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MHT1069-2018: (Technical specifications for flight operations of unmanned aircraft systems)
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(Technical specifications for flight operations of unmanned aircraft systems)
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MH/T 1069-2018
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Basic data | Standard ID | MH/T 1069-2018 (MH/T1069-2018) | | Description (Translated English) | (Technical specifications for flight operations of unmanned aircraft systems) | | Sector / Industry | Civil Aviation Industry Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | V53 | | Word Count Estimation | 23,297 | | Date of Issue | 8/21/2018 | | Date of Implementation | 11/1/2018 | | Issuing agency(ies) | Civil Aviation Administration of China | MHT1069-2018: (Technical specifications for flight operations of unmanned aircraft systems)---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Technological regulation of operation flight with unmanned aerial vehicle system
ICS 49.020
V 53
MH
Civil Aviation Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical Specification for Operation and Flight of Unmanned Aircraft System
2018-08-21 released
2018-11-01 implementation
Issued by Civil Aviation Administration of China
Table of contents
Foreword...II
1 Scope...1
2 Terms and definitions...1
3 Basic requirements...3
4 Operation organization and implementation...4
5 Information Transmission and Data Requirements...8
6 Maintenance...9
7 Exception handling...9
8 Other requirements...10
Appendix A (informative appendix) Worksheet for pre-operation inspection of UAV system...11
Appendix B (informative appendix) UAV system usage record sheet...13
Appendix C (Informative Appendix) Accident Investigation Form...14
Appendix D (informative appendix) Use time statistics table of equipment and components...15
Foreword
This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard was proposed by the Transportation Department of the Civil Aviation Administration of China.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology.
Drafting organization of this standard. The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China.
The main drafters of this standard. Yan Fengshuo, Shang Kejia, Xiong Kui, Wang Bingxi, Tang He, Niu Xialei, Yu Hui, Bian Daiquan.
Technical Specification for Operation and Flight of Unmanned Aircraft System
1 Scope
This standard specifies the basic requirements, operation organization and implementation, and information transmission when using civil unmanned aircraft systems to carry out operational flights.
Transmission and data processing technical requirements, maintenance and maintenance, abnormal handling measures and other requirements.
This standard is applicable to civil unmanned aircraft with an empty aircraft weight of 116 kg (inclusive) and a total take-off weight of 150 kg (inclusive).
(Hereinafter referred to as drones) or plant protection drones perform operational flight operations for non-gaming or entertainment purposes.
2 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
2.1
Unmanned aerial vehicle
Aircraft managed by a control station (including remote control or autonomous flight).
Note. Also called remotely piloted aircraft or drone.
2.2
Unmanned aerial vehicle system
Consists of drones, related control stations, required command and control data links, and any other components required by the approved model design
system.
Note. Also known as remotely piloted aircraft system or unmanned aerial vehicle system.
2.3
UAVs pilot
Personnel who have essential responsibilities for the operation of the UAV and operate the UAV at the right time during the flight.
2.4
UAVs pilot in command
The pilot who is responsible for the operation and safety of the entire UAV system during the system operation time.
2.5
Fixed-wing UAV
A UAV that is heavier than air flying in the atmosphere by generating thrust or pulling force by a power unit, and generating lift by the fixed wings of the fuselage.
2.6
Rotor UAV
An unmanned aerial vehicle that obtains lift by the reaction of one or more rotors with the air.
2.7
Unmanned helicopter
Controlled by remote control equipment or self-provided program control device, powered by the rotor as the main source of lift and propulsion, can take off and land vertically,
An unmanned aircraft with a mission load that is heavier than air.
2.8
Multi-rotor UAV
An unmanned aerial vehicle that obtains lift from the reaction of three or more rotors and the air relative to the air.
Note. Commonly used are four-rotor UAV, six-rotor UAV, and eight-rotor UAV.
2.9
Ground control station
Used to realize mission planning, data link, flight control, load control, trajectory display, parameter display and load information display, and
Equipment for recording and distribution functions.
2.10
Data link system
Realize the sum of data sending and receiving and command transmission equipment or devices between the ground control station and the drone.
