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GBZ17625.15-2017: Electromagnetic compatibility -- Limits -- Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV network
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Electromagnetic compatibility -- Limits -- Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV network
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/Z 17625.15-2017 (GB/Z17625.15-2017) | | Description (Translated English) | Electromagnetic compatibility -- Limits -- Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV network | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | L06 | | Classification of International Standard | 33.100.10 | | Word Count Estimation | 38,372 | | Date of Issue | 2017-11-01 | | Date of Implementation | 2018-05-01 | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Announcement 2017 No. 29 | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China | GBZ17625.15-2017: Electromagnetic compatibility -- Limits -- Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV network
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GB /Z 17625.15-2017
Electromagnetic compatibility - Limits - Assessment of low frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements for dispersed generation systems in LV network
ICS 33.100.10
L06
National Standardization Guiding Technical Document of the People's Republic of China
Electromagnetic compatibility limits distributed power generation in low-voltage power grids
Evaluation of system low-frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements
2017-11-01 released
2018-05-01 Implementation
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Issued by China National Standardization Administration
Table of contents
Preface Ⅲ
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 2
4 General 5
5 Classification of distributed generators 5
5.1 Overview 5
5.2 Induction (asynchronous) generator 5
5.3 Synchronous generator 6
5.4 Static power converter 6
6 Investigation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements for distributed generation 6
7 Recommended electromagnetic compatibility requirements and tests 7
7.1 General test requirements 7
7.2 Recommended test 8
8 Launch 8
8.1 Overview 8
8.2 Harmonics 9
8.2.1 Harmonic current emission mechanism 9
8.2.2 Recommended limits and tests for harmonic current emission 9
8.2.3 Overview of the harmonic current emission test 10
8.2.4 Product test procedures for harmonic current emission 11
8.2.5 System test of harmonic current emission 12
8.3 Unbalance 12
8.4 Voltage fluctuation and flicker 13
8.4.1 Overview 13
8.4.2 Voltage flicker test conditions for DG equipment that delivers power to the public power supply network 14
8.5 DC injection 14
8.6 Short-term overvoltage 15
8.6.1 Overview 15
8.6.2 Short-term overvoltage test procedure 16
8.7 Switching frequency 17
9 Immunity 18
9.1 Overview 18
9.2 Voltage dips and short interruptions 18
9.2.1 Overview 18
9.2.2 Short-term voltage sag test procedure 21
9.2.3 Long-term voltage sag test procedure 21
9.3 Frequency changes 21
9.4 Harmonics and interharmonics 22
Appendix A (informative appendix) Examples of harmonic measurement and analysis of DG equipment connected to low-voltage networks 24
Appendix B (informative appendix) Distributed power generation specifications and emission requirements of different countries
Requirements for the protection of inverters under 28
Reference 33
Electromagnetic compatibility limits distributed power generation in low-voltage power grids
Evaluation of system low-frequency electromagnetic immunity and emission requirements
1 Scope
This part of GB 17625 is suitable for single-phase and multi-phase distributed power generation systems with currents not greater than 75A per phase (especially those connected to low-voltage public
Inverter of the common power supply network) The existing national standards and international standards are evaluated, as a starting point, for the final determination of electromagnetic compatibility requirements.
Summing test conditions pave the way. This part is limited to electromagnetic compatibility issues (immunity and emission) with frequencies not higher than 9kHz, excluding emission
Other aspects of the motor's access to the grid.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this document.
For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 2900.50-2008 Electrotechnical terminology General terminology for power generation, transmission and distribution
3.28
Active feed-in converter
Composed of various technologies, topologies, voltages and capacities, connected between the AC power supply system (line) and the DC side (current source or voltage source)
Self-converting power electronic converters can convert electrical energy in both directions (generation or regeneration), and can control the power factor of the applied voltage or current.
Note. Some of them can add additional control to the applied voltage or current harmonic distortion. Basic topology can be voltage source converter (VSC) or current source rectifier
(CSC) Implementation.
4 General
This part is applicable to the critical assessment of DG and several low-frequency electromagnetic emission and anti-disturbance requirements that are mainly concerned.
This section is intended to obtain preliminary recommendations for the appropriate EMC limits and test conditions for potential disturbance devices connected to low-voltage power systems.
This part focuses on the emission caused by DG (mainly harmonics and interharmonics, DC emission flicker, rapid voltage changes and fluctuations), and
Immunity phenomena (voltage dips and short-term interruptions, frequency changes, harmonics and inter-harmonics) that often occur in common grids.
