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GB/T 3481.1-2025: Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Part 1: Nomenclature and characteristics
Status: Valid GB/T 3481.1: Evolution and historical versions
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| GB/T 3481.1-2025 | English | 1484 |
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Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Part 1: Nomenclature and characteristics
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GB/T 3481.1-2025
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| GB/T 3481-1997 | English | 1279 |
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Gears. Wear and damage to gear teeth. Terminology
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GB/T 3481-1997
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| GB/T 3481-1983 | English | RFQ |
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Nomenclature, characteristics, causes of gear tooth failure
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GB/T 3481-1983
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PDF similar to GB/T 3481.1-2025
Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 3481.1-2025 (GB/T3481.1-2025) | | Description (Translated English) | Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Part 1: Nomenclature and characteristics | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J17 | | Classification of International Standard | 21.200 | | Word Count Estimation | 74,751 | | Date of Issue | 2025-06-30 | | Date of Implementation | 2026-01-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 3481-1997 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 3481.1-2025: Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Part 1: Nomenclature and characteristics---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT3481.1-2025
ICS 21.200
CCSJ17
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Replaces GB/T 3481-1997
Wear and damage of gear teeth
Part 1.Terms and characteristics
(ISO 10825-1.2022, IDT)
Released on June 30, 2025
Implementation on January 1, 2026
State Administration for Market Regulation
The National Standardization Administration issued
Table of Contents
Preface III
Introduction IV
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Failure Classification and Modes 1
5 Friction damage (non-fatigue) 4
5.1 General information on wear 4
5.2 Polishing wear 4
5.3 Abrasions 6
5.4 Abrasive wear 6
5.5 Gluing 9
5.6 Adhesive wear 16
5.7 Fretting Corrosion Wear 16
5.8 Interference wear 17
6 Fatigue damage 18
6.1 Fatigue cracks 18
6.2 Contact fatigue 18
6.3 Bending fatigue 35
7 Non-fatigue fracture 40
7.1 Overview 40
7.2 Tooth root fracture 43
7.3 Tooth end fracture 45
7.4 Gear tooth shearing 45
8 Plastic deformation 46
8.1 Overview 46
8.2 Indentation 46
8.3 Brinell indentation 47
8.4 Cold Flow 47
8.5 Heat Flow 47
8.6 Root fillet yield 48
8.7 Fracture after plastic deformation 49
8.8 Rolling deformation 49
8.9 Gear tooth hammering plastic deformation 50
8.10 Wrinkle 50
8.11 Ridge 51
8.12 Flash 52
8.13 Interference deformation 53
9 Creating Problems 53
9.1 Forging Cracks 53
9.2 Hardening cracks 54
9.3 Grinding cracks 55
9.4 Failure due to hydrogen embrittlement and internal residual stress 56
9.5 Grinding burn (grinding tempering) 56
9.6 Grinding Notch (Non-Failure Mode) 57
9.7 Scale Erosion 58
9.8 Form/Core Separation 58
10 Other surface damage 59
10.1 Corrosion 59
10.2 Cavitation 60
10.3 Erosion 62
10.4 Electrolytic Corrosion 62
10.5 Overheating 67
Reference 68
Preface
This document is in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Guidelines for standardization work Part 1.Structure and drafting rules for standardization documents"
Drafting.
This document is Part 1 of GB/T (Z) 3481 Wear and damage of gear teeth. GB/T 3481(Z) has been published.
Lower part.
--- Part 1.Terms and characteristics;
--- Part 2.Supplementary information.
This document replaces GB/T 3481-1997 "Terminology for wear and damage of gear teeth". Compared with GB/T 3481-1997, except for the structural
In addition to adjustments and editorial changes, the main technical changes are as follows.
a) Added failure modes and their descriptions, including adhesive wear (see 5.6), white layer peeling (see 6.2.5), tooth surface fracture (see 6.2.6),
Deep fatigue fracture (see 6.2.7), tooth root fracture (see 7.2), Brinell indentation (see 8.3), cold flow (see 8.4), hot flow (see
8.5), tooth root fillet yielding (see 8.6), interference deformation (see 8.13), hydrogen embrittlement (see 9.4), surface/core separation (see 9.8);
b) Updated the images in the file.
This document is equivalent to ISO 10825-1.2022 "Wear and damage of gear teeth — Part 1.Terms and characteristics".
The following minimal editorial changes have been made to this document.
--- Deleted the footnote "1)" of "See ISO /T R 10825-2" in the second paragraph of Chapter 4 and the corresponding footnote content (because ISO /TR
10825-2.2022 released).