2.11
Command and control data link
Data link between UAV and ground control station for flight management purposes.
2.12
Fence of UAVs
In order to ensure the safety of the region, the regional boundary is drawn in the corresponding geographic area with an electronic information model, in the UAV system or UAV cloud system
In the system, the software and hardware systems that use electronic information models to prevent drones from flying in or out of specific areas.
2.13
UAV cloud system
Used to provide navigation services, weather services, etc. to UAV users, and to update UAV operation data (including position, altitude, speed, etc.)
UAV operation dynamic database system for real-time monitoring.
2.14
Take-off and landing field
It is used for the take-off, landing and logistics support of drones.
2.15
Navigation data
The flight speed, flight attitude, position, flight distance and flight time, turning radius and turning time, deviation of the drone during flight activities
Flow and ground speed etc.
2.16
Visual line of sight operations
The operation of the UAV within the direct visual contact range of the driver or observer, the range is that the visual range radius is not more than 500 m,
The relative height of man and machine is not more than 120 m.
2.17
Beyond visual line of sight operations
The operation of the UAV outside the line of sight.
2.18
Mission payload
A device or device that is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle for the purpose of completing a specific mission function of the operational flight.
3 Basic requirements
3.1 Personnel
3.1.1 Operators generally include UAV system drivers and operation assistants.
3.1.2 Operators should be familiar with drone operation methods and procedures, and master the relevant knowledge and general knowledge of drone operation, maintenance and safety production
Emergency operation procedures and operation training of corresponding models.
3.1.3 Operators should be in good health and mental state, and the intake limits of alcohol and drugs should comply with the regulations of the civil aviation authority.
3.1.4 The pilot of the UAV system shall have the qualification required by the type and level of the UAV piloted.
3.1.5 The pilot of the UAV system should operate the UAV in a safe manner so as not to pose a threat to the person or property of others.
3.1.6 The captain of the UAV system, as the first person responsible for the safe operation of the UAV, should be familiar with the available information related to the flight. These letters
Information should include but not limited to the following.
a) The geographical location and topography of the flight area;
b) Weather conditions during the expected flight duration in the flight area;
c) The conditions of the airport and nearby airspace in the flight area;
d) Flight performance and operation methods;
e) The location of the emergency landing;
f) Maintenance and inspection records;
g) Driver's operating manual;
h) Perform pre-takeoff, in-flight and post-flight inspections of the UAV system in accordance with the pilot's operating manual;
i) Confirm that there is no electromagnetic interference to the expected frequency range in the flight area;
j) Carry out emergency operations.
3.1.7 Pilots other than the captain should monitor or control the UAV under the command of the captain, and assist the captain in the following tasks.
Content.
a) Avoid the risk of collision;
b) Ensure that the operation complies with the rules;
c) Obtain flight information;
d) Monitor flight status.
3.1.8 Operation assistants should be well-trained personnel to assist UAV system pilots in safe and effective flight.
3.2 Equipment
3.2.1 The basic composition of the UAV system that performs operational flight generally includes the following parts.
a) UAV flight platform;
b) Flight navigation and control system (hereinafter referred to as flight control system);
c) Ground control station;
d) Data link system;
e) mission load;
f) Ground support equipment.
3.2.2 According to the classification of structures, UAVs can be divided into fixed-wing UAVs, unmanned helicopters, multi-rotor UAVs and other types of UAVs.
3.2.3 UAVs mainly include airframe, power system, actuator, electrical system, landing gear and other platforms to ensure UAV flight
Normally working equipment and components are used to integrate the functional units of the UAV system and perform operational flight tasks.
3.2.4 Airborne flight control system mainly includes flight control board, inertial navigation system, GPS receiver, sensor system and other components, used for UAV
Navigation, positioning and flight control.
3.2.5 The ground control station mainly includes radio remote control devices, radio receivers, background monitoring systems, etc., used for flight mission planning
And design, data and control command transmission control, flight data and task load monitoring, etc.
3.2.6 The data link system mainly includes data transmission radio, antenna, data interface, etc., which are used for ground control station and flight control system and other machinery
Transmission of data and control commands between devices.
