GB 51202: Evolution and historical versions
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivered in | Standard Title (Description) | Status | PDF |
| GB 51202-2016 | English | 810 |
Add to Cart
|
0--9 seconds. Auto-delivery
|
Technical standard for ice and snow landscape buildings
| Valid |
GB 51202-2016
|
PDF similar to GB 51202-2016
Basic data | Standard ID | GB 51202-2016 (GB51202-2016) | | Description (Translated English) | Technical standard for ice and snow landscape buildings | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | P47 | | Word Count Estimation | 124,130 | | Date of Issue | 2016-10-25 | | Date of Implementation | 2017-07-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | JGJ 247-2011 | | Quoted Standard | GB 50003; GB 50009; GB 50034; GB 50054; GB 50300; GB 17896 | | Issuing agency(ies) | Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China; General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This standard applies to ice, snow as the main material of the ice and snow landscape building design, construction, acceptance and maintenance management. | GB 51202-2016: Technical standard for ice and snow landscape buildings---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
1 General
1.0.1 In order to improve the design, construction, acceptance and maintenance management level of ice and snow landscape buildings, achieve advanced technology, safety and reliability, energy saving and environmental protection, economical and reasonable, and ensure project quality, this standard is formulated.
1.0.2 This standard applies to the design, construction, acceptance and maintenance management of ice and snow landscape buildings with ice and snow as the main materials.
1.0.3 The design, construction, acceptance and maintenance management of ice and snow landscape buildings shall not only comply with this standard, but also comply with the current relevant national standards.
2 Terms and symbols
2.1 Terminology
2.1.1 ice and snow landscape buildings
Ice and snow buildings, ice sculptures, snow sculptures, ice lanterns and other ice and snow landscapes and ice and snow recreational facilities are built with ice and snow as the main material and have the characteristics of ice and snow art.
2.1.2 natural ice
The ice body formed by the freezing of rivers, rivers, lakes and other water bodies in the natural environment.
2.1.3 Man-made ice
A body of ice frozen under artificial refrigeration.
2.1.4 rough ice
Ice cubes that have not been processed into serving sizes.
2.1.5 ice collecting
The process of using machines to divide natural ice according to certain specifications and obtain raw ice.
2.1.6 ice masonry
The ice blocks are assembled according to the specifications, frozen with water, and used for walls, columns and other components of ice landscape buildings.
2.1.7 watered icescape
Water is sprayed on the skeleton of a certain shape by mechanical or artificial means, and the ice scene is frozen.
2.1.8 ice flowers
Plants, fish and insects, artworks and other scenery are placed in the mold filled with clear water according to the design requirements, and then frozen into a solid transparent ice scenery.
2.1.9 ice sculpture
A sculpture made of ice.
2.1.10 ice lanterns
Under the condition of artificial refrigeration, water is poured into the mold, and the hollow ice body formed by freezing, after artistic creativity, carving, and light source is inserted to form an ice scene with artistic effect.
2.1.11 natural snow natural snow
Natural snowfall or perennial snow in nature.
2.1.12 man-made snow
In low temperature conditions, special equipment is used to make fine ice crystals with water, or special equipment is used to crush the ice into fine ice particles.
2.1.13 snow sculpture snow sculpture
A sculpture made of snow.
2.1.14 rough snow masonry
With a certain specification and strength, it is a geometric shape made of snow as a material after tamping.
2.1.15 height of ice or snow sculpture buildings
The height from the outdoor ground to the top of ice masonry or snow in ice and snow landscape architecture.
2.2 Symbols
2.2.1 Material properties
f - design value of compressive strength of ice masonry or snow body;
ft-- design value of axial tensile strength of ice masonry or snow body;
ftm--design value of bending tensile strength of ice masonry;
fv--Design value of shear strength of ice masonry or snow body;
fw--design value of bending tensile strength of snow body.
2.2.2 Actions and action effects
M--section bending moment design value;
N--design value of axial pressure;
NL--the axial force design value on the local compression area;
Nt--design value of axial tension;
V--design value of section shear force.
2.2.3 Geometric parameters
A - cross-sectional area of the member;
AL--local compression area;
H--component height;
H0--calculated height of walls and columns;
h - the wall thickness or the short side length of the rectangular column;
S--Space between horizontal walls;
W - moment of resistance of member section.
