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GB/T 35974.2-2018 English PDF

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GB/T 35974.2-2018: Plastics and plastic lining pressure vessels -- Part 2: Materials
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GB/T 35974.2-2018English1399 Add to Cart 8 days [Need to translate] Plastics and plastic lining pressure vessels -- Part 2: Materials Valid GB/T 35974.2-2018

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Basic data

Standard ID GB/T 35974.2-2018 (GB/T35974.2-2018)
Description (Translated English) Plastics and plastic lining pressure vessels -- Part 2: Materials
Sector / Industry National Standard (Recommended)
Classification of Chinese Standard G94
Classification of International Standard 71.120; 83.140
Word Count Estimation 70,755
Date of Issue 2018-02-06
Date of Implementation 2018-09-01
Issuing agency(ies) State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

GB/T 35974.2-2018: Plastics and plastic lining pressure vessels -- Part 2: Materials

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Plastics and plastic lining pressure vessels-Part 2. Materials ICS 71.120; 83.140 G94 National Standards of People's Republic of China Plastic and lining pressure vessel Part 2. Materials Part 2.Materials Published on.2018-02-06 2018-09-01 implementation General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China China National Standardization Administration issued

Content

Foreword III 1 Scope 1 1.1 Basic range 1 1.2 Applicable materials and their design temperature 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Materials and Process 2 3.1 Non-metallic materials 2 3.2 Metal material 2 4 Requirements 3 4.1 General requirements 3 4.2 Technical Requirements 3 4.3 Allowable stress and tensile modulus of elasticity 8 5 Test method 10 5.1 Weather resistance 10 5.2 Corrosion resistance 10 5.3 Tensile properties 10 5.4 Vicat softening temperature 10 5.5 Simple beam notched impact strength 10 5.6 density 10 5.7 Longitudinal retraction rate 10 5.8 Drop hammer impact performance 10 5.9 Hydrostatic strength 11 5.10 Oxidation induction time 11 5.11 Melt mass flow rate 11 5.12 Bending performance 11 5.13 Dimensional change rate 11 Appendix A (informative) Corrosion resistance of materials 12 Appendix B (informative) The minimum required hydrostatic strength calculation model formula and curve for common materials 53 References 65

Foreword

GB/T 35974 "Plastic and its lining pressure vessel" is divided into five parts. --- Part 1. General requirements; --- Part 2. Materials; --- Part 3. Design; ---Part 4. Manufacture, inspection and inspection of plastic pressure vessels; --- Part 5. Manufacture, inspection and inspection of plastic lining pressure vessels. This part is the second part of GB/T 35974. This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part was proposed by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Non-Metal Chemical Equipment Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC162). This section drafted by. National Plastic Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Fuzhou), Guangzhou Special Pressure Equipment Testing Institute, Guangzhou Star Yagaoxin Plastics Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute, Shanghai Baidie Pipe Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Division, Tianhua Chemical Machinery and Automation Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Baolu Qixing Pipe Industry Co., Ltd., Youli Holding Group Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Institute of Technology, Dalian Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection and Research Institute, Chengdu Lijiang Waterworks, Shanghai Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute, Wenzhou Zhao Fluoron Co., Ltd., Changchun Special Equipment Testing and Research Institute, Anhui Huajiu Pipe Industry Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this section. Zheng Weiyi, Lin Wei, Li Maodong, Lu Danya, Dang Lihua, Chai Gang, Hang Yuhong, Wang Yongwei, Xiao Yugang, Zhou Jian, Fang Jiangtao, Lin Chuntao, Luo Xiaoming, Chen Zhao, Liu Changcai, Mu Yueguang, He Huafeng. Plastic and lining pressure vessel Part 2. Materials

