GB/T 9439-2023 PDF English
US$410.00 · In stock · Download in 9 secondsGB/T 9439-2023: Grey iron castings Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedureStatus: Valid GB/T 9439: Evolution and historical versions
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivery | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 9439-2023 | English | 410 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery
|
Grey iron castings
| Valid |
| GB/T 9439-2010 | English | 85 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery
|
Grey iron castings
| Obsolete |
| GB/T 9439-1988 | English | 839 |
Add to Cart
|
6 days
|
Grey iron castings
| Obsolete |
Excerpted PDFs (Download full copy in 9 seconds upon purchase)PDF Preview: GB/T 9439-2023
GB/T 9439-2023: Grey iron castings---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT9439-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.080.10
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 9439-2010
Grey iron castings
(ISO 185.2020, Gray iron castings - Classification, NEQ)
Issued on: SEPTEMBER 07, 2023
Implemented on: SEPTEMBER 07, 2023
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation.
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 5
2 Normative references... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 Designations of gray iron castings... 7
5 Production methods and chemical composition... 9
6 Technical requirements... 10
7 Specimen preparation... 12
8 Test methods... 17
9 Inspection rules... 21
10 Marking, quality certificate, surface protection, packaging, storage and
transportation... 23
Appendix A (Informative) Mechanical and physical properties of gray iron casting. 24
Appendix B (Informative) Relationship between hardness and tensile strength of gray
iron casting... 26
Appendix C (Informative) Relationship between the body tensile strength, hardness and
section thickness of gray iron castings... 29
Appendix D (Informative) Comparison of designations of gray iron castings between
GB/T 9439 and other standards... 33
References... 34
1 Scope
This document stipulates the designations, production methods and chemical
composition, technical requirements, specimen preparation, test methods, inspection
rules and markings, quality certificates, protection, packaging, storage and
transportation of gray iron casting.
This document is applicable to ordinary gray iron castings, which are cast in sand molds
or molds with thermal conductivity equivalent to that of sand molds. Gray iron castings
which are cast in other molds can be used with reference to it.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated reference
documents, only the version corresponding to the date applies to this document; for
undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to
this document.
GB/T 223.3 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The diantipyryl
methane phosphomolybdate gravimetric method for the determination of
phosphorus content
GB/T 223.4 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The volumetric
method for determination of manganese content by ammonium nitrate oxidation
GB/T 223.60 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The perchloric
acid dehydration gravimetric method for the determination of silicon content
GB/T 223.72 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The alumina
chromatographic separation-barium sulfate gravimetric method for the
determination of sulphur content
GB/T 223.86 Steel and iron - Determination of total carbon content - Infrared
absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace
GB/T 228.1 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at room
temperature
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 5611, as well as the following terms and
definitions, apply to this document.
3.1
Relevant wall thickness
The thickness of the casting section, which represents the mechanical properties of
the casting material.
3.2
Side-by-side cast sample
The test samples which are placed side by side with the castings, in the same mold
using the same pouring system.
4 Designations of gray iron castings
4.1 The method of expressing gray iron casting material designation shall comply with
the provisions of GB/T 5612.
4.2 For the designation of gray iron casting material, based on the minimum tensile
strength value measured on a tensile specimen processed from a single-cast sample,
which has a diameter of φ30 mm, the gray iron casting is divided into 8 designations.
HT100, HT150, HT200, HT225, HT250, HT275, HT300, HT350, see Table 1.
5 Production methods and chemical composition
5.1 The production method and chemical composition of gray iron castings are
determined by the supplier. The chemical composition is not used as a basis for
acceptance of castings; however, the selection of chemical compositions shall ensure
the mechanical properties and metallographic structure of the castings.
5.2 If the technical conditions of the buyer include acceptance requirements for
chemical components, they shall be implemented in accordance with the requirements
Material designation
Relevant wall thickness t
5.3 Unless otherwise specified, castings are delivered as cast.
6 Technical requirements
6.1 Mechanical properties
6.1.1 Tensile strength
6.1.1.1 The tensile strength value of the tensile specimen shall comply with the
requirements in Table 1.The mechanical properties and physical properties of single-
cast samples are as shown in Appendix A.
6.1.1.2 The tensile strength in Table 1 is related to the relevant wall thickness. Usually
ϕ30 mm single-cast sample is used to test the tensile strength.
6.1.1.3 The relationship between the tensile strength and Brinell hardness of gray iron
casting is as shown in Appendix B.
6.1.1.4 If the acceptance items are not clearly specified in the order agreement, the
supplier shall use tensile strength as the main basis for acceptance.