Please note that some of the contents of this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document does not assume the responsibility for patent identification.
This document is proposed and coordinated by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Gears (SAC/TC52).
This document was drafted by. Zhengzhou Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Machinery Research Institute Group Co., Ltd.
Chongqing University, Suzhou Asia Pacific Elite Transmission Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an Laser Transmission Technology Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Fast Gear Co., Ltd.
Ren Company, Longmen Laboratory, Hunan University, CITIC Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Zhongyuan University of Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group
Shanghai Co., Ltd., China Mechanical Engineering Society, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation No. 703 Research Institute, Zhejiang Jifeng Gear Co., Ltd.,
Henan University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Spacecraft Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this document are. Li Aiguo, Liu Huaiju, Zhao Ning, Wang Zhigang, Liu Yi, Song Renbo, Fan Ruili, Yang Jianjun, Li Haixia, Cao Zhigang,
Zhou Changjiang, Cheng Bo, Dai Jianping, Guo Qingqing, Yu Wentao, Guo Hui, Yuan Junrui, Changshan, Guan Hongjie, Chen Liang, Huang Licao, Wu Jizhan, Wei Bingyang, Huang Tingbo,
Shao Dengjun, Zhan Dongan, Guo Aigui, Xu Yingjie, Xin Wen, Yu Dongyang, Sun Linlin, Dong Fan, Zhou Zhihui, and Chen Shengchao.
The previous versions of this document and the documents it replaces are as follows.
--- First published as GB/T 3481-1983 in 1983, first revised in.1997;
--- This is the second revision and is adjusted to GB/T 3481.1.
introduction
In order to more accurately describe the objective phenomena of gear wear and failure, it is necessary to first define the relevant basic concepts and give explanations to help
Better communication between buyers and manufacturers to improve efficiency.
GB/T (Z) 3481 consists of two parts.
--- Part 1.Terminology and characteristics. The purpose is to give a common description of gear wear and damage and to provide consistency and coherence
By explaining the gear failure mode morphology, it is easy to communicate between equipment buyers and gear manufacturers, and then
Effective analysis of failure and damage. Since gear tooth wear and damage have various forms and causes, this section does not cover
The causes of each type of wear and damage are analyzed and no remedial measures are provided.
--- Part 2.Supplementary information. The purpose is to help users of the standard better identify the causes of gear tooth damage and avoid potential damage.
Because some of the reasons are still under research, the contents given in this section are intended to propose more possibilities and
No clear justification was given for the observed impairments. In addition, in some cases, it may be possible to reduce certain impairments while
Increased risk of other types of injuries.
The above two parts are independent and complementary to each other.
Wear and damage of gear teeth
Part 1.Terms and characteristics
Important Note. The electronic file of this document contains color images, which will help readers to correctly understand the content of the text.
Consider printing this document on a color printer.
1 Scope
This document provides terminology for common gear tooth wear and failure modes, classifies, identifies, and describes typical failure modes, and
Provides information that can, in many cases, help the user determine the failure mode and assess the extent of the change from the initial condition.
This document is based on studies of steel gears, but many of the failure modes discussed are also applicable to gears of other materials.
The model does not fully cover the failure of gears made of these materials (such as plastic gears, bronze gears, or powdered metal gears).
Solutions to many gear problems require detailed investigation and analysis by experts and are beyond the scope of this document.
This document defines only terms that are intended to help identify and record the appearance and condition of gears after a period of operation.
The causes and preventive measures are not described in this document.
Unless otherwise specified, gears in this document generally include driving wheels and driven wheels.
This document does not define "gear failure".
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential clauses of this document through normative references in this document.
For referenced documents without a date, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for referenced documents without a date, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to
This document.
Note. GB/T 3374.1-20101) Gear terms and definitions Part 1.Geometric definitions (ISO 1122-1.1998, IDT)
1) Excluding ISO 1122-1.1998/Cor.1.1999 and ISO 1122-1.1998/Cor.2.2009.
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1122-1 apply.
4 Failure Classification and Modes
This document does not define gear failure. What one observer considers "failure" may be another's "run-in."
There is no universal definition of failure, as whether a gear fails depends on the specific application scenario.
NOTE. “Gear failure” is a subjective concept and subject to considerable disagreement. For example, if an observer sees a gear tooth with a bright mirror-like appearance,
One might think the gears have completed a good "run-in." However, another observer might think the gears have failed due to polishing wear.
The amount of change from the initial state that is considered a failure depends on the acceptability of the change.
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