1 Scope

1.1 Basic range This part of GB/T 35974 specifies the applicable types, performance requirements, allowable stresses and materials for plastic and its lining pressure vessel materials. Tensile modulus of elasticity and test method. 1.2 Applicable materials and their design temperature The usual design temperatures for the materials used in this section are. a) Plastic containers. 1) Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U). -5 ° C ~ 60 ° C, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C). -5 ° C ~ 95 ° C; 2) Polyethylene (PE). -10 ° C ~ 60 ° C; 3) Polypropylene (PP). -10 ° C ~ 80 ° C; 4) Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). -10 ° C ~ 60 ° C. b) Lining container. 1) Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U). -5 ° C ~ 60 ° C, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C). -5 ° C ~ 95 ° C; 2) Polyethylene (PE). -10 ° C ~ 60 ° C; 3) Fluoroplastics. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). -20 °C ~ 140 °C, tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene copolymer (ETFE). -20 ° C ~ 140 ° C, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). -20 ° C ~ 135 ° C.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only dated versions apply to this article. Pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB/T 150.2 Pressure Vessels Part 2. Materials Plastics -- Determination of density of non-foam plastics -- Part 1 . Dipping method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method Determination of tensile properties of plastics - Part 2. Test conditions for moulding and extruded plastics Determination of tensile properties of plastics - Part 3. Test conditions for films and sheets GB/T 1043.1 Determination of impact properties of simply supported beams - Part 1 . Non-instrumental impact test Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST) of GB/T 1633 thermoplastics Plastics and polyethylene (PE) moulding and extruded materials - Part 2. Sample preparation and performance determination Plastics - Polypropylene (PP) moulding and extruded materials - Part 2. Sample preparation and performance determination GB/T 3682 Thermoplastic melt mass flow rate and melt volume flow rate determination GB/T 4219.1 Industrial rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) piping systems - Part 1. Pipe GB/T 6111 Test method for internal pressure resistance of thermoplastic pipes for fluid transportation GB/T 6671 Determination of the longitudinal retraction rate of thermoplastic pipes GB/T 8804.3 Determination of tensile properties of thermoplastic pipes - Part 3 GB/T 9341 Determination of bending properties of plastics GB/T 10009 acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic extruded sheet GB/T 11547 Determination of the properties of plastics GB/T 16422.2 Test methods for exposure of plastics - Part 2. Xenon arc lamps GB/T 18252 Plastic piping system uses extrapolation method to determine the long-term hydrostatic strength of thermoplastic materials in the form of pipes GB/T 18475 Thermoplastic pressure pipes and fittings for material grading and naming overall use (design) factor GB/T 18743 Plastics Pipeline Impact Test Method for Simply Supported Beams for Fluid Transportation GB/T 18998.2 Industrial chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) piping systems - Part 2 GB/T 19466.6 Plastic Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Part 6. Oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidative induction Determination of temperature (dynamic OIT) GB/T 20207.1 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pressure piping systems - Part 1. HG/T 2902 Teflon resin for molding HG/T 5102 plastic welding rod ISO 4433-2 Thermoplastics tubes - Classification of liquid chemicals - Part 2. Polycarbonate ( Thermoplastics pipes-Resistancetoliquidchemicals-Classification-Part 2.Polyolefinpipes) Thermoplastics -- Classification of liquid chemicals for thermoplastic pipes - Part 3. s. Vinyl chloride (PVC-HI) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) pipe [Thermoplasticspipes-Resistancetoliquidchemi- cals-Classification-Part 3. Unplasticized poly(vinylchloride)(PVC-U), high-impactpoly(vinyl Chloride)(PVC-HI)andchlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)(PVC-C)pipes] ASTMD3159 Modified ETFE Molding and Extrusion Material Specification (StandardspecificationformodifiedETFEfluo- Ropolymermoldingandextrusionmaterials)

3 Materials and processes

3.1 Non-metallic materials See Table 1 for common material types and processes for containers. Table 1 Common material types and processes for containers Classification serial number container manufacturing process material plastic container 1 Welding process PVC-U, PVC-C, PE, PP, ABS

2 Rotational molding process PE

3 extrusion process PE, PP 4 extrusion winding process PE, PP Lining container 1 Welding process PVC-U, PVC-C, PE, PTFE, ETFE, PVDF 2 Rotational molding process PE, ETFE

3 winding sintering process PTFE

The lining container manufacturing process refers only to the manufacturing process of the lining layer. 3.2 Metal materials The metal materials used for the lining containers shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 150.2.

