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GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.10
CCS H 22
GB/T 44030-2024
Metallic materials - Compression test method at elevated
temperature
Issued on. MAY 28, 2024
Implemented on. DECEMBER 01, 2024
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative references... 4
3 Terms and definitions... 4
4 Symbols and instructions... 5
5 Principle... 6
6 Specimens... 6
7 Test equipment... 10
8 Test conditions... 12
9 Performance determination... 13
10 Rounding off for numerical values of test results... 18
11 Processing of test results... 18
12 Test report... 18
Foreword
This document was drafted in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020
“Directives for standardization - Part 1.Rules for the structure and drafting of
standardizing documents”.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
the subject of patent rights. The issuing authority of this document shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document was proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
This document shall be under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Steel
Standardization (SAC/TC 183).
Drafting organizations of this document. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Special Equipment Science,
Deyang Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, AECC Beijing Institute
of Aeronautical Materials, Shenzhen Wance Testing Equipment Co., Ltd., Shandong
Juncheng Metal Technology Co., Ltd., China Metallurgical Information and
Standardization Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai University of
Technology, Ocean University of China, Changshu Customs of the People’s Republic
of China.
Main drafters of this document. Lu Yanling, Li Xiaoke, Ge Xiang, Kang Renmu, Li
Ying, Huang Xing, Sun Pu, Dong Li, Dong Anping, Xiong Wei, Cui Hongzhi, Xu
Huiting, Meng Li, Yu Huichen, Hou Huining, Lu Shuyuan, Li Hongguang, He Lin,
Zhang Yafeng.
Metallic materials - Compression test method at elevated
temperature
1 Scope
This document specifies the principle, specimens, test equipment, test conditions,
performance determination, rounding off for numerical values of test results, test result
processing and test report of compression test methods at elevated temperature for
metallic materials.
This document applies to the determination of parameters such as the specified plastic
compressive strength, specified total compressive strength, upper compressive yield
strength, lower compressive yield strength, compression elastic modulus and
compressive strength of uniaxial compression at temperatures higher than room
temperature.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 7314 Metallic materials - Compression test method at room temperature
GB/T 8170 Rules of rounding off for numerical values & expression and judgement
of limiting values
GB/T 10623 Metallic material - Mechanical testing - Vocabulary
GB/T 12160 Metallic materials - Calibration of extensometers systems used in
uniaxial testing
GB/T 16825.1 Metallic materials - Calibration and verification of static uniaxial
testing machines - Part 1.Tension/compression testing machines - Calibration and
verification of the force-measuring system
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 7314 and
GB/T 10623 and the following apply.
3.1
soaking timets
Time to keep the test temperature stable before applying pressure.
4 Symbols and instructions
The symbols and instructions used in this document are shown in Table 1.
5 Principle
Under high temperature environment, by applying increasing unidirectional
compressive force to the specimen axially, the relevant compressive mechanical
properties are determined.
6 Specimens
6.1 Specimen shape and dimensions
6.1.1 The design of specimen shape and dimensions shall meet the following
requirements.
- uniform unidirectional compression within the gauge length during the test;
- the deformation measured by the extensometer is equal to the deformation of the
gauge length section on the specimen axis;
- the end shall not be damaged before the end of the test.
It is recommended to use cylindrical specimens (see Figure 1), regular quadrangular
prism specimens (see Figure 2), plate-shaped specimens (see Figure 3), and plate-
shaped specimens with lugs (see Figure 4). Other types of specimens that meet the
above requirements can also be used.
6.1.2 Figures 1 and 2 are specimens without lateral restraint. Specimens with L = (2.5
~ 3.5)d and L = (2.5 ~ 3.5)b are suitable for the determination of Rpc, Rtc, ReHc, ReLc, and
Rmc. Specimens with L = (5 ~ 8)d and L = (5 ~ 8)b are suitable for the determination of
Rpc0.01 and Ec. Specimens with L = (1 ~ 2)d and L = (1 ~ 2)b are only suitable for the
determination of Rmc.
6.1.3 Figures 3 and 4 are plate-shaped specimens, which shall be clamped in a restraint
device for testing.
6.1.4 The distance between the two ends of the original gauge length of the specimen
and the end face of the specimen shall not be less than half of the specimen diameter
(or width).
