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GB/T 8478-2020: PDF in English (GBT 8478-2020) GB/T 8478-2020
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 91.060.50
P 32
Replacing GB/T 8478-2008
Aluminum windows and doors
ISSUED ON: MARCH 31, 2020
IMPLEMENTED ON: FEBRUARY 01, 2021
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 8
2 Normative references ... 8
3 Terms and definitions ... 10
4 Classification and marking ... 13
5 Requirements ... 17
6 Test method ... 30
7 Inspection rules ... 35
8 Product marking and accompanying documents ... 38
9 Packaging, transportation and storage ... 40
Appendix A (Informative) Standards for common materials and accessories 42
Appendix B (Informative) Types and applicable scope of commonly used
sealant strip ... 47
Appendix C (Informative) Vertical form and specification of typical test piece for
type inspection of aluminum alloy windows and doors ... 48
Appendix D (Informative) Main content of the installation and operation manual
of aluminum alloy windows and doors ... 50
References ... 52
Aluminum windows and doors
1 Scope
This standard specifies the classification and marking, requirements, test
methods, inspection rules, product markings and accompanying documents,
packaging, transportation and storage of aluminum windows and doors.
This standard is applicable to windows and pedestrian doors for exterior walls
and interior partition walls of manual opening and closing operations, as well as
vertical roof windows.
This standard does not apply to skylights, non-vertical roof windows, roller
shutter doors and swing doors, as well as special windows and doors such as
fire-resistant windows and doors, explosion-proof windows and doors, escape
windows and doors, smoke exhaust windows, anti-ray shielding windows and
doors.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential to the application of this document. For
the dated documents, only the versions with the dates indicated are applicable
to this document; for the undated documents, only the latest version (including
all the amendments) are applicable to this standard.
GB/T 191 Packaging - Pictorial Marking for Handling of Goods
GB/T 4956 Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates -Measurement
of coating thickness - Magnetic method
GB/T 5237 (all parts) Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for
architecture
GB/T 5823 Terminology for building windows and doors
GB/T 5824 Size system of opening for windows and doors in building
GB/T 7106 Test methods of air permeability, water tightness, wind load
resistance performance for building exterior windows and doors
GB/T 8484 Graduation and test method for thermal insulating properties of
doors and windows
GB/T 29738-2013 Graduations and test method for performance of exterior
windows and doors, curtain walls impacted by windborne debris in
windstorm
GB/T 29739 Test method of resistance to repeat opening and closing for
windows and doors
GB/T 30591 Requirements for size coordination for opening of windows and
doors in building
GB/T 31433 General specification for building curtain walls, windows and
doors
GB/T 33993 Two dimensional code for commodity
GB/T 38252 Test method of fire-resistance integrity for building windows and
doors
JC/T 881 Building sealants for joint of concrete construction
JC/T 2304 The technical specification of energy efficient glass for building
JG/T 255 Sealed insulating glass unit with shading inside
JG/T 440 Test method for shading performance of windows and doors
JG/T 455 Tempered glass for window, door and curtain wall in buildings
JGJ 102 Technical code for glass curtain wall engineering
JGJ 113 Technical specification for application of architectural glass
JGJ/T 151 Calculation specification for thermal performance of windows,
doors and glass curtain-walls
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 5823 and GB/T 5824 as well as the
following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Aluminum windows and doors
The general term for windows and doors that use aluminum alloy
construction profiles to make frames and leaf-bar structures.
3.2
Windows and doors with solar heat gain coefficient SHGC no greater than
0.44.
3.8
Thermal insulating and heat-insulating type windows and doors
Windows and doors with a heat transfer coefficient K less than 2.5 W/(m2 · K)
and a solar heat gain coefficient SHGC no greater than 0.44.
3.9
Fire-resistant windows and doors
Under the specified test conditions, closed windows and doors with a fire-
resistance integrity E of not less than 30 min.
3.10
Resistance to repeat opening and closing for windows and doors
The ability of windows and doors to maintain its normal use function after
withstanding the long-term repeated opening and closing operation of the
movable leaf, which is characterized by the number of repeated opening and
closing times during which no deformation, fault, damage occurs that will
affect the normal opening and closing.
3.11
Major load-bearing frame member
Profile members such as horizontal frames, middle vertical frames, leaf
sashes and combined window and door sets in the windows and doors that
bear and transmit the gravity of the windows and doors themselves as well
as the horizontal wind load.