4 requirements

4.1 General requirements 4.1.1 Weather resistance After the test, the appearance should be free of cracks, cracks, bubbles, erosion, chalking, and the elongation at break should be not less than 50%. 4.1.2 Corrosion resistance The corrosion resistance of the material and its use conditions can be found in Appendix A. 4.1.3 Appearance 4.1.3.1 The surface of materials such as plates, pipes and welding rods shall be smooth and flat, and there shall be no cracks, bubbles, scratches, dents, obvious impurities and uneven color. And other defects. 4.1.3.2 Granular resin and powdered resin should be uniform in color and free from obvious impurities. 4.2 Technical requirements 4.2.1 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 4.2.1.1 Polyvinyl chloride material for plastic containers The basic properties of PVC-U sheet, PVC-U tube, PVC-C tube and PVC-C sheet for welding process shall be in accordance with Table 2. Provisions. Table 2 Technical requirements for PVC containers for plastic containers Manufacturing Process material form skills requirement Project Unit PVC-U Lamination extrusion PVC-C experiment method welding Process Plate Tensile yield stress (longitudinal and transverse) MPa ≥50.0 ≥50.0 ≥50.0 Elongation at break (longitudinal and transverse) % ≥5 ≥8 ≥20 Tensile modulus of elasticity (longitudinal and transverse) MPa ≥2500 ≥2500 ≥2500 Vicat softening temperature (B50) °C ≥75 ≥70 ≥98 Simply supported beam notched impact strength (longitudinal, lateral) (The thickness of the sheet is less than 4mm does not do Notched impact strength) kJ/m2 ≥2.0 ≥2.0 ≥10.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min GB/T 1040.2 1mm/min GB/T 1633 GB/T 1043.1 Medium 1eA Pipe density kg/m3 1330~1406 1450~1650 GB/T 1033.1 Method A Table 2 (continued) Manufacturing Process material form skills requirement Project Unit PVC-U Lamination extrusion PVC-C experiment method welding Process Pipe Longitudinal retraction rate (150 ° C) % ≤ 5 ≤ 5 GB/T 6671 Method B Vicat softening temperature (B50) °C ≥80 ≥110 GB/T 1633 Drop hammer impact performance PVC-U0°C PVC-C0°C % TIR≤10 GB/T 4219.1 GB/T 18998.2 20 ° C hydrostatic Strength (1h) PVC-U. ring Stress 40.0MPa PVC-C. ring Stress 43.0MPa - No cracking, no leakage GB/T 6111 60 ° C hydrostatic strength (PVC-U. ring stress 10.0MPa, 1000h) - No cracks, no leaks - 95 ° C hydrostatic strength (PVC-C. ring stress 4.6MPa, 1000h) - - No cracks, no leaks GB/T 6111 4.2.1.2 Polyvinyl chloride material for lining containers The basic properties of PVC-U sheet and PVC-C sheet for welding process shall comply with the requirements of Table 3. Table 3 Technical requirements for lining container PVC materials Manufacturing Process material form skills requirement Project Unit PVC-U Lamination extrusion PVC-C experiment method welding Process Plate Tensile yield stress (vertical and horizontal) MPa ≥50.0 ≥50.0 ≥50.0 Elongation at break (vertical and horizontal) % ≥5 ≥8 ≥20 Tensile modulus (vertical and horizontal) MPa ≥2500 ≥2500 ≥2500 Vicat softening temperature (B50) °C ≥75 ≥70 ≥98 Simply supported beam notched impact strength (longitudinal, lateral) (plates less than 4mm thick) No gap impact strength) kJ/m2 ≥2.0 ≥2.0 ≥10.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min GB/T 1040.2 1mm/min GB/T 1633 GB/T 1043.1 Medium 1eA 4.2.2 Polyethylene (PE) 4.2.2.1 Polyethylene material for plastic containers The basic properties of PE sheet, PE pipe, PE powder resin and PE particle resin for plastic containers shall comply with the requirements of Table 4. Table 4 Technical requirements for polyethylene containers for plastic containers Manufacturing Process material form Project unit technical requirements test method welding Process Plate Tensile yield stress (vertical and horizontal) MPa ≥ 22.