2.2.4 Calculation coefficients
φ-- bearing capacity influence coefficient;
β--Wall, column height-thickness ratio;
[β]--The allowable height-thickness ratio of walls and columns.
3 Calculation index of ice and snow material
3.1 Ice material
3.1.1 The limit values of compressive, tensile and shear strength of ice are to be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.1.
Table 3.1.1 Limit values of compressive, tensile and shear strength of ice (MPa)
3.1.2 The standard values of compressive strength, tensile strength and shear strength of ice masonry shall be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.2.
Table 3.1.2 Standard values of compressive, tensile and shear strength of ice masonry (MPa)
3.1.3 The design values of compressive strength, axial tensile strength and shear strength of ice masonry shall be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.3.
Table 3.1.3 Design Values of Compressive, Axial Tensile and Shear Strength of Ice Masonry (MPa)
Note. 1.The neat masonry in the table refers to the ice masonry formed by freezing the ice cubes with water after processing;
2 The freezing strength of water between ice cubes shall be taken as the strength design value of ice masonry at the same temperature;
3 The strength design value of the wall masonry of double-leg hollow ice walls shall be taken as 90% of the value in Table 3.1.3.
3.1.4 The friction coefficient, linear expansion coefficient, average density and thermal conductivity of ice shall meet the following requirements.
1 The ice friction coefficient (μ) should be taken as 0.1;
2 The ice linear expansion coefficient (α) should be taken as 52.7×10-6/K;
3 The average ice density (ρ) should be 920kg/m3;
4 The thermal conductivity (λ) of ice should be taken as 2.30W/(m·K).
3.2 Snow material
3.2.1 The density value of the snow body should be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.2.1.
Table 3.2.1 Snow Density Values
Note. The density values of snow bodies formed under other pressures can be obtained by interpolation based on the values in the table.
3.2.2 The limit value of compressive strength, standard value of compressive strength and design value of compressive strength of the snow body shall be determined according to the provisions in Table 3.2.2.
Table 3.2.2 Limit value of snow body compressive strength, standard value of compressive strength and design value of compressive strength (MPa)
3.2.3 The ultimate value of the flexural strength, the standard value of the flexural strength and the design value of the flexural strength of the snow body shall be determined according to the provisions in Table 3.2.3.
Table 3.2.3 Limit value of flexural strength of snow body, standard value of flexural strength and design value of flexural strength (MPa)
3.2.4 The limit value of splitting strength, standard value of splitting strength and design value of splitting strength of snow body shall be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.2.4.
Table 3.2.4 Limit value of snow body splitting strength, standard value of splitting strength and design value of splitting strength (MPa)
3.2.5 The limit value of shear strength, standard value of shear strength and design value of shear strength of the snow body shall be determined according to the provisions in Table 3.2.5.
Table 3.2.5 Snow body shear strength limit value, shear strength standard value and shear strength design value (MPa)
4 Architectural Design of Ice and Snow Landscape
4.1 General provisions
4.1.1 The architectural design of ice and snow landscapes should follow the principles of safety, environmental protection, art and economy.
4.1.2 The architectural design of ice and snow landscape shall include the following contents.
1 Overall design and special design of roads, electricity, water supply, drainage, communication and other supporting facilities;
2 Architectural and artistic ice and snow landscape design;
3 Ice masonry structure design, snow body structure design;
4 Ice and snow landscape lighting design;
5 Design of ice and snow activities;
6 Design of supporting facilities such as management, commerce, sanitation, medical rescue clinics, signs and so on for scenic spots;
4 The interior of the masonry of large-volume ice landscape buildings can be designed to be hollow, or it can be made by filling with rough ice, crushed ice, and freezing in layers. Indicated in construction drawings.
4.3.2 Structural design shall be carried out for the ice and snow landscape buildings whose building height is greater than 10m and allow people to enter and have activities, as well as the ice and snow landscape buildings with external loads on the upper part.
4.3.3 Ice stairs should be treated with anti-skid, the step width should not be less than 350mm, and the height should not be greater than 150mm; 1200mm, the thickness should not be less than 250mm, and anti-skid warning signs should be set.
4.3.4 The height of ice masonry buildings should not exceed 30m, and the height of snow buildings should not exceed 20m; for ice masonry buildings with a length of more than 30m, expansion joints with a width of not less than 20mm should be provided every 30m.
