety in the process
of (device) design, filling, storage, transportation and use of commonly used cryogenic
liquefied gases.
This Standard applies to common industrial gases that are transported and stored in
cryogenic liquid form, that is, cryogenic liquefaction products of hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton and methane.
This Standard does not apply to the production process of various common industrial
gases and their liquefied products.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.1, Pressure Containers - Part 1: General Requirements
GB/T 191, Packaging and storage marks
GB/T 4387, Safety regulation for railway and road transportation in plants of
industrial enterprises
GB/T 5458, Liquid nitrogen biological container
GB 7258, Technical specifications for safety of power-driven vehicles operating on
roads
GB 8958, Safety regulation for working under hazardous condition of the oxygen
deficiency
GB 8965.1, Protective clothing - Flame retardant protective clothing
GB/T 10478, Railway tank car for liquefied gases
GB 12014, Protective clothing - Static protective clothing
GB 12158, General guideline for preventing electrostatic accidents
3.1.8 risk assessment
At the beginning of the design, an evaluation of the expected use of the device and
equipment after a certain period of time and the possible failure modes under various
operating conditions.
3.1.9 loss of vacuum
A failure that for different cryogenic liquid containers adopting vacuum jacket
insulation, the leakage rate of vacuum interlayer is greater than the requirements of
GB/T 18442 or GB/T 24159, so that the degree of vacuum gradually decreases, and the
thermal insulation performance gradually deteriorates.
3.1.10 violent boiling
Sudden violent boiling of a frozen liquid with splashing of the liquid.
3.1.11 maximum allowable filling volume
That is, the design storage capacity of the stationary pressure container and the
maximum allowable filling capacity of the mobile pressure container.
3.1.12 vent pipe
A pipeline with a certain height that can directly discharge gas into the atmosphere.
3.1.13 flame arrester
A safety device to prevent flashback of flammable gases.
3.1.14 confined space
Confined space with known or potentially hazardous and limited access structures.
3.1.15 buddy system
A safety measure in which one person performs necessary tasks in a dangerous
operating environment, while another person observes and monitors in a safe area and
is ready to carry out timely rescue at any time.
3.1.16 backflow
Specifically refers to the phenomenon of air diffusion into cryogenic liquefied gas
containers or equipment.
3.1.17 detonation
An exothermic chemical reaction accompanied by a shock wave in which an explosive
mixture or medium travels at supersonic speeds.
3.1.18 sensitivity to impact
The degree of susceptibility to detonation of an explosive mixture or medium by
mechanical shock.
3.1.19 cryogenic contact injury
Cold burns similar to thermal burns to skin tissue or eyes due to exposure to cryogenic
liquids or cold vapors on exposed parts of the body.
3.1.20 oxygen deficiency atmosphere
A state where the oxygen content in the workplace air is less than 19.5%.
3.1.21 asphyxia caused by inhalation of hypoxic air
A pathological state that due to the lack of oxygen in the air, the breathing process of
the human body is blocked or abnormal, resulting in tissue and cell metabolism
disorders, functional disorders and morphological and structural damage caused by
oxygen deficiency and carbon dioxide retention in various organs and tissues
throughout the body.
3.1.22 respiratory protective equipment
Protective equipment to prevent oxygen-deficient air and air pollutants from entering
the respiratory tract.
3.1.23 self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus
A respirator that the mask is tightly attached to the wearer's face, so that the respiratory
organs, eyes and face are completely isolated from the oxygen-deficient environment.
It has its own compressed air source to supply the wearer with clean air for breathing,
and the exhaled gas is directly discharged into the atmosphere.
3.1.24 international chemical safety card; ICSC
A set of internationally authoritative and instructive chemical safety information cards
that are jointly prepared by International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) -- a
joint partner of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International
Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) -- and European
Commission (EC).
NOTE: See Annex B.
3.2 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations apply to this document.
4.5 Safety certificate
Cryogenic liquid devices and related equipment, electrical instrument control systems,
storage and transportation units as well as power supply systems, before being put into
normal use, shall pass the safety performance certification not lower than that of the
prefecture-level safety supervision agencies.