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min Density kg/m3 940~960 GB/T 1033.1 in the A method Simply supported beam notched impact strength (vertical and horizontal) kJ/m2 ≥18.0 GB/T 1043.1 in 1eA Pipe Elongation at break % ≥350 GB/T 8804.3 Longitudinal retraction rate (110 °C) % ≤3 GB/T 6671 Method B Oxidation induction time (200 ° C) min ≥ 40 GB/T 19466.6 20 ° C hydrostatic strength (100h) (PE80 ring stress 10.0MPa, PE100 ring stress 12.0MPa) - No cracking, no leakage GB/T 6111 80 ° C hydrostatic strength (1000h) (PE80 ring stress is 4.0MPa, PE100 ring stress 5.0MPa) - No cracking, no leakage GB/T 6111 Rotational molding Process Powder Resin Tensile yield stress MPa ≥15.0 Elongation at break % ≥350 Oxidation induction time (200 ° C) min ≥ 40 Melt mass flow rate (190 ° C, 2.16 kg) g/10min Deviation from the nominal value should not More than ±25% GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min GB/T 19466.6 GB/T 3682 The preparation of polyethylene powdered resin and granular resin samples was carried out in accordance with the method specified in GB/T 1845.2. 4.2.2.2 Polyethylene material for lining containers The basic properties of PE sheet and PE powder resin for lining containers shall comply with the requirements of Table 5. Table 5 Technical requirements for lining container polyethylene materials Manufacturing Process material form Project Unit skills requirement Low density polyethylene high density polyethylene experiment method welding Process Plate Tensile yield stress (vertical and horizontal) MPa ≥7.0 ≥22.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min Density kg/m3 919~925 940~960 GB/T 1033.1 in the A method Simply supported beam notched impact strength (vertical and horizontal) kJ/m2 without cracking ≥18.0 GB/T 1043.1 in 1eA Rotational molding Process Powder Resin Tensile yield stress MPa ≥7.0 Elongation at break % ≥200 Oxidation induction time (200 ° C) min ≥ 70 Melt mass flow rate (190 ° C, 2.16 kg) The deviation of g/10min from the nominal value should not exceed ±25% GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min GB/T 19466.6 GB/T 3682 The preparation of the polyethylene powdered resin sample was carried out in accordance with the method specified in GB/T 1845.2. 4.2.3 Polypropylene (PP) The basic properties of PP pipe, PP pellet resin and PP sheet for plastic container welding process shall comply with the requirements of Table 6. Table 6 Technical requirements for polypropylene materials in plastic containers Manufacturing Process material form Project unit technical requirements test method welding Process Plate Tensile yield stress Portrait Landscape Bending strength Portrait Landscape Simply supported beam notched impact strength Portrait Landscape Vicat softening temperature (A50) MPa MPa kJ/m2 ≥25.0 ≥20.0 ≥44.0 ≥34.0 ≥7.0 ≥4.0 ≥140 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min GB/T 9341 1eA in GB/T 1043.1 GB/T 1633 Pipe Simple beam impact test Longitudinal retraction rate 20 ° C hydrostatic strength (1h) 95 ° C hydrostatic strength (1000h) PP-H23°C PP-B0°C PP-R0°C PP-H150°C PP-B150°C PP-R135°C PP-H Ring stress 21.0MPa PP-B Ring stress 16.0MPa PP-R Ring stress 16.0MPa PP-H Ring stress 3.5MPa PP-B Ring stress 2.6MPa PP-R Ring stress 3.5MPa % breakage rate ≤10 % ≤ 2 - no cracks, no leaks - no cracks, no leaks GB/T 18743 GB/T 6671 Method B GB/T 6111 Extrusion Process Granule Resin Tensile yield stress MPa ≥ 30.