3.2.7 The mission load includes various special equipment or devices carried by the UAV to ensure that the UAV system completes professional operational flight tasks.
3.2.8 Ground support equipment mainly includes equipment and equipment required for the normal operation of drones, such as ejection devices and recovery devices.
Man-machine operations provide equipment protection.
3.2.9 UAVs can be equipped with parachute landing equipment according to the operation items and operating environment.
3.2.10 During operational flight activities, the aviation radio frequency and radio equipment used by drones shall comply with national and civil aviation radio
Regulatory requirements for management.
3.2.11 UAVs should be installed or built-in UAV fences in accordance with the relevant regulations of the civil aviation authority to connect to UAV cloud systems.
3.2.12 UAVs with a total take-off weight of more than 250 g (inclusive) shall be registered in real name in accordance with the regulations of the civil aviation authority.
3.2.13 The communication, navigation and monitoring equipment of the UAV system shall ensure that the UAV system driver can
UAVs carry out surveillance, control and emergency response.
3.2.14 The required spare parts should be selected according to the nature of the task and the content of the work, and their specifications, models, quantities and performance indicators should meet the requirements of the operation
Mission requirements.
3.2.15 The transportation vehicle can be selected according to the actual needs of the operation task.
3.3 Operating environment
3.3.1 The environmental and meteorological conditions of the operating area should meet the operating requirements of the UAV system.
3.3.2 The geographic environment, buildings and obstacles of the operation area shall meet the operation requirements.
3.3.3 The electromagnetic environment of the operating area should meet the normal working requirements of the UAV communication, navigation and surveillance system.
3.3.4 For other environments and sudden environmental changes, emergency plans should be formulated to ensure operational safety.
4 Operation organization and implementation
4.1 Preliminary preparation stage
4.1.1 Airspace and flight plan application
4.1.1.1 Prior to the implementation of operational flight, an application should be made for the designation and use of airspace according to the nature and requirements of the operational project.
4.1.1.2 Prior to the implementation of the operation flight, the flight plan application shall be submitted to the relevant control department according to the nature of the operation item.
4.1.2 Implementation plan development
According to the operation project and task requirements, the appropriate model should be selected, and the drone operation flight implementation plan should be made.
4.1.3 Site survey
4.1.3.1 According to the needs of the operation project, the operation area and its surroundings shall be surveyed on site. The survey content includes topography and geomorphology, meteorological environment
Environment, surface vegetation, surrounding airports, important facilities, buildings, obstacles, etc., for the selection of take-off and landing sites, route planning, and emergency plan system
Provide reference for the implementation of flight schedules and operations.
4.1.3.2 According to the needs of the operation project, the distribution of non-target objects around the operation area shall be surveyed, and corresponding preventive measures shall be formulated.
4.1.3.3 During the on-site survey, the corresponding instruments and equipment shall be carried to record the coordinate positions of the take-off and landing sites and important targets.
Maps, images and other data to determine the operational flight height relative to the take-off and landing site.
4.1.4 Site selection
4.1.4.1 During routine operations, the take-off and landing site should be reasonably selected and arranged according to the drone's take-off and landing method and the site's topographical conditions, and report the situation.
For the record, the take-off and landing site shall meet the following requirements.
a) Not in an unauthorized airport clearance protection area;
b) Not in key areas such as military powerhouses, nuclear power plants and administrative centers without permission;
c) Stay away from densely populated areas, and maintain a sufficient safe distance from tall buildings, obstacles and other important facilities;
d) There are no sources of interference such as radar stations, microwave relays, and wireless communications in use nearby. In the case of uncertainty, the signal should be tested
Frequency and intensity, if there is interference to the system equipment, the position of the take-off and landing site should be changed;
e) The take-off and landing site is relatively flat, without obvious raised stones, ridges, tree stumps, etc., with good visibility and favorable wind direction.
4.1.4.2 When performing emergency operations such as disaster investigation and monitoring, emergency rescue and disaster relief, under the premise of ensuring flight safety, the requirements for take-off and landing sites can be
Relax appropriately.