4.6 Operating procedures
All positions from product packaging to use shall formulate safe operating procedures
in normal and emergency situations. See Annex A and Annex B for the safety
characteristics of cryogenic liquefied gas commonly used in industry. The information
provided in Annex A is very important for the formulation of safety technical
regulations and safe operation regulations for each post of cryogenic liquid packaging,
storage, transportation and use. The international chemical safety card provided in
Annex B has the characteristics of concise text, easy to read and remember,
authoritative data and strong practicability. It is necessary for the safety management,
environmental management, occupational disease prevention, and poison safety
registration of related cryogenic liquefied gases. It can be used by managers, technicians
and operating workers of any company or organization that produces, stores, transports
or uses cryogenic liquefied gas as a raw material. It is also available for review and use
by the safety management department.
4.7 Safety training
It shall, according to the provisions of the "Work Safety Law of the People's Republic
of China"[1], "Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals"[3],
"Regulations on the Administration of Safety Technology Training and Assessment for
Special Operators"[5] and "Safety Training Regulations on Producers and Operators"[4]
of State Administration of Work Safety, carry out targeted safety education, legal
education and job technical training for cryogenic liquid practitioners, based on
different jobs. Ensure that employees have the necessary safety production knowledge,
are familiar with relevant safety production rules and regulations and safety operation
procedures and master the safety operation skills of their positions. Practitioners
without safety production education and who fail training shall not operate. For special
positions with qualification requirements, personnel who have obtained corresponding
qualifications in accordance with the law shall be assigned.
The safety technical training mainly includes:
- Basic physicochemical properties and safety characteristics of cryogenic liquids in
liquid and gas phases, respectively;
- Compatibility of cryogenic liquids and materials;
- Cryogenic properties of various materials in contact with cryogenic liquids;
- Operating procedures for cryogenic liquid packaging, storage, transportation and
use of equipment related to various positions;
- Use and maintenance methods of safety protection facilities and protective clothing
for on-the-job personnel;
- Knowledge of safe handling in the event of over-temperature, over-pressure,
leakage, overflow, fire, explosion and other emergency hazards;
- Knowledge of personal safety protection, rescue, escape and first aid and self-
rescue knowledge in the event of personal safety accidents.
4.8 Safety inspection
System-wide safety inspection shall be carried out before the cryogenic liquid device is
put into production. The inspection includes the implementation of the safety measures
specified in 4.1~4.7. After the device is put into production and in normal operation, a
regular safety inspection shall be carried out once a year. Inspect whether the relevant
safety systems involving cryogenic liquids are complete, whether the safety facilities
and equipment are in good condition, and whether they can be started and activated
normally immediately.
5 Design safety
5.1 Design qualification
The organization that undertakes the design of the cryogenic liquefied gas device,
including the filling and storage system, the transportation unit and the required special
equipment, must pass the review of the design qualification assessment agency
authorized by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine. Design can only be done after obtaining the corresponding design
qualifications.
5.2 Principles for the use of new technologies
The latest safety design specifications shall be adopted in the design of cryogenic
liquefied gas device. Prioritize the adoption of new technologies. When adopting new
technologies, new processes, new equipment, new materials and new components, it
shall understand and master their safety technical characteristics. Take effective safety
protection measures. It shall be fully justified. It shall be verified as feasible. The
approval is complete. Reduce risks and hazards to an acceptable minimum level.
Since GB 50030 and GB 50177 determine the fire safety distance according to the gas
reserves of the storage tank, the design shall first follow the values of the gas/liquid
volume ratio of the equivalent substances listed in Table A.1 and Table A.2 in Annex A.
Convert the volume of liquid storage tank to the volume of gas in standard state. Then
carry out the corresponding provisions of the above standards for the fire separation
distance of gas storage tanks with different reserves.
6 Filling and storage safety
6.1 Containers for filling and storage
There are many types of containers or equipment used to fill and store cryogenic liquids.