3.12
Major profiles
The basic framework that constitutes the window and door frame and the
leaf rod system, on which the window and door frames and leaf profiles such
as opening leaf or glass, supplemental profiles, accessories are assembled,
as well as the combined frame set profiles of windows and doors, are
assembled.
3.13
Supplemental profile
level 4, water tightness level 3, air tightness level 6, which is marked as:
Aluminum window GB/T 8478 WNH60PLC-115115-P34/ΔP3/q16
Example 5: Interior door, sound-proofing type, 125 series, lifting sliding,
aluminum alloy door, specification code 175205, sound-proofing performance
< Rw + C> level 3, which is marked as:
Aluminum alloy door GB/T 8478 NGS125STLM-175205< Rw + C>3
Example 6: Interior window, thermal-insulating type, 80 series, sliding,
aluminum alloy window, specification code 175145, thermal-insulating
performance K value 2.5, which is marked as:
Aluminum window GB/T 8478 NBW80TLLC-175145-K2.5
Example 7: Exterior door, thermal-insulating fire-resistant type, 70 series
vertically hinged aluminum alloy door, specification code 085205, wind pressure
resistance level 6, water tightness level 5, air tightness level 8, thermal-
insulating performance K value 2.5, outdoor fire-resistance integrity E of 30 min,
which is marked as:
Aluminum alloy door GB/T 8478 WBWNH70PLM-085205-
P36/ΔP5/q18/K2.5/E30(o)
5 Requirements
5.1 Materials and accessories
5.1.1 General requirements
The materials and accessories used for aluminum alloy windows and doors
shall comply with the relevant national standards. For the standards on
commonly used materials and accessories, see Appendix A. Other materials
and accessories with performance and quality not less than those required by
Appendix A of this standard may also be used.
5.1.2 Aluminum alloy profiles
5.1.2.1 Cross-sectional size and allowable deviation of base material
5.1.2.1.1 The nominal size of the wall thickness of the main profile’s base
material used for the main load-bearing members of exterior windows and
doors shall be determined by design calculation and test.
5.1.2.1.2 The nominal size of the wall thickness of the main profile’s base
material for windows and doors (except the wall thickness of the wing wall at
and openings shall comply with the category F provisions of GB/T 14683 or the
provisions of JC/T 881. The secondary sealant for the insulating glass of the
hidden frame window shall adopt the silicone structural sealant conforming to
the provisions of GB 24266; the silicone structural sealant for the bonding of
the glass and the frame profile shall comply with the provisions of GB 16776.
5.1.5.3 Fire-retardant sealant for windows and doors shall adopt flame-
retardant sealant in accordance with GB/T 24267; its fire resistance shall meet
the fire resistance integrity as specified in GB 23864, which shall not be less
than 1.0 h; meanwhile it shall meet the requirements of 5.1.5.1.
5.1.5.4 The sealant strips of single material or composite material shall be
selected according to the use environment and functional requirements of
windows and doors (see Appendix B); meanwhile the compatibility and
contamination of the material of the sealant strips and its contact parts shall be
considered.
5.1.5.5 Flame-retardant sealant strips for windows and doors shall select flame-
retardant sealant strips according to the needs of their application parts; select
fire-expanding sealant strips in appropriate parts. The fire-expanding sealant
strip which is fixed and installed by the use of self-adhesive adhesive tape shall
not contain any plasticizer that can easily cause the adhesive tape to fall off.
5.1.5.6 The elastic materials such as glass support blocks and positioning
blocks shall meet the relevant provisions of JGJ 113 on glass installation
materials; the elastic materials such as glass support blocks and positioning
blocks for fire-resistant windows and doors shall use flame-retardant materials.
5.1.6 Hardware accessories
The functional hardware accessories for the connection and locking of windows
and doors shall meet the requirements of the carrying capacity of the whole
window and door set; its repeated opening and closing performance shall meet
the durability requirements of repeated opening and closing of windows and
doors.
5.1.7 Fasteners
Stainless steel fasteners shall be used for the mechanical connection of window
and door assembly. Aluminum and aluminum alloy blind rivets shall not be used
as fasteners for forced connection of windows and doors.
5.2 Appearance and surface quality
5.2.1 The surface of the product shall be clean and free of stains. There shall
be no obvious color difference, unevenness, scratches, scrapes, bumps and
other defects on the aluminum alloy profiles and glass surface of the frame leaf.
thickness shall be not less than 6 mm.
5.4 Assembly quality
5.4.1 The window and door frame and the leaf rod are firmly connected; the
assembly gap shall be effectively sealed.
5.4.2 The accessories of windows and doors are firmly installed; the hardware
accessories of the opening leaf are flexible; the opening and closing of windows
and doors are not stuck.