4.3.5 The masonry structures that can be in direct contact with people in ice and snow landscape buildings, when their vertical height is greater than 5m, should be classified or stepped, and should meet the following requirements.
1 There should be anti-overturning and anti-sliding measures;
2 The thickness of the ice masonry shall not be less than 800mm, and shall be built in layers, and the gap bonding rate shall not be lower than 80%;
3 The thickness of the snow body shall not be less than 900mm, and shall be compacted layer by layer according to the design density value;
4 The retracted distance between the highest masonry or overhanging part of the upper part and the vertical projection of the base shall be greater than 600mm.
4.3.6 The artistic ice and snow landscape design shall meet the following requirements.
1 The theme is clear, the idea is clear, and the shape is easy to express;
2 The decent relationship is exaggerated, the expression technique is strong, the overall image is prominent, and the decent relationship and texture relationship should be coordinated and reasonable;
3 The height of the ice and snow landscape is staggered, the effect should be stretched and generous when viewed from a distance, and exquisitely carved with smooth lines when viewed from a close view;
4.The center of gravity of the work should coincide with the center of shape. When the center of gravity deviates, technical stability measures should be taken to coordinate with the artistic effect of the work.
4.3.7 The main sculpture surfaces of landscape such as ice sculptures and colored ice screens should choose backlight and sidelight directions, and should avoid facing the windward side. When the height of snow landscape buildings exceeds 15m, the front or back facades should avoid direct sunlight at noon, and shelter measures should be taken when it is unavoidable; for large snow landscape buildings, environmental protection colloidal sunscreen can be sprayed on the facing surface.
4.3.8 The design of ice and snow activities should meet the following requirements.
1 When the height of ice and snow climbing activities exceeds 5m, safe climbing protection measures should be taken, and climbing aids that have passed the safety test should be provided or installed, and safety maintenance facilities, evacuation platforms and passages should be installed on the top.
2 The slideway of the ice and snow slide should be flat and smooth, and should meet the following requirements.
1) The width of the straight slideway should not be less than 500mm, and the width of the curved slideway should not be less than 600mm; the height of the slideway guardrail should not be less than 500mm, and the thickness should not be less than 250mm;
2) The guardrail of the slideway at the turn should be heightened and reinforced. The height of the guardrail at the curved part should not be less than 800mm, and warning signs should be set in the area where the turning slope changes. A buffer road should be set at the end of the ramp. As determined by field tests, protective facilities should be installed at the end point;
3) For slide activities with a slideway length of more than 30m, sliding tools should be used; the average slope of the slideway using the sliding tool should not be greater than 10°, and the average slope of the slideway without the sliding tool should not be greater than 25°;
4) Sliding tools should be made of durable lightweight materials and should pass the safety test.
3 The tools used for special recreational activities such as ice and snow bicycles, snowmobiles, and ice and snow bumper cars shall adopt safe and qualified products and shall be provided with safety protection facilities.
4.3.9 The design of service supporting facilities in scenic spots shall comply with the following regulations.
1 The entrances and exits, main roads and service facilities of ice and snow landscape architectural scenic spots should have barrier-free facilities; platforms, roads and steps and ramps with heavy traffic flow and prone to crowding and slipping should be equipped with non-slip carpets, railings, handrails and other anti-slip and safety facilities. protective facilities;
2 Service rooms such as commerce, catering, restrooms, rest, and activities, equipment rooms such as power distribution room and snow machine room, and management rooms such as customer service center, ticket sales, and management center should be reasonably arranged according to the requirements of functions and landscapes; housing facilities It should have the function of heat preservation, and the shape and material should be in harmony with the surrounding environment; for ice and snow activities that use sliding equipment, it is advisable to set up traction devices for tourists and equipment;
3 The service radius of commercial buildings may be 100m~150m, and the service radius of public toilets may be 50m~100m.
4.4 Design of ice masonry structures
4.4.1 Ice masonry structural members shall be designed according to the limit state of bearing capacity, and shall meet the requirements of normal service state.
4.4.2 When the structural members of ice masonry are designed according to the limit state of bearing capacity, the calculation shall be carried out according to the most unfavorable combination in the following formula.
