HJ 495-2009_English: PDF (HJ495-2009)
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Water quality. Technical regulation on the design of sampling programmes
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HJ 495-2009
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Standards related to: HJ 495-2009
Standard ID | HJ 495-2009 (HJ495-2009) | Description (Translated English) | Water quality. Technical regulation on the design of sampling programmes | Sector / Industry | Environmental Protection Industry Standard | Classification of Chinese Standard | Z12 | Classification of International Standard | 13.060 | Word Count Estimation | 18,122 | Date of Issue | 2009-09-27 | Date of Implementation | 2009-11-01 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 12997-1991 | Adopted Standard | ISO 5667-1-2006, NEQ | Drafting Organization | China Environmental Monitoring Station | Administrative Organization | Ministry of Environment Protection | Regulation (derived from) | Department of Environmental Protection Notice No. 47 of 2009 | Summary | This standard specifies the various water bodies, including bottom sediments and sludge sampling quality control, quality characterization, sampling requirements, pollutant sampling program to identify the principles. This standard is applicable to all kinds of water bodies, including bottom sediments and sludge sampling program design. |
HJ 495-2009
Water quality.Technical regulation on the design of sampling programmes
HJ
National Environmental Protection Standard of the People's Republic
Replace GB 12997-91
Water quality sampling plan design technical regulations
Published on.2009-09-27
2009-11-01 Implementation
Ministry of Environmental Protection released
Ministry of Environmental Protection
announcement
No. 47 of.2009
In order to implement the "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China", protect the environment, and protect human health, we now approve the measurement of water quality polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Eighteen standards, such as fixed liquid extraction and solid phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography, are national environmental protection standards and are released.
The standard name and number are as follows.
I. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Solid Phase Extraction High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HJ 478-2009);
2. Determination of nitrous oxides (nitrogen oxides and nitrogen dioxide) - Determination of naphthalene diamine hydrochloride spectrophotometric method (HJ 479-
2009);
III. Determination of Fluoride in Ambient Air Filtration of Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode Method (HJ 480-2009);
IV. Determination of fluoride in ambient air Determination of fluoride ion-selective electrode method for lime filter paper (HJ 481-2009);
V. Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Ambient Air - Formaldehyde Absorption - Pararosaniline Spectrophotometry (HJ 482-2009);
6. Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Ambient Air - Tetrachloromercury Salt Absorption - Pararosaniline Spectrophotometry (HJ 483-2009);
VII. Determination of water content cyanide volumetric method and spectrophotometry (HJ 484-2009);
VIII. Determination of copper in water quality by diethyldithiocarbamate spectrophotometry (HJ 485-2009);
IX. Determination of copper in water quality 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10 phenanthroline spectrophotometry (HJ 486-2009);
X. Determination of Fluoride in Water Quality by Spectrophotometric Method of Zirconium Sulfate Sulfate (HJ 487-2009);
XI. Determination of Fluoride in Water Quality Fluorescence Spectrophotometry (HJ 488-2009);
XII. Determination of Silver in Water Quality 3,5-Br2-PADAP Spectrophotometry (HJ 489-2009);
XIII. Determination of Silver in Water Quality by Cadmium Reagent 2B Spectrophotometry (HJ 490-2009);
XIV. Determination of Total Chromium in Soils by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (HJ 491-2009);
15. Air Quality Vocabulary (HJ 492-2009);
XVI. Technical Regulations for the Preservation and Management of Water Quality Samples (HJ 493-2009);
17. Water Quality Sampling Technical Guidance (HJ 494-2009);
The above standards have been implemented since November 1,.2009 and published by the China Environmental Science Press. The standard content can be found on the website of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
From the date of implementation of the above standards, the following 20 national environmental protection standards approved and issued by the former National Environmental Protection Agency shall be abolished.
The exact name and number are as follows.