6.1.5 The length of plate-shaped specimens is calculated according to formula (1).
6.1.6 The length of the unrestrained part of plate-shaped specimens shall be calculated
based on the relevant mechanical properties of the material being tested and the height
of the restraint device. The indenter shall not contact the restraint device during
compression.
6.2 Specimen preparation
6.2.1 The number, location, and orientation of the sample blank cut shall comply with
the relevant product standards or the agreement between the relevant parties.
6.2.2 When cutting the sample blank and machining the specimen, the material
properties shall be prevented from being changed due to cold working or heat.
6.2.3 When the thickness of the plate-shaped specimen is the product thickness, the
original surface shall be retained and there shall be no scratches or other damage on the
surface; when the thickness of the specimen is the machining thickness, the surface
roughness shall not be inferior to the roughness of the original surface. The allowable
deviation of the thickness (or diameter) within the gauge length is 1 % or 0.05 mm,
whichever is smaller.
7 Test equipment
7.1 Testing machine
7.1.1 The accuracy of the testing machine shall be level 1 or better and shall meet the
requirements of GB/T 16825.1.
7.1.2 The working surfaces of the upper and lower pressing plates of the testing machine
shall be parallel, with a parallelism of not less than 0.0002.1 mm/mm (within 100 mm
of the installation area). The material of the pressing plates shall have sufficient
hardness and oxidation resistance at the test temperature to prevent plastic indentation
or eccentricity under the maximum load. The hardness of the pressing plates should not
be less than 55 HRC.
7.1.3 The two ends of the specimen with higher hardness shall be backed by suitable
hard materials. After the test, the plate surface shall not have permanent deformation.
The parallelism of the upper and lower surfaces of the backing plate shall not be less
than 0.0002.1 mm/mm, and the surface roughness Ra shall not be greater than 0.8 μm.
7.2 Additional devices
7.2.1 Additional devices include. force guide device, leveling pad, protective cover, and
restraint device.
7.2.2 For testing machines that do not meet the requirements for the parallelism of
pressing plates, force guide devices shall be added; when the influence of eccentric
compression of the testing machine is more obvious, leveling pads can be used; when
testing brittle materials, a protective cover or iron gauze that can withstand the test
temperature and is easy to observe shall be used to cover the specimen to prevent
specimen fragments from flying out or damaging the instrument.
7.2.3 For compression tests of plate-shaped specimens, restraint devices shall be used.
NOTE. Restraint devices refer to devices used to support the plate-shaped specimen laterally to
prevent buckling during compression of the specimen and do not affect axial deformation.
7.2.4 Additional devices shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 7314 and shall
not deform at high temperatures.
7.3 Extensometer
Extensometers shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 12160.When determining
the compression elastic modulus, an extensometer of not less than grade 0.5 shall be
used. When testing the specified plastic compressive strength, total compressive
strength, and compressive yield strength, an extensometer of not less than grade 1 shall
be used. When determining the compression elastic modulus and the specified plastic
compressive strength with a specified plastic compressive strain less than 0.05 %, it is
recommended to use an average extensometer.
7.4 Heating device
7.4.1 The heating device shall be able to heat the specimen to the specified temperature
T. This document recommends the use of a radiation heating furnace.
7.4.2 The constant temperature zone of the heating furnace shall not be less than twice
the gauge length of the specimen, and the furnace space shall be large enough not to
hinder the use of various test devices.
7.4.3 The allowable deviation and temperature gradient of the measured temperature Ti
and the specified temperature T are shown in Table 3.
8 Test conditions
8.1 Measurement of specimen dimensions
8.1.1 The thickness and width of specimens with rectangular cross-section shall be
measured at the midpoint of the original gauge length; the diameter of cylindrical
specimens shall be measured in two perpendicular directions at the midpoint of the
original gauge length, and the arithmetic mean shall be taken. The resolution of the
measuring tool or specimen measuring device shall be selected according to Table 4,
and at least 4 significant digits shall be retained based on the original cross-sectional
area calculated according to the test size.
8.1.2 When measuring a plate-shaped specimen with lugs, the original gauge length is
1/4 of the sum of the inner and outer distances of the two lugs on each side along the
axis of the specimen. The measuring tool shall not be close to the lug root during
measurement.