In addition, efforts have been made to utilize existing emission and immunity standards, including test setups and test equipment in use.
Existing standards are combined with the requirements of DG equipment to provide their own two types of launch test definitions.
---"Product Test";
---"System Test".
Using these two test methods, it is believed that the requirements of DSO and DG manufacturers can be met at the same time, and DG equipment up to 75A
It can operate reliably under typical grid conditions. It should be noted that although it is mainly a launch test, it also involves DG to a certain extent.
Immunity to frequent events in the common grid.
At present, the general design of DG equipment does not involve the compensation of current or voltage distortion, but the possibility of future development can be evaluated. This kind of outlook
Not included in this section, but the system test method introduced in this section can be used to evaluate compensation performance.
The design purpose of the emission and immunity test is to ensure that when the DG equipment is connected to the grid, it can meet the expected ground in the EMC environment.
Operate reasonably.
5 Classification of distributed generators
5.1 Overview
Compared with other types of generators, the purpose of this section to briefly describe the following different power generation systems is to emphasize the connection to the grid
The characteristics of static power supply.
There are three main types of power generation systems connected to the power system, including.
---Induction (asynchronous) generator;
---Synchronous generator;
---Static power converter.
Each type has its typical characteristics in synchronization device, protection function, starting operation, and electrical operation characteristics. The primary energy of the power plant can be
So it is internal or external combustion, wind energy, fuel cells, electrochemical batteries, flywheel energy storage systems, small hydropower and photovoltaic cells.
This section describes both current and voltage inverters. Although topologically speaking, most distributed energy inverters are
Can be regarded as voltage inverters, but from the point of view of integrated networks, they work in the form of current source control strategies.
This means that it is usually assumed that the line voltage at the DG connection point is regarded as constant, and the required input power is controlled by the output of the inverter.
Into the current to obtain.
5.2 Induction (asynchronous) generator
The working principle of the asynchronous generator is the same as that of the AC asynchronous motor, except that during normal operation, its rotation speed is slightly higher than that of the power system.
Synchronous speed. Asynchronous generators are usually only used in power plants that operate in parallel with other power sources (such as public systems).
Asynchronous generators obtain excitation current from the stator, so that they consume reactive power from the grid, which will cause the voltage of the grid to drop and power distribution.
Network loss increases. When the system network loss and voltage sag are very obvious, it is necessary to correct the power factor of the asynchronous generator according to regulations.
Due to the collapse of the excitation voltage during the fault, the asynchronous generator cannot maintain a considerable fault current to the end of the line for a long time. Instead, they
A large amount of current will be input in a short time to cause an impact on the grid. Because the asynchronous generator has the above characteristics, its protection and interface
It is somewhat different from a synchronous generator.
5.3 Synchronous generator
A synchronous generator (as a voltage source) is a rotary energy converter that can operate as an independent power source (it can operate independently of any power source).
source). If they can be correctly synchronized with the power source and appropriate protection/control measures are taken, they can also run in parallel with other power sources (such as
Public grid system).
One of the characteristics of the synchronous generator is that it has a complete excitation system, and the excitation control enables it to operate as an independent power source. This pair
The DG device is particularly useful, so that it can either supply power to a stand-alone system independently, or it can be connected to the grid. But these devices require additional anti-islanding protection.
In addition, unlike asynchronous generators, synchronous generators need to be accurately synchronized with the grid when they are connected to the grid. This means disconnecting the customer
At the moment when the interface of the converter and the main network are connected, the frequency, phase angle, and voltage peak value should be matched to make it strictly controlled within the allowable error range to avoid damage.
Damage or affect the generator or other equipment of the power grid.
The load of the generator is controlled to maintain synchronization. If the generator is out of step and does not disconnect from the grid in time, equipment may occur
Damage or power quality problems.
Due to the characteristics of the excitation system of the synchronous generator, it can maintain a longer fault current than the asynchronous generator (assuming that each provides excitation
Magnetic source). Therefore, the fault protection of synchronous generators is more demanding than asynchronous generators.
5.4 Static power converter
Static power converter (inverter) is the interface of DC power supply, variable frequency AC power supply and power grid distribution system. Used in power generation system
Examples of inverters are. photovoltaic arrays, fuel cells, battery energy storage systems, some types of micro gas turbines and wind generators.
Different from the principle that asynchronous motors and synchronous motors use rotating coils and electromagnetic fields to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, inverters generally use
Power electronic devices convert one form of electrical energy into another form of electrical energy (such as converting DC to AC).