4.1.5 Route planning
4.1.5.1 Routes should be planned reasonably according to the performance of the UAV and the needs of the operational tasks.
4.1.5.2 Route planning should avoid air restricted areas, air restricted areas and air dangerous areas, and be far away from densely populated areas, important buildings and facilities,
Try to avoid flying along highways and railways in communication blocking areas, radio interference areas, and areas with high winds or shear winds.
4.1.5.3 The route shall be drawn according to the technical parameters related to the operation flight, combined with the operation area map and on-site survey, and the appropriate operation shall be selected.
Work methods and take-off and landing positions, and formulate necessary safety strategies.
4.1.5.4 A safety margin should be appropriately increased for the route of the first flight to ensure safety before operations can be carried out at a safe distance from normal operations.
4.1.5.5 The UAV operation route database should be established, and the route database should be stored, backed up and updated. The route database should include
Information such as traces and obstacles.
4.1.5.6 When flying similar operations, prioritizing the use of historical routes should be ensured on the premise of ensuring safety.
4.2 Direct preparation phase
4.2.1 Before the operation flight, report to the local control department according to the regulations, complete the operation flight procedures, and obtain the release permission before starting operation.
industry.
4.2.2 Clarify the division of labor, work content, work methods, work procedures and safety precautions, and implement on-site safety protection measures,
Perform confirmation procedures.
4.2.3 Check the geographical environment, electromagnetic environment, interference source and meteorological conditions around the take-off and landing site to confirm that it meets the requirements for safe take-off and landing.
4.2.4 Check the route plan to ensure that it meets the requirements for safe flight.
4.2.5 Check the kinetic energy reserve of the UAV's power system, confirm that it meets the requirements of the flight operation range, and check the parts and engineering required by the UAV.
Carry complete equipment and safeguard equipment.
4.2.6 Carry out equipment inspection and system self-inspection item by item to ensure that the UAV is in normal working condition. For UAVs that directly affect flight safety
The power system, electrical system, actuators, and waypoint data should be emphatically checked, and the pre-operation inspection worksheet for drones should be filled in (see
Appendix A).
4.2.7 Check the selected spare parts and confirm that they are in normal condition.
4.2.8 The pilot of the UAV system should choose a suitable control position according to the operation project, operation model and operation environment, and it is suitable for operation and flight.
And ensure that you maintain a sufficient safe distance from the drone.
4.2.9 Cleaning up the site should be done well to control the distance between the personnel and the drone to ensure the safety of the personnel.
4.3 Operation implementation
4.3.1 Take off
4.3.1.1 The pilot of the UAV system shall confirm that the personnel on the job site are ready for work before they can control the UAV to take off.
4.3.1.2 When manipulating a fixed-wing UAV to take off by hand throwing, the operator should quickly move away from the flight path after throwing the UAV.
4.3.1.3 When manipulating fixed-wing UAVs using catapult to take off, the catapult frame should be placed on a level ground and have anti-skid and anti-false trigger measures.
For catapult takeoff in high altitude areas, the length of the catapult frame should be appropriately increased to ensure the initial takeoff speed.
4.3.1.4 When manipulating a fixed-wing UAV using a taxi to take off, the runway should be cleaned up in advance, and the taxi road conditions should meet its performance
Indicator requirements.
4.3.1.5 When manipulating the unmanned helicopter to take off, the UAV system pilot should quickly move away from the UAV and ensure that the propeller rotation radius is 50 m
There are no other unrelated personnel within the scope.
4.3.1.6 When manipulating a multi-rotor UAV to take off, the UAV system pilot should quickly move away from the UAV, start and control the power unit and wait
The drone takes off.
4.3.1.7 After taking off, pay attention to the flight status of the UAV during the whole process, and be prepared to respond to emergencies and emergencies.
4.3.2 Operation flight
4.3.2.1 During flight control within line of sight.
a) A test flight should be carried out within the line of sight to observe the working status of the drone and airborne equipment;
b) The working status of the drone should be closely observed, and the flight parameters of the drone should be monitored to ensure that the drone and mission load equipment are working properly.
Always maintain normal communication between post staff;
c) The working status of the UAV should be closely monitored and prepared for emergency intervention.