6.1.2 Tensile strength of casting body
6.1.2.1 If tensile specimens are cut out and processed from the casting body, the supplier
and the buyer shall agree on.
- Sampling location;
- The minimum tensile strength value or allowable range value of the bulk specimen.
Note 1.The physical performance values of castings cannot be unified, because they are closely
related to factors such as the complexity of the casting, the wall thickness of the casting, the
cooling rate.
Note 2.The tensile properties of casting body specimens are not only affected by material
properties, but also by defects in the sampling location.
6.1.2.2 The relationship between the tensile strength, Brinell hardness and wall
thickness of the casting body is shown in Appendix C. The expected value of the tensile
strength of the casting body is shown in Table C.1.
6.1.3 Hardness
6.1.3.1 Gray iron casting, which is classified according to hardness, is mainly applicable
to gray iron casting parts, which have cutting performance or wear resistance as the
main evaluation index. The hardness value of gray iron castings shall comply with the
requirements in Table 2.
6.1.3.2 Castings with main wall thickness t > 80 mm are not classified according to
hardness.
6.1.3.3 Unless otherwise specified, HBW represents the Brinell hardness, which is
measured under the test condition of 10/3000.
6.1.3.4 If hardness is used as an acceptance item, the supplier and the buyer shall agree
on the location of the relevant wall thickness and hardness testing; clearly specify it in
the order agreement. Hardness can also be tested on the specimen. Figure C.2 gives the
relationship between the average hardness and the relevant wall thickness in simple
shapes.
6.2 Metallographic structure
6.2.1 The graphite form of gray iron castings is mainly A-type graphite, wherein the A-
type graphite accounts for more than 90%. The total amount of carbide and phosphorus
eutectic in the matrix structure shall be less than 1%.
6.2.2 When the purchaser has clear requirements on the matrix structure and graphite
shape, quantity, distribution size, grade, phosphorus eutectic content, carbide content in
the metallographic structure, the purchaser's technical requirements shall be met.
6.3 Machining allowances, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, geometric shapes,
geometric tolerances
If the buyer has no special requirements, the machining allowance, dimensional
tolerance, geometric tolerance of castings shall be selected according to the provisions
of GB/T 6414.
6.4 Weight tolerance
If the buyer has no special requirements, the weight tolerance of castings shall be
selected according to the provisions of GB/T 11351.
6.5 Surface quality
6.5.1 If the buyer has no special requirements, the surface roughness value of the casting
shall be within the range specified in GB/T 6060.1.
6.5.2 The castings shall be cleaned; the excess parts shall be trimmed; the residue of the
pouring riser, core bone, sticky sand, inner cavity residues shall be removed. The
allowable pouring and riser residues, draped seams, flying burr residues, internal cavity
cleanliness, etc. of castings shall comply with the purchaser's drawings, technical
requirements or ordering agreement.
7 Specimen preparation
7.1 General
7.1.1 The test sample shall be poured from the same ladle (or furnace) of molten iron
as the casting it represents.
7.1.2 When a casting requires heat treatment, the test sample shall be heat treated in the
same furnace as the casting it represents.
7.1.3 All test samples shall be clearly marked to ensure quality traceability.
7.2 Specimen types
7.2.1 The specimen type (single-cast sample, side-by-side cast sample, attached cast
sample, body specimen) shall be selected based on the weight and wall thickness of the
casting. Unless both the supplier and the buyer have determined the relevant wall
thickness and the specimen type, the specimen type shall be determined by the supplier.
7.2.2 When the mass of the casting exceeds 1000 kg and the relevant wall thickness
exceeds 50 mm, attached cast samples shall be used first. The size and location of the
test samples shall be agreed upon by the supplier and the buyer.
7.2.3 In order to ensure that the performance is achieved, the type II test samples in
Figure 1 is usually used.
7.3 Tensile test samples
7.3.1 Test sample dimensions
7.3.1.1 The dimensions of single-cast samples and side-by-side cast samples are as
shown in Figure 1.The dimensions of the samples shall correspond to the relevant wall
thickness. The φ30 mm type II test samples in Figure 1 can also be used to characterize
the material.
7.3.1.2 If other sizes are used, the size of the specimen and the measured minimum
tensile strength value or allowable range value shall be agreed upon by both parties.
Description of index symbol.
D - Single-cast sample's sprue cup opening diameter;
H - Height of sprue cup of single-cast sample;
L - Length of single-cast sample;
A - The amount of sand contained at the bottom of the single-cast sample or between the test
samples;
d - Diameter of single-cast sample.