Electronic circuit to control and protect. Once its internal controller finds that the voltage, current, and frequency deviation exceed the maximum allowable value, it will
Cut off the power input to the system quickly. It also controls the synchronization system and the startup process.
Although most small conversion units that operate in parallel with the grid can completely rely on their internal protection functions, large and special conversion units
The flow unit also requires external control/protection devices.
There are many differences between inverters and rotating electric machines. For example, the inverter has no moving or rotating parts.
The quantity source synthesizes the alternating waveform. In addition, due to the fast response capability of semiconductor switching equipment, once the control protection scheme determines that the energy needs to be interrupted
Flow, the inverter can usually stop power supply faster than the rotating motor.
6 Investigation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements for distributed generation
Testing and certification (identification) of distributed power generation devices to ensure their compatibility and reliability with the power grid and other load equipment
The requirements have caused research institutions such as IEEE, EPRI, UL, CIGRE and CIRED to increase investigations on this issue to find
A widely accepted operating guide or standard.
Under the framework of international electromagnetic compatibility standards that integrate renewable energy and distributed energy
Electromagnetic compatibility standards used.
The most commonly used specifications and emission standards in different countries are shown in Table B.1.
Deterioration of power quality may affect the installations of grid users and prevent network operators from fulfilling their obligations. DG harassment is very high
The extent depends on the actual short-circuit capacity of the connection point and the power level of the DG unit. This phenomenon is expected to be more important for weak grids, therefore,
The system network impedance at the PCC may be one of the main factors in determining the number and capacity of accessible DG units. Except for a single DG unit
In addition to the capacity, parallel operation of them should also be considered.
The impact on the utility grid also depends on the technology used, especially the way it is connected to the grid. for example, the connection party using an electronic interface
The formula helps limit or even avoid voltage fluctuations and flicker, but in some cases it may increase the risk of voltage distortion.
The main content of this section is to limit the emission of DG to an acceptable level, and it may be possible to use DG to improve in the near future.
High power supply quality. If the penetration rate of DG will also increase significantly, a possible solution to reduce the impact of EMC on the grid is to use different
The inverter strategy enables the inverter to simulate the behavior of the synchronous generator [1]. In addition to such methods, active feed-in technology also provides compensation
High power quality, the effect is better than synchronous generators. Therefore, improving the power quality of the public grid can be achieved through both voltage source inverter control strategies and
This can be achieved by using a set of equipment. For example, a combination of inverter and additional compensation system with current source control strategy can be used.
The operation of DG equipment, including switching between start and stop phases, power conversion and its random output may cause the following phenomena.
---Voltage fluctuation;
---Voltage flashes;
---Harmonic and inter-harmonic emission;
---unbalanced;
---Disturbance to the power grid signal system (power carrier/ripple control).
Regarding the above phenomena applicable to the DG unit, combined with the information collected in Table 1, the following clauses provide information on possible test methods.
8.2 Harmonics
8.2.1 Harmonic current emission mechanism
The harmonic current of many inverter-based DGs in the PCC is obviously related to the higher harmonic voltage content of the AC side voltage [2]. DG production
The influence of the generated harmonic current on the harmonic voltage also depends on the system impedance of the PCC point power supply network, the characteristics of the filter set in the DG equipment and
Characteristics of DG control system.
If the control system collects the system voltage as the current reference waveform, the harmonic current generated by the voltage harmonics will tend to increase the voltage distortion.
In addition to the harmonic current caused by the harmonic voltage of the power supply, the DG equipment itself also generates harmonics due to the switching action of its solid-state devices.
The harmonics are usually higher than 2kHz. However, due to the defects of the control and solid-state equipment characteristics, there are still small low-frequency components. Therefore DG
The amplitude of harmonics generated by the equipment depends on the filter type and component parameters inside the DG equipment.
In addition, the harmonic current will be different under different power generation conditions, such as the inverter input power has a significant difference in the high and low states [3]. Comment
This should be considered when estimating the grid connection of photovoltaic power generation based on inverters. For example, in the AC and DC control of solar inverters, when the load is low
When using open-loop control and using closed-loop control at high load, harmonics are large at low power and reduced under peak power conditions (see appendix
A). Therefore, several load levels are specified in the harmonic current emission test.
See Appendix A for more details and measurement results.
8.2.2 Recommended limits and tests for harmonic current emission
Recommendations for harmonic emission limits for distributed power sources interconnected with power systems can be found in IEEE1547 [4].
Even if the harmonic current emission limit in GB 17625.1-2012 (not greater than 16A) and IEC 61000-3-12 (from 16A to 75A)
The derivation considers the load but does not consider the DG, but in terms of harmonic current emission, there are some commonalities between a certain load and distributed generation.