1. "Determination of six specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water quality by high performance liquid chromatography" (GB 13198-91);
2. Determination of nitrogen oxides in air quality - Determination of naphthylethylenediamine hydrochloride (GB 8969-88);
3. "Saltzman method for determination of nitrogen oxides in ambient air" (GB/T 15436-1995);
4. Determination of the concentration of fluoride in ambient air, filter membrane and fluoride ion selective electrode method (GB/T 15434-1995);
V. Determination of Fluoride in Ambient Air Lime Filter Paper · Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode Method (GB/T 15433-1995);
6. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide in Ambient Air - Formaldehyde Absorption - Pararosaniline Spectrophotometry (GB/T 15262-94);
VII. Determination of Air Quality, Sulfur Dioxide, Tetrachloromercury Salt - Pararosaniline Hydrochloride Colorimetric Method (GB 8970-88);
VIII. Determination of Cyanide in Water Quality Part I Determination of Total Cyanide (GB 7486-87);
IX. Determination of Cyanide in Water Quality Part 2 Determination of Cyanide (GB 7487-87);
X. Determination of copper in water quality by diethyldithiocarbamate spectrophotometry (GB 7474-87);
XI. Determination of Copper in Water Quality 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline Spectrophotometric Method (GB 7473-87);
Twelve, "Determination of Fluoride in Water Quality, Zirconium Sulfonic Acid Visual Colorimetric Method" (GB 7482-87);
XIII. Determination of Fluoride in Water Quality Fluorescence Spectrophotometry (GB 7483-87);
XIV. Determination of Silver in Water Quality, 3,5-Br2-PADAP Spectrophotometry (GB 11909-89);
Fifteen, "Measurement of mercury in water, cadmium reagent 2B spectrophotometry" (GB 11908-89);
XVI. Determination of Total Chromium in Soil Quality by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GB/T 17137-1997);
17. Air Quality Vocabulary (GB 6919-86);
18. Technical Regulations for the Preservation and Management of Water Samples (GB 12999-91);
Nineteen, "Water Quality Sampling Technical Guidance" (GB 12998-91);
20. Technical Regulations for the Design of Water Quality Sampling Plans (GB 12997-91).
Special announcement.
September 27,.2009
Content
Foreword..iv
1 Scope..1
2 Determination of sampling target..1
3 Safety precautions during sampling..2
4 Special considerations for sampling 2
5 Various sampling conditions of natural water..3
6 Sampling of industrial water 6
7 Sampling of industrial wastewater 7
8 sewage and sludge.7
9 Stormwater and surface runoff 8
10 sampling frequency and sampling time.8
11 Measurement of water flow and its application in water quality..11
12 Necessity of flow measurement in water quality control.11
13 Water flow measurement method..12
Foreword
To protect the environment and protect the human body in order to implement the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Water Pollution Prevention and Control
Health, strengthen the specification and guidance of water quality sampling, and develop this standard.
This standard specifies the quality control, quality characterization, sampling technical requirements for the collection of various water bodies including wastewater, bottom sediments and sludge.
Principles for the identification of pollutants in sampling schemes.
The technical content of this standard is based on ISO 5667-1-2006 "Water Quality Sampling Part 1. Sampling Scheme Design Guide"
Rong.
This standard revise the "Technical Regulations for the Design of Water Quality Sampling Schemes" (GB 12997-91). The original standard drafting unit is the China Ring.
The Environmental Monitoring Station, this time is the first revision.
The main revisions are as follows.
-- Modify the sampling point location, sampling frequency and sampling time according to the actual needs of environmental monitoring work in China.
And additions.
The national environmental protection standard “Water quality approved and issued by the former National Environmental Protection Agency on January 25,.1991 since the implementation of this standard.
The Technical Regulations for Sampling Scheme Design (GB 12997-91) shall be abolished.
This standard was formulated by the Science and Technology Standards Department of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
This standard was drafted. China Environmental Monitoring Station, Liaoning Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center Station.
This standard was approved by the Ministry of Environmental Protection on September 27,.2009.
This standard has been implemented since November 1,.2009.
This standard is explained by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
Iv
Water quality sampling plan design technical regulations
1 Scope of application
This standard specifies the quality control, quality characterization, sampling technical requirements, pollution of sampling of various water bodies including bottom sediments and sludge.
The principle of identifying the sampling scheme.
This standard applies to the sampling scheme design of various water bodies including bottom sediments and sludge.