In the formula. γ0--structural importance coefficient, take 1.0;
γL--adjustment factor for variable load considering structural design service life, only limited to floor and roof live load, take 0.9;
SGk - the effect of the standard value of the permanent load;
SQ1k - the effect of the first variable load standard value that plays a controlling role in the basic combination;
SQik--the effect of the i-th variable load standard value;
Rd--design value of structural member resistance;
γQi--the sub-item coefficient of the i-th variable load, take 1.4;
ψci--combination value coefficient of the ith variable load, take 0.7.
4.4.3 The calculation of ice masonry structural members shall meet the following requirements.
1 The bearing capacity of ice masonry structural members shall be calculated according to the temperature classification and the strength design value of ice masonry at -5°C;
2 The self-weight of ice masonry shall be 9.20kN/m3;
3 The self-weight and applied load of non-ice structural components shall be determined according to the relevant provisions of the current national standard "Code for Building Structure Loads" GB 50009.
4.4.4 The design stress mode of ice and snow landscape buildings should be mainly compression, and reduce tension, shear and other stress modes.
4.4.5 The foundation design of ice landscape buildings shall meet the following requirements.
1 Ice buildings whose height is greater than 10m and whose landing short side length is greater than 6m shall carry out foundation design, and the bearing capacity of the foundation shall be calculated according to the strength of non-frozen soil, and the factor of frost heave of the surrounding soil of the ice building shall be considered, and corresponding anti-freeze heave measures shall be taken;
2 When the foundation cannot meet the design requirements, the foundation should be reinforced to increase the bearing capacity of the foundation, and at the same time, measures should be taken to increase the overall rigidity of the ice masonry;
3 For the water poured permafrost foundation, the underlying layer shall be checked and calculated for the frost heave stability of the foundation.
4.4.6 Ice landscape buildings whose building height is less than 10m can use the frozen soil foundation irrigated with water on the natural ground; when the thickness of the frozen soil is greater than 400mm, the thickness should be taken as 400mm, and when it is less than 400mm, the value should be taken according to the actual frozen soil thickness; The bearing capacity of the permafrost foundation should be determined through in-situ tests, and the underlying layer of the permafrost foundation should be checked and calculated for stability.
4.4.7 For ice masonry, the static calculation scheme shall be determined according to the current national standard "Code for Design of Masonry Structures" GB 50003, and the static calculation can also be designed according to the rigid scheme.
4.4.8 When the ice masonry structure is considered to be stable as a rigid body (anti-overturning, anti-sliding, etc.), it shall be checked and calculated according to the most unfavorable combination in the following formulas.
In the formula. SG1k--the effect of the permanent load standard value that plays a favorable role;
SG2k - the effect of the standard value of the permanent load that plays an adverse role.
4.4.9 The bearing capacity of compression members shall comply with the following formula.
In the formula. N--design value of axial pressure;
φ--The influence coefficient of the height-thickness ratio β and the eccentricity e of the axial force on the bearing capacity of the compression member shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Appendix A of this standard, and the value of β shall be in accordance with Article 4.4.14 of this standard Calculation in subparagraph 1 and subparagraph 2; when e is calculated according to the design value of internal force, it should not exceed 60% of the distance from the center of gravity of the section to the edge of the section in the eccentric direction where the axial force is located;
f - Design value of compressive strength of ice masonry, which shall be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.3 of this standard;
A--cross-sectional area, ice masonry should be calculated according to the net cross-section; the flange width of the wall with pilaster wall and the wall section with ice structural column should be calculated according to Item 1, Item 2, Item 2, Article 4.4.14 of this standard, respectively. Adopted in Item 2, the net length of the section is taken as the wall between pilasters and the wall between columns of ice structure.
4.4.10 The bearing capacity under local compression shall comply with the following formula.
In the formula. N1--design value of axial force on the local compression area;
f - design value of compressive strength of ice masonry, to be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.3 of this standard;
A1--local pressure area.
4.4.11 The bearing capacity of the axial tension members shall comply with the following formula.
In the formula. Nt--design value of axial tension;
ft - design value of axial tensile strength of ice masonry, to be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.3 of this standard;
A--section area, ice masonry shall be calculated according to the net section.
4.4.12 The bearing capacity of shear members shall comply with the following formula.
In the formula. V--the design value of section shear force;
fv--Design value of shear strength of ice masonry, to be taken according to the provisions in Table 3.1.3 of this standard;
A--section area, ice masonry shall be calculated according to the net section.