In particular, there are also commonalities between lighting load and distributed power generation below 600W. Lighting and DG are both long-term, and there may be
Similar power. All the lighting components of a family can be equivalent to a small inverter in general, while the overall lighting consumption of a small office building is
The imbalance caused by DG is directly tested, but voltage fluctuations and flicker may occur, and the following matters should be noted.
Because large centralized power plants use synchronous generators, the system voltage at the outlet of the power plant is usually highly symmetrical. Therefore, one
Generally, centralized power generation will not cause imbalance.
However, when small-scale distributed power generation is installed on the user side and appears as an important part of power production, sometimes it is embedded in energy tubes.
Management system, this situation is different. Many of these relatively small units, such as photovoltaic power generation devices, usually use single-phase power electronics
The inverter is connected to the low-voltage power grid. The system impedance of the connection point is relatively large (the short-circuit capacity is relatively low), which will cause a greater degree of imbalance compared with the high voltage level.
The impedance of power system components is not exactly the same for every phase. For example, the geometric structure of the overhead line is asymmetric to the ground, which makes the electrical parameters of the line
Different. Generally speaking, these differences are very small, and when there are sufficient preventive measures, their impact can be ignored, such as through line transposition.
In most practical situations, load asymmetry is the main cause of imbalance.
GB/T 18039.3-2003 relates to the standard of low frequency conduction compatibility level, the long-term impact of voltage imbalance should be considered, that is, the duration
It is 10min or longer, and it is only related to the negative sequence component, which is the interference component that may exist in the equipment connected to the low-voltage power distribution system.
the amount. For the neutral point directly grounded system, it is also related to the unbalance of the zero sequence component.
The voltage imbalance caused by the single-phase load connected between the phases is actually equal to the ratio of the load power to the three-phase short-circuit capacity of the system.
Therefore, the imbalance is only considered when larger capacity devices are involved.
8.4 Voltage fluctuation and flicker
8.4.1 Overview
Due to the grid connection and disconnection of the DG unit embedded in the power grid or the user side or due to the randomness of the DG output power change, the distribution network
The level of flicker, voltage fluctuations and rapid voltage changes will increase. The worst impacts are often related to winds located in remote villages with weak power grids.
Electric units, or photovoltaic power generation units that are subject to changes in exposure patterns.
When the power supply network is relatively weak, that is, there is a small short-circuit current ratio or a high network power supply impedance, which is caused by the change of DG output power.
Pressure changes may be large enough to cause a rise in consumer complaints. The weak power supply network usually runs at the limit of the specified supply voltage deviation.
For DG equipment with limited power and delivering power to the public power supply network at a high short-circuit capacity connection point, it is unlikely to cause
Very large voltage flickers.
However, in a local area with a large number of DG units or several photovoltaic power generation units operating in parallel, flicker may occur.
In winter, conditions such as temperature, clouds and wind may change frequently and suddenly. The rapid changes in power will cause voltage changes.
Voltage flicker may occur at the grid connection point.
For DG equipment whose current per phase is 16A and below, GB/T 17625.2-2007 is adopted. Covered by GB/T 17625.7-2013
The grid connection of all equipment with input current of 75A and below per phase is mainly used for low impedance grid connection with high short-circuit capacity.
The flicker level is expressed as Pst (short-term flicker index), measured at the power supply port of the device, and the device contains no power to the public distribution network
The DG unit should not exceed Pst=1.0 under normal load conditions.
When DG equipment delivers power to the public power supply network, the DG emission value Pst measured at the equipment power supply port should not exceed 0.5.Measurement
The measurement should be carried out under the normal load and steady state of the power supply network, and there is no voltage flicker from the public power supply network. When DG equipment is provided
When the electric network transmits power, the contribution to Pst and dmax (the maximum relative voltage change) is the two most important parameters, which represent the
The amount of harassment caused by the power grid.
GB/T 17626.15-2011 specifies how to evaluate Pst, Plt (long-term flicker index), dmax and dc (relative steady-state voltage change),
It also provides detailed specifications for the evaluation of these directly measured parameters.
The voltage change is usually related to the power receiving, switching and de-loading of the DG equipment, which is expressed as the steady-state electricity immediately before various voltage change events.
The percentage of pressure. These voltage fluctuations are related to the size of the device.
Voltage change limit, especially dc, d(t) (relative voltage change characteristics) and dmax specified in GB/T 17625.2-2007
The number can be used to regulate the operation of DG equipment.
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