5.4.3 Fasteners are in place and are sealed according to the design
requirements.
5.4.4 The installation position of the hardware accessories for opening and
locking of windows and doors is correct; the locking state shall meet the design
requirements.
5.5 Construction
5.5.1 The connection structure between the window and door’s frame leaf bars
shall be firm and reliable; the parts which can be touched by people shall be
flat; the exposed holes and sharp edges should be sealed and wrapped.
5.5.2 Safety devices such as child locks, anti-fall, anti-pinch, lightning protection
shall be installed according to the functions and design requirements of
windows and doors.
5.5.3 It should set up functional devices such as micro-ventilation, anti-
mosquito yarn, draught board according to the functions and design
requirements of windows and doors.
5.5.4 The installation and connection structure of windows and doors
accessories and hardware accessories shall have the convenience of
replacement and maintenance.
5.5.5 The lower frame of windows and doors should not be provided with
through-type installation holes. The lower frame of windows and doors with
through-type installation holes shall adopt effective waterproof sealing structure.
5.5.6 The lower end of the glass of the hidden frame structure shall be provided
with no less than two aluminum alloy or stainless steel supporting bars; the
supporting bar and the glass panel’s supporting member shall be reliably
connected; it shall provide a flexible gasket between the supporting bar and the
glass. The cross-section of the supporting bar shall be determined by
calculation; it shall be able to bear the design value of the gravity load of the
lattice glass. The supporting bar of insulating glass shall be able to carry the
exterior glass.
E30(i).
5.6.8 Natural lighting performance
5.6.8.1 The lighting performance index and classification of exterior windows
shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 11976. For exterior windows with
natural lighting requirements, the transmission reduction factor Tr shall not be
less than 0.45; for windows and doors with color discrimination requirements,
the color transmission index Ra shall not be less than 60.
5.6.8.2 For exterior windows that also have thermal-insulating performance
requirements, it shall also comprehensively consider the requirements for the
solar heat gain coefficient.
5.6.9 Anti-sand dust performance
5.6.9.1 The anti-sand performance of exterior windows and doors is based on
the mass M of the sand entering indoor through the unit opening slit at a certain
pressure difference and time as the classification index; the dustproof
performance use the penetration amount C of inhalable particulate matter
entering indoor through the unit area at a certain pressure difference and time
period as the classification index. The classification of sand and dust prevention
performance of windows and doors shall comply with the provisions of GB/T
31433.
5.6.9.2 For exterior windows and doors with sand prevention performance
requirements, the sand prevention performance index M shall not be greater
than 6.0 g/m. For exterior windows and doors with dust prevention performance
requirements, its dust performance index C shall not be greater than 60.0
mg/m2. The specific requirements of the sand and dust prevention performance
indicators of windows and doors shall be determined according to the sand and
dust weather conditions and use requirements of the area where they are
applied, with reference to Appendix A of GB/T 31433-2013.
5.6.10 Resistance to airborne debris impact
The resistance to airborne debris impact of exterior windows and doors is
measured by the mass m and velocity v of the projectile; its classification shall
meet the requirements of GB/T 31433. Exterior windows and doors with impact
resistance to airborne debris shall be determined according to the provisions of
Appendix B of GB/T 29738-2013; the corresponding impact level and index
shall be determined according to the local basic wind speed as well as the
protection level and installation height of buildings.
5.6.11 Mechanical properties
5.6.11.1 Performance items
performance.
Note: The distortional deformation of sliding windows and doors is the local
inlaid position’s residual deformation caused by the opening and closing force
of the forcefully pushing and pulling convex handle when the top and bottom of
the movable leaf are blocked at the same time.
5.6.11.7 Resistance to diagonal deformation (sliding translation windows
and doors)
When the movable leaf of sliding windows and doors (left and right sliding
window, lifting pull window) is blocked at one of its corners, after the opening
part is subject to 200 N action force in the opening and closing directions, the
residual deformation of the diagonal of the leaf shall not be greater than 5 mm.
Meanwhile it maintains normal opening and closing function.
5.6.11.8 Resistance to vigorous closing (vertically hinged doors, vertically
hinged rotation exterior windows < except sliding shafts>)
When the movable door of the vertically hinged rotation exterior windows and
doors is opened at 45 °± 5°, its opening part is vigorously closed under the load
force of 75 Pa times the area of the movable leaf, repeated 10 times, the
windows and doors shall not have deformation, fault, damage which may affect
the normal use.