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min Flexural modulus MPa ≥1000 GB/T 9341 Simply supported beam notched impact strength kJ/m2 ≥4.0 GB/T 1043.1 in 1eA Melt mass flow rate (230 ° C, 2.16kg) g/10min Deviation from nominal value Should not exceed ±25% GB/T 3682 Extrusion Winding Process Granule Resin Tensile yield stress MPa ≥ 30.0 GB/T 1040.2 50mm/min Flexural modulus MPa ≥1000 GB/T 9341 Simply supported beam notched impact strength kJ/m2 ≥4.0 GB/T 1043.1 in 1eA Melt mass flow rate (230 ° C, 2.16kg) g/10min Deviation from nominal value Should not exceed ±25% GB/T 3682 The preparation of the polypropylene particle resin sample was carried out in accordance with the method specified in GB/T 2546.2. 4.2.4 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) The basic properties of ABS sheet and ABS tube used in the welding process of plastic containers shall comply with the requirements of Table 7. Table 7 Technical requirements for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene materials in plastic containers Manufacturing Process material form Project unit technical requirements test method welding Process Plate Pipe Tensile yield stress (longitudinal and transverse) MPa ≥39.0 GB/T 1040.2 20mm/min Flexural modulus of elasticity (vertical and lateral) MPa ≥ 2100 GB/T 9341 Notched beam notched impact strength (longitudinal and lateral) kJ/m2 ≥5.0 GB/T 1043.1 in 1eA Vicat softening temperature (B50) °C ≥90 GB/T 1633 Dimensional change rate (longitudinal, lateral) % -20~5 GB/T 10009 Drop hammer impact performance (0 ° C) % TIR ≤ 10 GB/T 20207.1 Vicat softening temperature (B50) °C ≥90 GB/T 1633 Longitudinal retraction rate (150 °C) % ≤5 GB/T 6671 Method B 20 ° C hydrostatic strength (ring stress 25.0MPa, 1h) - no cracks, no leaks 60 ° C hydrostatic strength (ring stress 7.0MPa, 1000h) - no cracks, no leaks GB/T 6111 4.2.5 Fluoroplastics PTFE sheet, ETFE sheet, PVDF sheet, ETFE powder, PTFE powder and PTFE film for lining container welding process The basic performance should meet the requirements of Table 8. Table 8 Technical requirements for fluoroplastic materials for lining containers Manufacturing Process material form Project Unit skills requirement PTFE ETFE PVDF experiment method welding Process Plate Density kg/m3 2090~23001680~18601740~1790 Tensile strength MPa ≥15.0 ≥37.9 ≥36.0 Elongation at break % ≥150 ≥275 ≥10 A method in GB/T 1033.1 GB/T 1040.2 100mm/min Rotational molding Process Powder Resin Density kg/m3 - 1680~1860 - Tensile strength MPa - ≥37.9 - Elongation at break % - ≥275 - A method in GB/T 1033.1 GB/T 1040.2 100mm/min Winding sintering Process Powder Resin film Density kg/m3 2120~2180 - - Tensile strength MPa ≥ 25.5 - - Elongation at break % ≥250 - - Density kg/m3 2120~2290 - - Tensile strength MPa ≥50.0 - - Elongation at break % ≥ 60 - - A method in GB/T 1033.1 GB/T 1040.2 100mm/min A method in GB/T 1033.1 Type 5 specimen in GB/T 1040.3 100mm/min The preparation of the ETFE powdered resin sample was carried out in accordance with the method specified in ASTM D3159. The preparation of the PTFE powdery resin sample was carried out in accordance with the method specified in HG/T 2902. 