There are stationary cryogenic tanks and mobile cryogenic containers. Usually,
stationary tanks have a relatively large capacity. The mobile container can be as small
as a laboratory Dewar or a large-capacity tank on a vehicle or a ship. The safety of
cryogenic liquefied gas is closely related to filling storage containers. Filling and
storage containers are pressure containers. The design, material selection, manufacture,
performance test and inspection, safety maintenance shall all comply with the relevant
regulations of "Supervision Regulations on Pressure Vessel Safety Technology"[8],
"Supervision Regulations on Special Equipment Safety"[2], GB/T 18442 and JB 4732.
The structural type and technical parameters of different cryogenic liquid containers
shall correspond to the corresponding cryogenic liquids. They shall meet the
performance requirements of different temperatures, pressures, specific operating
applications and use environments.
6.2 Stationary cryogenic liquid filling and storage system
6.2.1 System composition
The stationary cryogenic liquid filling and storage system is generally composed of a
liquid storage tank, a cryogenic liquid pump, related valves and pipelines. When the
liquid needs to be converted into gas for use, a vaporizer shall also be configured. The
liquid storage tank can be of different types such as spherical tank, vertical cylindrical
tank, horizontal cylindrical tank and so on.
6.2.2 Equipment manufacturing
For cryogenic liquid containers with vacuum jacketed powder insulation system, the
design, material selection, manufacture, inspection and safety maintenance shall
comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 18442. To ensure that the container is fully
insulated, the outer wall of the inner container shall be provided with a heat-insulating
cladding material, so as to prevent the air in the heat-insulating system from condensing
and generating oxygen-rich accumulation. Both the inner container and the vacuum
jacket shall be provided with safety pressure relief devices.
6.2.3 Equipment transportation
After the cryogenic liquid storage tank is manufactured, its coating and transportation
packaging shall comply with the provisions of JB/T 4711.
6.2.4 Equipment installation
The installation foundation and support of cryogenic liquid storage tanks shall be made
of non-combustible materials and shall be firm.
6.2.5 Equipment grounding
Any stationary storage tanks containing cryogenic liquids shall be reliably grounded.
Periodically check that the ground connection is intact. For flammable cryogenic
liquids, to prevent electrostatic discharge and ignition, it shall be in accordance with the
requirements for electrostatic protection measures in GB 12158. Equipotential bonding
shall be carried out between the tank and the carrier or loading tool of the cryogenic
liquid. Ground before loading or transporting cryogenic products. The ground
resistance shall not be greater than 1Ω. In addition, to electrostatically ground the
electrostatic conductors and electrostatic sub-conductors other than metals, part or all
of their surfaces shall be in close contact with the grounded metal body.
6.2.6 Maximum allowable filling volume of storage tank
When the stationary storage tank is filled with the specified cryogenic liquid products,
the rated filling capacity indicated on the nameplate of the storage tank shall not be
exceeded. According to the different needs of storing different cryogenic liquids in the
liquid storage tank, dedicated level limiting valve can be configured on the reservoir,
so as to facilitate the automatic control of the filling volume within the maximum
allowable filling volume.
6.2.7 Safety valves and rupture discs
Safety valves and rupture discs are safety pressure relief devices. They will only be
activated when the system is abnormal, or an emergency occurs. The setting parameters
of the safety pressure relief device shall not be changed arbitrarily. Prevent freezing and
clogging of the outlet of the pressure relief device due to leak icing. When the pressure
relief device is abnormally activated, the equipment shall be checked for vacuum
leakage or serious liquid leakage.
6.2.8 Vacuum leak
For cryogenic liquid storage tanks with vacuum jacket insulation, when there is an
abnormal frost point on the jacket shell, or when the tank pressure rises rapidly, it shows
that the degree of vacuum in the vacuum jacket layer decreases, and the vacuum is
gradually lost. If the vacuum in the interlayer of the storage tank is broken, all the
cryogenic liquid in the container shall be discharged. Carry out full inspection and
- Welded insulated low temperature liquefied gas cylinders.