2 Determination of sampling target
The primary purpose of sampling and testing is to determine the physical, chemical, biological, and radiological parameters associated with it. Characterizing water bodies, bottom sediments
And the quality of the sludge, take the necessary measures to prevent the sample from changing during the interval between collection and analysis. Determine the sampling location and sampling time
Machine, sampling frequency, sampling duration, sample processing and analysis requirements are primarily dependent on the sampling target.
The sampling targets can be divided into the following three types.
(1) Quality control testing
It is up to the management to determine the need for short-term process calibration.
(2) Quality characteristics detection
Used to indicate quality, most of which are part of a research project to achieve long-term quality control objectives or to indicate trends.
(3) Identification of pollution sources
The goal of the sampling scheme can be changed from quality characteristic detection to quality control detection, for example, when the nitrate concentration is close to the limit, it needs to be improved.
The frequency of the sample can be changed from a longer-term quality characterization to a short-term quality control scheme.
In order to study the concentration levels, load distributions and biological types of physical or chemical parameters in water bodies, it is common to study the changes in these parameters.
Inter-, flow, factory process, climatic conditions, etc. The specific research content and sampling requirements have the following aspects.
a) Determine the suitability of water for a particular use. Such as testing whether well water can be used for cooling, boiler feed water, process water or drinking water.
b) Study the effects of pollutants (including accidental spills) on the receiving water. In addition to increasing pollution load, pollutants are also introduced.
Cause other reactions, such as chemical precipitation or gas generation.
c) Evaluation of the performance and management of water, sewage, and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Such as evaluating the fluctuations and long-term changes in the load entering the wastewater treatment plant
To determine the treatment efficiency at each stage of the treatment process, to provide quality data for the purified water, to control the concentration of the water purification agent used;
Substances that can damage corporate structures or equipment.
d) study the impact of estuary freshwater runoff and seawater on the estuary environment, providing mixed types and changes in tidal and freshwater flows causing salty
Information on the situation of light stratification.
e) Determination of product loss during industrial production. These data are needed to assess the material balance of the whole plant and measure the discharge of wastewater.
f) Determine the quality of boiler water, steam condensate and other return water. Evaluate whether the water can be used for the intended purpose.
g) Adjust the operation of the industrial cooling water system to make the best use of water, at the same time, minimize the scale and reduce the corrosion
To a minimum.
h) Study the effects of atmospheric pollutants on storm water quality. It provides valuable information for studying air quality, and it can also point out some questions.
Whether the problem will occur, such as whether there is a problem with the exposed electrical contacts.
i) Evaluate the impact of ground material inputs on water quality. These substances come from the natural environment or from synthetics (such as fertilizers, pesticides, etc.).
j) Evaluate the effects of accumulation and release of bottom deposits on aquatic organisms in or under water sediments.
k) Study the effects of river regulation on the natural waterways from the mutual transfer of rivers between different rivers. Such as various qualities during river regulation
The proportion of water bodies is constantly changing, resulting in fluctuations in river water quality.
l) Evaluate changes in water quality in the water distribution system. There are many factors that cause these changes. pollution, water diversion from new sources, biological
Growth, scale deposition, and dissolution of metals.
In some cases, the environmental conditions are fairly stable and the required data can be obtained from a simple sampling scheme. However most monitoring
The quality characteristics of the points are constantly changing, so continuous sampling is required to obtain an ideal evaluation. Although continuous sampling is not only generation
The price is too high and it is not realistic in many cases.
3 Safety precautions during sampling
3.1 When sampling in water and bottom sediments, there are various conditions that are harmful to human health and health. In order to protect the human body from
Injury, take measures to avoid inhaling toxic gases and prevent the absorption of toxic substances through the mouth and skin.
The person responsible for designing the sampling plan and responsible for performing the sampling operation must consider the appropriate safety requirements. Sampling personnel during the sampling process
Be aware of the necessary protective measures that should be taken.
3.2 In order to ensure the safety of workers and instruments, meteorological conditions must be considered. When sampling large areas and deep water bodies,
Use lifebuoys and lifelines. Before sampling the water covered by the ice layer, carefully check the location and extent of the thin ice layer. When using underwater installation
When suction or other diving equipment is used, the reliability of these appliances should be checked and maintained frequently.