5.6.11.9 Impact resistance of opening limit stop (vertically hinged rotation
exterior window)
After the movable leaf of the vertically hinged rotation exterior window is subject
to 3 opening limit impact tests at the opening part under the free fall inertial
force of a 10 kg weight, the limit stopper shall not be damaged; the frame leaf
shall have normal connection function.
5.6.11.10 Static load resistance of support positioning block (interior
vertically hinged window, exterior bottom-hung window)
When the supporting positioning device of window is opened, respectively apply
load along the closed and open direction from the leaf plane perpendicular to
the opening part of the movable leaf, at a 40 N action force for friction support
device and 200 N action force for locking support (for the exterior bottom-hung
window which is positioned by locking type retractable support, the loading
along the opening direction shall be on the maximum openable location), the
connection between the support and frame and leaf shall not be damaged; the
positioning function shall be normal.
5.6.12 Durability of repeated opening and closing
6.1.1 Quality verification
When the materials and accessories used for aluminum alloy windows and
doors enter the factory, check the accompanying technical documents such as
product certification or quality assurance, or use the necessary measurements
and tests to verify that the marked performance and quality index values are
consistent with the corresponding standards (or contractual requirements) as
shown in Appendix A.
6.1.2 Aluminum alloy profiles
6.1.2.1 Substrate’s cross-section and dimensional deviation
For the wall thickness of the substrate, use a film thickness detector which has
a resolution of 0.5 μm and a measuring tool which has a resolution of not less
than 0.02 mm, to measure the surface treatment layer’s film thickness and the
total wall thickness of the profile. The number of measurement points at the
same type of locations of the profile shall be not less than 5 points. The
measured wall thickness of the substrate is the difference between the total wall
thickness of the profile and the thickness of the surface treatment layer,
accurate to 0.01 mm, taking the average value.
The non-wall thickness dimension deviation of the substrate shall be inspected
in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 5237.1.
6.1.2.2 Surface treatment layer’s thickness
Use a film thickness detector which has a resolution of 0.5 μm to measure the
same type of locations on a profile; the measurement point shall not be less
than 5 points; take the average value.
6.1.3 Glass
The variety, performance and quality of the glass shall be verified in accordance
with the provisions of 6.1.1.
6.1.4 Steel
The thickness of the hot-dip galvanized layer, zinc electroplating and anti-rust
coatings on the steel surface shall be tested in accordance with the provisions
of GB/T 4956. The quality inspection of the black oxide film of steel shall be
conducted in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 15519.
6.1.5 Sealing and elastic materials
The compatibility, adhesion, contamination of the sealing material and the
contacted material, as well as the performance quality of the glass support and
positioning elastic material, shall be verified according to the use requirements
method specified in JG/T 440. The arbitration test method is optical
performance method.
6.6.5 Fire-resistance integrity
Carry out the test according to the provisions of GB/T 38252.
6.6.6 Natural lighting performance (exterior window)
The natural lighting performance of the exterior window is tested according to
the provisions of GB/T 11976.
6.6.7 Anti-dust performance
The anti-dust performance is tested according to the provisions of GB/T 29737.
6.6.8 Impact resistance of airborne debris
The impact resistance of exterior windows and doors against airborne debris is
tested according to the provisions of GB/T 29738-2013.
6.6.9 Mechanical properties
6.6.9.1 Opening and closing force
The opening and closing force of the door is tested according to the provisions
of GB/T 29555; the opening and closing force of the window is tested according
to the provisions of GB/T 29048.
6.6.9.2 Impact resistance to soft heavy objects
The impact resistance of the doors against soft heavy objects is tested in
accordance with the provisions of GB/T 14155. In addition to the two-way
vertically hinged rotation doors being impacted on one side, the doors of other
opening types shall be impacted in the direction of the indoor and outdoor sides;
meanwhile the weak parts of door leaf shall be determined according to the
following:
a) The height of the impact point is 1/2 of the height of the door leaf;
meanwhile it is not more than 1200 mm;
b) The horizontal impact point of a single door is 1/2 the width of the door
leaf;
c) In addition to the horizontal impact point for double/multiple leaf doors at
1/2 of the single door leaf width, it shall also increase the impacts at the
door’s side sills of different adjacent construction forms;
d) In addition to the above impact points, the door leaf with middle cross shall
7.2.1.1 The appearance, surface quality and assembly quality are fully
inspected.
7.2.1.2 For the inspection of deviations in the assembly dimensions of doors,
windows and frame leaf, every 100 sets form an inspection lot; those less than
100 sets also form an inspection lot. Randomly select 5% and no less than 3
sets from each inspection lot according to different types, varieties, series,
specifications.