4.4.13 The bearing capacity of flexural members shall meet the following formula.
In the formula. M--design value of section bending moment;
ftm--Design value of flexural tensile strength of ice masonry, can take the design value of shear strength, and take the value according to the provisions of Table 3.1.3 of this standard;
W--the moment of resistance of the ice masonry section.
4.4.14 The height-thickness ratio design of walls and columns shall meet the following requirements.
1 The checking calculation of the height-thickness ratio of ice walls and columns shall comply with the following formula.
In the formula. H0--the calculated height of walls and columns shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.14-1;
h - the wall thickness or the short side length of the rectangular column;
[β]--The allowable height-thickness ratio of walls and columns shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.14-2.
Table 4.4.14-1 Calculated height H0 of walls and columns
Note. 1.When the component is on the ground floor, the height H of the component is taken as the distance from the top surface of the floor or the upper horizontal support point to the support of the lower end of the component; when the component is on other floors, the height H of the component is taken as the distance between the floor or other horizontal fulcrums;
2 When the upper end of the member is a free end, the height H of the member is taken as the length of the member;
3 For the gable without pilasters, the component height H may take 1/2 of the story height plus the height of the gable tip; for the gable with pilasters and the gable with ice structural columns, the component height H may be the height of the gable at the pilasters and ice structural columns;
4 For the three-sided supporting wall without a cover, the member height H shall be taken as the distance from the upper free side to the supporting point at the lower end of the wall, and in the three-sided supporting wall without a cover, ice ring beams and pilasters or ice structural columns should be arranged.
Table 4.4.14-2 Allowable height-thickness ratio of walls and columns [β]
2 The height-thickness ratio of walls with pilasters and walls with ice structural columns shall be checked according to the following formula.
In the formula. H0--the calculated height of walls with pilasters, walls with ice structure columns or walls between pilasters and walls between pilasters and ice structure columns shall be in accordance with Table 4.4.14-1 or Clause 2 of Article 4.4.14 respectively The provisions of item 3 are adopted;
h′--The section conversion thickness of the wall with pilasters and the wall with ice structural columns is respectively adopted according to item 1 and item 2 of item 2 of Article 4.4.14, the thickness of the wall between pilasters and the wall between ice structural columns, Take the thickness of the wall itself;
[β]--The allowable height-thickness ratio of walls and columns shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.14-2.
1) The converted thickness of the wall with pilasters shall be 3.5 times the radius of gyration of the section, where. when the wall with pilasters is a strip foundation, the width of the flange of the section of the wall with pilasters may be taken as the distance between adjacent pilasters; For ice landscape buildings, the width of the flange of the wall section with pilasters may be 2/3 of the width of the pilasters plus the height of the wall, but it should not be greater than the width of the wall between windows and the distance between adjacent pilasters; for multi-storey ice landscape buildings, when there are For openings between windows, the width of the flange of the wall section with pilasters may be the width of the solid wall; for openings without doors and windows, the width of each flank wall may be 1/3 of the height of the pilasters, and shall not be greater than the distance between adjacent pilasters.
2) The width of the flange of the wall with ice structural columns is taken as the distance between adjacent ice structural columns, and its converted thickness is taken as 1.05 times the wall thickness.
3) When checking and calculating the height-thickness ratio of walls between pilasters or walls between ice structural columns, the distance S between transverse walls shall be taken as the distance between pilasters or structural columns; The calculation height H0 shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.14-1, but the component height H shall be determined according to the following regulations. when the width b of the ice circle beam is not less than 1/30 of the distance S0 between adjacent wall columns or ice structure columns, the ice circle beam It can be regarded as the fixed hinge fulcrum of the inter-column wall with pilasters or the inter-column wall with ice structure, and the height H of the member should be taken as the distance between adjacent fixed hinges; The principle of external equal stiffness increases the height of the ice circle beam.
4.4.15 The ice masonry structure shall meet the following requirements.
1 When the total height of double limb hollow ice wall exceeds the allowable height-to-thickness ratio, the ice masonry structure shall meet the following requirements.
1) The thickness of a single limb of the ice wall should not be less than 250mm;
2) The connection between the ice walls of the two limbs should use ice knots and ice knots with a 3mm thick horizontal steel mesh between the two ice blocks...
|