8.1.3 All geometric dimensions of specimens should be measured at room temperature,
and the extensometer gauge length can be measured at the test temperature.
8.2 Installation of specimens
Cross-sectional dimensions of specimen Resolution not greater than
When installing a specimen, graphite lubricant shall be applied to both ends of the
specimen, and the specimen shall be parallel and aligned with the upper and lower
fixtures. When a restraint device is used for a plate-shaped specimen, graphite lubricant
shall also be applied to both ends of the specimen and the fixtures.
8.3 Heating and temperature measurement
8.4 Loading rate
9 Performance determination
9.1 Selection of clamping force for plate-shaped specimens
The clamping force is selected according to the specified plastic compressive strength
Rpc0.2 (or lower compressive yield strength) of the material and the thickness of the plate.
Generally, the friction force Ff is not greater than 2 % of the estimated value of Fpc0.2;
for extremely thin specimens, the friction force is allowed to reach 5 % of Fpc0.2.Under
the condition of ensuring the normal progress of the test, the clamping force should be
as small as possible.
NOTE. It is generally considered that specimens with a thickness of less than 0.3 mm are extremely
thin specimens.
9.2 Determination of actual compressive force (F) of plate-shaped specimens
9.2.1 The force-deformation curve is automatically plotted during the test. Generally,
the initial part is not a linear relationship due to the influence of friction force. When
the force is large enough, the friction force reaches a constant value, and then the
friction force no longer further affects the force-deformation curve. Assuming that the
friction force F1 is evenly distributed on the surface of the specimen, the actual
compressive force F is calculated using formula (2).
9.2.2 When determining the actual compressive force (F) by graphical method, it should
draw a reverse extension line along the elastic straight line segment on the automatically
plotted force-deformation curve to intersect the original horizontal axis at O″, and draw
a perpendicular line at the midpoint of the line connecting the original horizontal origin
O' and O″ to intersect the reverse extension line at point O. Point O is the true origin of
the force-deformation curve. Draw a straight line parallel to the original coordinate
through point O, which is the corrected coordinate axis. The actual compressive force
can be directly read on the new coordinate system, see Figure 5.The original coordinate
system is O'-F0ΔL0, and the corrected new coordinate system is O-FΔL.
9.3 Determination of the specified plastic compressive strength (Rpc)
9.4 Determination of specified total compressive strength (Rtc)
The specified total compressive strength (Rtc) is generally determined by the force-
deformation graphical method. The force axis is as specified in 9.3.1, and the total
compression deformation shall generally exceed 1/2 of the deformation axis. On the
automatically plotted force-deformation curve, take the OD segment (etc · L0 · n) on the
deformation axis from point O, and plot a DM straight line parallel to the force axis
through point D, which intersects the curve at point M. The corresponding force Ftc is
the specified total compressive force (see Figure 8). The specified total compressive
strength is calculated according to formula (4).
9.5 Determination of upper compressive yield strength (ReHc) and lower compressive yield strength (ReLc)
On the force-deformation curve, the maximum actual compressive force (FeHc) before
the first drop in force and the minimum actual compressive force (FeLc) in the yield stage when the initial transient effect
is ignored are determined, and then divided by the original cross-sectional area S0 of the specimen to obtain the upper
compressive yield strength and the lower compressive yield strength.
9.6 Determination of compressive strength (Rmc)
The specimen is compressed to failure, and the maximum compressive force Fmc is
determined from the force-deformation curve. The compressive strength is calculated
according to formula (5).
10 Rounding off for numerical values of test results
The test results shall be rounded off in accordance with the requirements of relevant
product standards. If there are no specific regulations, they shall be rounded off in
accordance with the following requirements.
a) the strength properties shall be rounded off to 1 MPa;
b) the determination results of compression elastic modulus shall retain 3 significant
digits, and the rounding off method shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 8170.
11 Processing of test results
11.1 If any of the following situations occurs, the test results are invalid and the same
number of tests shall be repeated.
a) the specimen buckles before it meets the test purpose;
b) the specimen end is partially damaged, or the specimen breaks at the lug part or
outside the gauge length before it meets the test purpose;
c) the test equipment fails during the test, affecting the test results.
11.2 If metallurgical defects (such as delamination, blisters, slag inclusions, shrinkage
cavities, etc.) appear on the specimen, they shall be noted in the test records and reports.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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