3.3 The sampling vessel should be strong. When sampling in various waters, the merchant vessel and the fishing vessel should be prevented from approaching. The signal flag should be used correctly to indicate
The nature of the work being done.
3.4 Try to avoid sampling from dangerous places such as unsafe river banks. If it is unavoidable, take corresponding safety measures and pay attention to
To act alone. If riverbank conditions are not specifically required for sampling studies, sampling on the bridge should be taken as much as possible instead of riverside sampling.
3.5 To select locations where sampling is frequently possible in any climatic conditions, in some cases, natural conditions must be considered
Hazards such as poisonous foliage, mammals and reptiles. Hazardous substances should be labeled.
3.6 Instruments and other equipment installed on the river bank, in order to prevent flooding or damage, need to take appropriate protective measures.
3.7 In order to prevent some accidental situations, for example, some industrial wastewater may be corrosive or contain toxic or flammable substances,
Sewage may also contain hazardous gases, microorganisms or animals. Special precautions must be taken during sampling.
3.8 When the sampler enters the toxic atmosphere, use gas masks, breathing aids and other safety equipment. In addition,
Before entering the enclosed space, measure the concentration of oxygen and the toxic vapors and gases that may be present.
3.9 Special care must be taken when collecting steam and heat emissions. Mature, reliable technology should be used.
3.10 Special care must be taken when handling radioactive samples, and specialized techniques must be used.
3.11 There is a risk of electric shock when using electric sampling equipment in or near water. Therefore, when selecting sampling points and maintaining equipment,
The necessary measures should be taken.
4 Special considerations for sampling
4.1 Design of the sampling plan
Depending on the sampling purpose, the sampling network can be a single point or extended to the entire watershed. A trunk network should include within the tidal zone
Sampling points such as sampling points, larger tributary inlets, and discharge ports for main sewage. When designing a high quality sampling network, it is usually
Do the flow measurement of the main hydrological station.
4.2 Location of sampling points
Only samples with fixed sampling points can be compared for samples collected at different times.
The sampling points of most rivers can be calibrated with reference to the characteristics of the river bank.
When identifying non-closed bays and sampling points on the coast, look for fixed targets that are easily identified for reference. Sampling on board, using the instrument as
Sample point positioning. You can use a map or some other standard chart to locate.
4.3 Characteristics of water flow
Sampling from well-mixed turbulence is ideal. Whenever possible, the laminar flow is induced into a turbulent flow. But the induced turbulence will cause some
When measuring the concentration changes of the test items and collecting samples for measuring dissolved gases and volatile substances, the laminar flow cannot be induced into turbulent flow.
4.4 Characteristics of water flow change with time
The water flow can change from laminar to turbulent and vice versa. There may be countercurrent water flowing from other parts of the water system that contaminates the sampling point.
dye.
4.5 Fluid composition changes with time
The composition of the fluid is variable and there may be discontinuous water masses at any time, such as soluble contaminants, solids, volatiles or drifting
Floating oil film.
4.6 Sampling from the pipeline
Samples are taken from the pipe with appropriately sized tubes (eg, with a minimum nominal internal diameter of 25 mm when the multiphase liquid is drawn). liquid
The line speed in the tube is large enough to ensure that the liquid is turbulent and to prevent liquid from flowing horizontally within the tube.
4.7 Properties of liquids
Liquids can be corrosive and abrasive, so consider the use of corrosion and wear resistant materials. For long-term sampling, look for a kind of capacity
Replace parts that are easy to replace and have no significant contamination of the sample, instead of expensive chemical resistant equipment.
4.8 Temperature changes occurring in the sampling system
Long-term or short-term temperature changes in the sampling system may cause changes in the properties of the sample, which may affect the sampling equipment.
use.
4.9 Determination of the sampling of suspended solids
The suspension can be dispersed anywhere in the depth of the liquid. If possible, the solid-liquid mixture can be made uniform by turbulent conditions; from theory
Above, the line speed should be enough to cause turbulence. Sampling should be performed under equal power. If you can't do it, you can take a series on the entire section of the fluid.