4.2.6 Welding materials The basic properties of the welding materials used in the welding process shall comply with the requirements of Table 9. Table 9 Technical requirements for welding materials Project Unit Polyvinyl chloride polyethylene polypropylene Acrylonitrile-butyl Alkene-styrene Polytetrafluoro Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene / Ethylene copolymer Polyfluorinated Ethylene PVC1PVC2PVC3 PVC-C PE1 PE2 PP ABS PTFE ETFE PVDF Tensile strength MPa ≥50 ≥36 ≥50 ≥50 ≥10 ≥20 ≥25 ≥39 ≥15 ≥38 ≥40 Vicat soft Temperature °C ≥60 ≥55 ≥90 ≥100 ≥80 ≥90 ≥135 ≥92 - - - Heat shrinkage % ±2 ±2 ±2 ±2 ±1 ±1 ±1 ±2 ±2 ±2 ±2 PVC1. Polyvinyl chloride electrode is generally used. PVC2. High impact polyvinyl chloride electrode. PVC3. heat-resistant polyvinyl chloride electrode. PVC-C. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride electrode. PE1. Medium density polyethylene electrode. PE2. High density polyethylene electrode. PP. Polypropylene electrode. ABS. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene electrode. PTFE. PTFE electrode. ETFE. Tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene copolymer electrode. PVDF. Polyvinylidene fluoride electrode. The items in this table are tested in accordance with HG/T 5102. 4.3 Allowable stress and tensile modulus of elasticity 4.3.1 Model parameter determination The long-term hydrostatic strength shall be tested in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 18252, and the parameters in the general model shall be calculated according to equation (1). Lgt=c1 c2 T c3lgσ c4 Lgσ T e (1) In the formula. t --- destruction time, the unit is hour (h); T --- temperature, the unit is open (K); σ --- hydrostatic strength (ring stress) in megapascals (MPa); C1, c2, c3, c4---the parameters used in the model; e --- error variable, obeying a normal distribution, the average is 0, and the variance is constant. It is assumed that the error is independent. Refer to Appendix B for parameters and graphs in the minimum required static material calculation model for commonly used materials. 4.3.2 Minimum required strength According to formula (1), when the damage time is 87600h and the probability is predicted to be 97.5%, the hydrostatic strength (ring stress) value at each temperature is calculated. It is the minimum required strength (MRS). 4.3.3 Allowable stress The allowable stress shall be calculated according to formula (2) and the result is accurate to 0.1 MPa. [σ]lt= MRS (2) In the formula. [σ]lt---allowable stress in megapascals (MPa); MRS---minimum required strength in MPa (MPa); C --- safety factor, selected according to the provisions of GB/T 18475. 4.3.4 Allowable stress of commonly used materials Typical values of allowable stresses of commonly used materials at different temperatures are shown in Table 10. The allowable stress values for each zone temperature can be entered according to equations (1) and (2). Line calculation. When the design temperature is less than 10 °C, the allowable stress value of the material is selected according to the value of 10 °C. When the design temperature is below 0 °C, it needs to be integrated. Consider the low temperature brittleness of the material. Table 10 Typical values of allowable stress of commonly used materials at different temperatures are MPa material kind temperature ≤10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 100°C PVC-C 19.0 16.6 14.3 12.0 9.8 7.6 5.6 3.8 2.3 - PVC-U 16.6 16.6 13.4 10.1 7.1 4.4 - - - - PE100 9.9 8.3 7.0 6.0 5.1 3.3 - - - - PE80 9.0 7.5 6.3 5.3 4.1 2.3 - - - PE63 6.2 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.2 1.7 - - - - PP-H 8.0 6.8 5.8 4.8 4.0 3.3 2.7 1.8 - - PP-B 8.9 7.5 6.2 5.1 4.2 3.1 2.1 1.5 - -

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