7.3.2 Detection frequency and quantity
The sampling frequency of specimens representing casting materials shall be consistent
with the supplier's quality control requirements, or shall be agreed upon by both the
supplier and the buyer.
7.3.3 Single-cast sample
7.3.3.1 Single-cast samples are prepared according to Figure 1; the test samples shall
be cast vertically. The test samples and castings shall be poured from the same batch of
molten iron; the test samples shall be poured at the end of the batch of molten iron.
7.3.3.2 The single-cast sample shall be cast in a mold with a similar thermal
conductivity to the casting it represents. Three or more test samples can be poured into
the same mold at the same time. The minimum sand consumption between the test
samples shall be greater than 40 mm.
7.3.3.3 The unpacking sand-out temperature of single-cast samples shall be lower than
500 °C. After negotiation and agreement between the supplier and the buyer, if the
castings are shaken out when the temperature is higher than 500 °C, the single-cast
samples can also be unpacked and shaken out when the temperature is higher than
500 °C.
7.3.3.4 If the casting requires heat treatment, the test samples shall be treated in the
same furnace as the casting it represents; when the casting is subjected to stress-
relieving aging treatment, the test samples may not be treated.
7.3.3.5 The length L of the test sample is determined according to the length of the test
sample and the clamping device, as shown in Figure 1.The length L of the test sample
depends on the type A or B test sample (see 8.1.3), as well as the length of the clamping
section. The dimensions of the specimens processed with single-cast samples are as
shown in Table 3.
7.3.3.6 Test samples of other sizes or produced using other casting processes shall be
agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer. Figure C.1 shows the relationship
between the minimum tensile strength and the main wall thickness of castings of simple
shapes.
7.3.4 Side-by-side cast samples
7.3.4.1 Side-by-side cast samples represent castings of the same batch that are cast in
the same batch and have similar relevant wall thicknesses. The test samples shall be
cast at the end of the same batch of castings.
7.3.4.2 The dimensions of the side-by-side cast samples are as shown in Figure 1.
7.3.5 Attached cast samples
7.3.5.1 The attached cast sample represents the attached casting and the same batch of
7.3.6 Casting bulk specimen
7.3.6.1 If necessary, both the supplier and the purchaser can specify the performance of
the specified position of the casting; prepare specimens at the specified locations and
test the mechanical properties of the specimens.
7.3.6.2 The size of the bulk specimen shall be selected according to Table 3, OR it shall
be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer through negotiation.
7.3.6.3 If the purchaser does not specify, the sampling position of the bulk specimen
shall be determined by the supplier itself.
8 Test methods
8.1 Tensile test
8.1.1 The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T
228.1.
8.1.2 There are two types of tensile test specimens, type A and type B. The type of
tensile test specimens shall be as shown in Figure 5 or Figure 6.
Note. For the same material, the test results of Type A specimens may be slightly higher than
the test results of Type B specimens.
8.1.3 See Table 3 for tensile specimen dimensions. Both ends of the specimen can be
processed into threaded or cylindrical shapes, to meet the needs of the clamping device.
Unit is millimeters
a) Type A specimen with threaded clamping end
b) Type A specimen with cylindrical clamping end
Description of index symbol.
Ls - Length of threaded clamping end;
Lp - Length of cylindrical clamping end;
M - Thread diameter of clamping end;
ϕd - Diameter of gauge section of test sample;
ϕd1 - Diameter of cylindrical clamping end.
Figure 5 -- Type A specimen
Unit is millimeters
a) Type B specimen with threaded clamping end
b) Type B specimen with cylindrical clamping end
Description of index symbol.
Ls - Length of threaded clamping end;
Lp - Length of cylindrical clamping end;
Lc - Length of the gauge section of the specimen;
M - Thread diameter of clamping end;
ϕd - Diameter of specimen gauge section;
ϕd1 - Diameter of cylindrical clamping end.
8.2 Hardness test
8.2.1 The hardness measurement method shall be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of GB/T 231.1.The hardness test with a test force-ball diameter square ratio
of 30 or 10 shall be preferred.
8.2.2 When testing the hardness, the test shall be conducted below 1.5 mm from the
casting surface.