Column sample. It should be noted that during sampling, the particle size distribution of the suspension may vary throughout the sampling process.
4.10 Determination of samples of volatile substances
The suction height of the sampling pump should be small and the pipeline connection should be tight. Drop a portion of the first sample to ensure that the sample collected is
Representative.
4.11 Mixed water of different densities
In laminar flow, water is layered due to different densities, for example, a warm water layer is formed on the cold water layer, and a fresh water layer is present on the brine.
4.12 Harmful liquids, smoke
Attention must be paid to the presence of toxic liquids, smog, and the accumulation of explosive gases that may occur.
4.13 Impact of meteorological environment
Sometimes changes in the meteorological environment bring significant differences in water quality. Pay attention to these changes and correct them when tidying up the test results.
5 Various sampling conditions of natural water
5.1 Precipitation
When collecting precipitation samples for chemical analysis, the selected sampling points should be located where foreign material contamination is avoided. For example, avoid smoke,
Chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other pollution.
If the sample is frozen or contains snow or sputum, it is best to heat the sampler with an electric heater. If the site cannot be heated and kept warm,
The complete set of equipment can be thawed in a low temperature environment above 0 °C.
5.2 Surface water
5.2.1 Principles for the layout of surface water monitoring sections
The section should reflect the water environment quality of the water system or area in general and macroscopically; the specific location of each section should reflect the area
Environmental pollution characteristics; adequately representative environmental information is obtained with as few cross-sections as possible; consideration should be given to the feasibility and feasibility of actual sampling.
Convenience.
According to the above general principles, the water system can be provided with a background section, a control section (several) and a section into the sea. Can set a background for the administrative area
Surface (to the source of the water system) or entry section (for the transit river), control section (several) and the section of the estuary or exit section. In each control
Downstream of the section, if the section is of sufficient length (at least 10 km), a section should be cut.
In addition to the above sections, environmental management has many special requirements, such as understanding drinking water sources, water-rich areas, and major scenic tours.
Water quality sections such as districts, nature reserves, local disease-affected areas related to water quality, severe soil erosion areas, and geochemical anomalies.
The position of the section should avoid the dead water area, the backwater area and the sewage outlet. Try to choose the straight river section, the river bed is stable, the water flow is stable, and the water surface is wide.
No rapids, no shoal.
The monitoring section is designed to be consistent with the hydrological flow measurement section in order to use its hydrological parameters to achieve a combination of water quality monitoring and water quantity monitoring.
The layout of the monitoring section should take into account the socio-economic development, the actual situation and needs of the monitoring work, and must have a relatively long-term perspective.
In the basin synchronization monitoring, the monitoring section is determined according to the basin planning and the target of the pollution source deadline.
In the local river improvement, the monitoring section for monitoring the effect of remediation shall be determined by the administrative department of environmental protection in the area where it is located.
The section of the estuary into the sea should be located at a location that reflects the quality of the water entering the sea and is adjacent to the sea.
Others such as sudden water pollution accidents, water quality monitoring during flood period and retreat period shall be arranged according to the site conditions to reflect pollutants.
Sampling sections and points that enter the water environment and spread and reduce the situation.
Monitoring sections can be divided into the following categories.
(1) Sampling section. refers to the entire section of the water sample collection when the river is sampled. Sub-background section, control section, control section and
Cut the section and so on.
(2) Background section. refers to the evaluation of the pollution degree of a complete water system, which is not affected by human life and production activities, and can provide water ring
The section of the background value.
(3) Control section. refers to the specific assessment of the degree of water pollution in a certain area, located in the upstream of all pollution sources in the area, can provide
A section of the water environment background value of this area.
(4) Control section. refers to the section to understand the degree of pollution of the water environment and its changes.
(5) Reduction of section. refers to industrial wastewater or domestic sewage flowing through a certain distance in the water to achieve maximum mixing, and the pollutants are diluted.
Release, degradation, the section of the main pollutant concentration has been significantly reduced.
(6) Management section. A section set for specific environmental management needs.
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