6.3.3 Portable cryogenic liquid containers (Dewars)
A portable cryogenic liquid container is known as Dewar. It is an open (wide or narrow),
atmospheric pressure container with a high vacuum interlayer. It is usually used to hold
liquid nitrogen. It can also be filled with liquid argon or liquid oxygen. It is used for
laboratory scientific research, low temperature biological engineering, material low
temperature test and so on. Some Dewars are designed for special light liquids and have
the longest retention times. The internal structure cannot carry relatively heavy
cryogenic liquids. Therefore, other cryogenic liquids not listed on the product
nameplate shall not be shipped in such Dewars. Make sure that there is no icing on the
neck of the Dewar and the mouth of the bottle, as icing can cause blockage and increase
the internal pressure of the Dewar.
The design, manufacture, technical requirements and inspection rules of portable liquid
nitrogen Dewars shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 14174 and GB/T
5458. The design, manufacture and inspection of other cryogenic liquefied gas portable
containers may refer to this Standard.
6.3.4 Welded insulation type cryogenic liquefied gas cylinder
An insulation welded type cryogenic liquefied gas cylinder is called as welded
insulation gas cylinder for short. It is a cryogenic pressure container. The welded
insulation gas cylinders designed and manufactured according to GB/T 24159 are
suitable for filling and storing cryogenic liquids such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen
and liquid argon. According to the needs of both supplier and purchaser, it may also
design and manufacture welded insulation gas cylinders for liquid krypton and liquid
methane filling and storage according to the technical specifications and requirements
of GB/T 24159. This Standard does not apply to welded insulation gas cylinders for
ultra-low temperature liquid helium, liquid hydrogen and liquid neon.
6.3.5 Large and medium-sized mobile cryogenic equipment
Large and medium-sized mobile cryogenic storage tanks adopt vacuum or multi-layer
vacuum insulation structure. It consists of an inner tank and an outer shell with a
vacuum interlayer. The nominal volume of the internal tank used for filling the
cryogenic liquid medium is equal to or greater than 450L. It belongs to the cryogenic
liquefied gas pressure container. The outer shell is connected with the running device
such as the vehicle or the container frame in a standard way. The design, manufacture
and inspection rules of large and medium-sized mobile cryogenic storage tanks shall
comply with the provisions of relevant standards.
6.3.6 Cryogenic liquid railway tank car
The design, manufacture, inspection and use management of cryogenic liquefied gas
railway tank cars and their tanks shall comply with GB/T 10478, TSG R0005 and the
relevant regulations of the railway transportation authority of the State Council at the
same time.
6.3.7 Cryogenic liquid truck tanker
The design, manufacture, inspection and use management of cryogenic liquefied gas
trucks and their tanks shall comply with the relevant regulations of "Regulations on
Safety Supervision of Liquefied Gas Trucks" [10], TSG R0005 and JB/T 4783.
6.3.8 Cryogenic liquid pressure cargo tank
An internally insulated integral cryogenic liquid pressure cargo tank is part of the hull
structure. It is subject to the same loads as the adjacent hull structure. Its design,
manufacture, inspection, use and management shall comply with "Specification for
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk in Inland
Waterways"[12] of China Classification Society, "(International) Specification for
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk"[13] as well as
the provisions of the relevant laws and regulations of the State Maritime Safety
Administration on ships and offshore installations.
6.3.9 Cryogenic liquid tank container
A cryogenic liquid tank container for rail, road and water and its intermodal transport
consists of an insulated pressure container and a load-bearing frame. Its design,
manufacture and use management shall comply with the relevant regulations of TSG
R0005 and JB/T 4784.
6.4 Mobile cryogenic container safe filling technology
6.4.1 Filling method
For the filling of mobile cryogenic containers with specified cryogenic liquefied gases
from cryogenic liquid production units or stationary cryogenic liquid storage systems,
three different methods can be used, that is, gravity dump, pressure dump and cryogenic
liquid pump dump fill. For different dump filling methods, corresponding safe filling
techniques shall be adopted.
6.4.2 Gravity dump
Gravity dump is the easiest way to fill cryogenic liquids into receiving containers. That
is, use the height difference between the cryogenic liquid source and the pre-cooled
receiving container to fill the desired liquid. This method is suitable for the filling of
atmospheric Dewar flasks. It is best to reduce the height of the receiving container to
increase the level difference. When the height of the original container has to be
changed, it shall be ensured that the container is firmly fixed.
6.4.3 Pressure dump
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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