9 Inspection rules
9.1 Group-batching
Casting inspection batches are divided as follows.
a) Castings produced by the same mold and poured from the same molten iron in the
same furnace constitute a sampling batch.
b) Castings poured from the same molten iron package constitute a sampling batch.
c) Castings with a total mass of 2000 kg form a sampling batch.
d) If the mass of a single piece is greater than 2000 kg, it can be a separate sampling
batch.
e) When a large amount of molten iron is continuously melted, the maximum mass
of each sampling batch shall not exceed the mass of the castings poured within 2
hours.
f) If a designation of molten iron has a large melting capacity, it adopts system-
controlled melting technology and strict production process control, meanwhile
it can carry out certain forms of rapid pre-furnace inspection and quality control
on a package (furnace) basis, such as white opening testing, spectral composition
analysis, thermal analysis, composition adjustment, etc., THEN, upon agreement
between the supplier and the buyer, several batches of castings can also be used
to constitute a sampling batch.
g) During continuous production, such as when the charge, process conditions, or
chemical composition change, all castings poured with continuously molten iron
during this period, no matter how short the time interval, are regarded as a
sampling batch.
9.2 Chemical composition analysis
Chemical composition shall be tested batch by batch, based on sampling batches.
9.3 Tensile strength test
The specimens used for mechanical property testing shall be taken from the test sample
(block) or the casting body; a tensile test shall be conducted for each sampling batch.
9.4 Hardness test
The hardness test can be carried out on the casting body or on the tensile specimen or
hardness test block. Each sampling batch shall be tested once for hardness.
9.5 Validity of test
When the test results do not meet the requirements due to one of the following reasons,
the test shall be repeated and the data of the defective sample shall be replaced by the
obtained results.
a) The specimen is improperly installed on the testing machine or the testing machine
is operated improperly.
b) There are casting defects on the surface of the specimen or improper cutting of
the specimen (such as specimen size, transition fillet, roughness that does not
meet the requirements, etc.).
c) The specimen breaks outside the gauge length (parallel section).
d) There are casting defects on the fracture surface after the specimen is broken.
9.6 Judgment of test and retest results
9.6.1 When testing the tensile strength, first use a tensile specimen to test. If it meets
the requirements, the batch of castings will be qualified in terms of material. If the test
results do not meet the requirements, two more samples can be taken from the same
batch of specimens for reinspection.
10 Marking, quality certificate, surface protection,
packaging, storage and transportation
10.1 Casting marking
10.1.1 If the size of the casting allows, the supplier's code, trademark, part code,
production date, production sequence number, etc. shall be marked on the non-
machined surface.
10.1.2 If the buyer does not have clear requirements for the location, size (font size,
font height, convex and concave) and method of the marking, the supplier shall
determine by itself.
10.1.3 When it is not possible to mark the castings, the marking may be printed on the
label attached to each batch of castings.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
Tips & Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestion 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of GB/T 9439-2023 be delivered?Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of GB/T 9439-2023 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice. Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of GB/T 9439-2023_English with my colleagues?Answer: Yes. The purchased PDF of GB/T 9439-2023_English will be deemed to be sold to your employer/organization who actually paid for it, including your colleagues and your employer's intranet. Question 3: Does the price include tax/VAT?Answer: Yes. Our tax invoice, downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, includes all tax/VAT and complies with 100+ countries' tax regulations (tax exempted in 100+ countries) -- See Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs): List of DTAs signed between Singapore and 100+ countriesQuestion 4: Do you accept my currency other than USD?Answer: Yes. www.ChineseStandard.us -- GB/T 9439-2023 -- Click this link and select your country/currency to pay, the exact amount in your currency will be printed on the invoice. Full PDF will also be downloaded/emailed in 9 seconds. Question 5: Should I purchase the latest version GB/T 9439-2023?Answer: Yes. Unless special scenarios such as technical constraints or academic study, you should always prioritize to purchase the latest version GB/T 9439-2023 even if the enforcement date is in future. Complying with the latest version means that, by default, it also complies with all the earlier versions, technically. How to buy and download a true PDF of English version of GB/T 9439-2023?A step-by-step guide to download PDF of GB/T 9439-2023_EnglishStep 1: Visit website https://www.ChineseStandard.net (Pay in USD), or https://www.ChineseStandard.us (Pay in any currencies such as Euro, KRW, JPY, AUD).
Step 2: Search keyword "GB/T 9439-2023".
Step 3: Click "Add to Cart". If multiple PDFs are required, repeat steps 2 and 3 to add up to 12 PDFs to cart.
Step 4: Select payment option (Via payment agents Stripe or PayPal).
Step 5: Customize Tax Invoice -- Fill up your email etc.
Step 6: Click "Checkout".
Step 7: Make payment by credit card, PayPal, Google Pay etc. After the payment is completed and in 9 seconds, you will receive 2 emails attached with the purchased PDFs and PDF-invoice, respectively.
Step 8: Optional -- Go to download PDF.
Step 9: Optional -- Click Open/Download PDF to download PDFs and invoice.
See screenshots for above steps: Steps 1~3 Steps 4~6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9
|