4.3.2.2 When flying over the horizon.
a) The UAV’s flight altitude, flight speed, flight attitude, etc. should be closely monitored. Once abnormalities occur, instructions should be sent in time.
Intervention
b) The working status of the ground equipment should be closely monitored. If abnormalities are found, the relevant staff should be notified in time and effective measures should be taken.
4.3.2.3 The set navigation parameters should be maintained. When it is necessary to change the course or switch the flight mode, the drone system pilot can operate it by himself.
It can also be operated by the operation assistant after giving instructions to the driver.
4.3.2.4 According to the size, weight, flight speed and environmental conditions of the drone, it should be determined to maintain the necessary safety between the drone and the obstacle.
Full distance.
4.3.2.5 Attention should be paid to the changes in UAV maneuverability and stability, and meteorological changes such as ascending and descending airflow and wind speed in the operation area should be observed.
If there is an unstable air current, corresponding measures should be taken in time to escape the danger and stop operating in the area.
4.3.2.6 When flying at an ultra-low altitude, pay attention to obstacles, especially tall buildings, transmitting antennas, and obstacles across rivers, valleys, and mountains.
Obstacles, etc.
4.3.2.7 Before flying over obstacles, you should pay attention to the terrain ahead and make a judgment about whether you can fly over. If you cannot fly over obstacles, you should leave immediately;
If you decide to fly over, you should also pre-set the direction of departure when you cannot fly.
4.3.2.8 To confirm that the UAV has flew over obstacles, judge the terrain and obstacles ahead, and then descend only when sure.
4.3.2.9 When the turning angle of the operating flight line is large, the flight mode of inward turning should be adopted; when the elevation difference between adjacent targets is large,
It is advisable to fly in a straight climb gradually or in a spiral climb, and not ascend or descend at an emergency speed.
4.3.2.10 Except for take-off and landing needs, the flying height of the drone should be controlled within an appropriate range, so that the drone can
Implement an emergency landing when people or property pose an excessive risk.
4.3.2.11 The speed, fuel or battery power of the drone’s engine or motor should be checked, the flight time limit should be mastered, and the working conditions of the drone should be paid attention to.
Under the circumstances, be prepared to deal with special circumstances at any time.
4.3.3 Return and landing
4.3.3.1 The landing site cleaning and the inspection of interference sources in the flight airspace shall be done in advance to ensure that they meet the landing conditions. When landing,
Personnel and drones should maintain a sufficient safe distance to ensure that the landing site conditions are suitable for landing.
4.3.3.2 When manipulating fixed-wing UAVs using the parachute recovery method, the wind direction and wind speed on the site should be considered, and the location and height of the parachute should be reasonably determined.
4.3.3.3 When manipulating a fixed-wing UAV using belly-grabbing landing or taxi landing methods, the landing site should meet the minimum taxi distance requirements.
begging.
4.3.3.4 When manipulating a fixed-wing UAV using a collision net recovery method, the recovery net should have a fixed support and be firm and reliable.
4.3.3.5 When manipulating an unmanned helicopter to land, the landing site should meet its minimum take-off and landing site area requirements.
4.3.3.6 When manipulating a multi-rotor UAV for landing, it should be ensured that the UAV reaches a suitable height before it can descend.
4.3.3.7 During the landing, pay close attention to the flight status of the drone, make preparations for manual takeover, and switch to manual landing if necessary.
4.4 After homework
4.4.1 Inspection and withdrawal after flight
4.4.1.1 After landing, check the appearance and parts of the equipment, restore the storage and transportation status, and fill in the UAV system usage record sheet (see
Appendix B).
4.4.1.2 After the operation is completed, report to the local regulatory authority.
4.4.1.3 After the operation is completed, the operator should record the status and operation of the UAV.
4.4.1.4 Before withdrawing, the oil-powered drone should recover the remaining fuel in the fuel tank and store it properly; the electric drone should take out the battery.
4.4.1.5 Before personnel evacuate, the site should be cleaned up, the list of equipment and tools should be checked to confirm that there are no omissions on the site.
4.4.2 Sorting out and handing o...
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