7.2.2 Judgment and re-inspection rules
When the inspection results of the random inspection products all meet the
requirements of this standard, the batch of products is judged to be qualified.
If the inspection result of the random inspection product shows that more than
1 set fails to meet the requirements of this standard, then this batch of products
are unqualified.
If 1 set (not more than 1 set) is unqualified in the random inspection item, double
quantity of products may be taken from the batch of products for repeated
inspection. When the results of repeated inspections all meet the requirements
of this standard, the item is qualified, meanwhile the re-inspection items are all
qualified, then the batch of products is determined as qualified; otherwise the
batch of products is determined to be unqualified.
7.3 Type inspection
7.3.1 Timing of inspection
When one of the following situations is encountered, type inspection shall be
carried out:
a) Trial type identification of new products or trans-plant production of old
products;
b) After the formal production, the product's raw materials, structure or
production process have changed significantly, which may affect product
performance;
c) When resuming production after more than half a year of suspension of
production;
d) When there is a big difference between the exit-factory inspection result
and the last type inspection result;
e) During normal production, type inspection shall be carried out at least
once every two years.
methods, improper use will cause damage to the product itself or cause safety
problems, it shall set simple and effective warning signs and instructions
(including text and icons).
8.1.3 Marking method
8.1.3.1 The content of the product mark according to 8.1.1 shall be marked with
a label; the printing of the label shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 13306.
8.1.3.2 The product label of the door shall be fixed on eye-catching parts such
as the upper frame and the middle horizontal frame.
8.1.3.3 The product label of the window shall be fixed on the upper frame, the
middle horizontal frame, the side of the window sash and other appropriate
parts (it can be seen after opening).
8.1.3.4 Product’s use warning signs and instructions shall be pasted near the
opening and closing devices such as handles of windows and doors.
8.2 Product’s accompanying documents
8.2.1 Product certificate
The single set of window and door product shall have a product certificate,
which shall include the following main contents:
a) Implemented product standard number;
b) Exit-factory inspection items, inspection results and inspection
conclusions;
c) Product inspection date, exit-factory date, inspector's signature or stamp
(may be indicated by inspector code).
8.2.2 Product quality assurance
Each exit-factory inspection lot or handover lot shall have a product quality
guarantee, which shall include the following main contents:
a) Product name, trademark and marking (including the implemented product
standard number);
b) The performance parameter value of the product’s type inspection, as well
as the number indicating the product’s type inspection report;
c) Product batch (number of sets, area), size, specification and model;
d) Types of surface treatment, color and film thickness of aluminum alloy
profiles for window and door frame leaf;
Appendix A
(Informative)
Standards for common materials and accessories
A.1 Aluminum alloy profile
GB/T 5237.1 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
1: Mill finish profiles
GB/T 5237.2 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
2: Anodized profiles
GB/T 5237.3 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
3: Electrophoretic coating profiles
GB/T 5237.4 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
4: Powder coating profiles
GB/T 5237.5 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
5: Paint coating profiles
GB/T 5237.6 Wrought aluminum alloy extruded profiles for architecture - Part
6: Thermal barrier profiles
GB/T 23615.1 Thermal barrier materials for architecture aluminum alloy
extruded profiles - Part 1: Polyamide profiles
GB/T 23615.2 Thermal barrier materials for architectural aluminum alloy
profiles - Part 2: Thermal barrier polyurethane
JG/T 174 Polyamide thermal barrier strips for construction aluminum-alloy
profiles
JG 175 Insulating aluminum alloy profile with thermal barrier strip for
construction
A.2 Steel
GB/T 699 Quality carbon structural steels
GB/T 700 Carbon structural steels
GB/T 706 Hot rolled section steel
GB/T 708 Dimension, shape, weight and tolerance for cold-rolled steel strip
and sheet
JG/T 255 Sealed insulating glass unit with shading inside
JG/T 455 Tempered glass for window, door and curtain wall in buildings
A.4 Sealing material
GB/T 5574 Industrial rubber sheet
GB/T 14683 Silicone and modified silicone sealants for building
GB 16776 Structural silicon sealants for building
GB 24266 Secondary edge silicone sealants for structurally glazed
insulating glass units
GB/T 24267 Building sealants for fire resistance
GB/T 24498 Gaskets for doors, windows and curtain walls of buildings
JC/T 483 Polysulfide sealant for building
JC/T 485 Glazing elastic sealants for building
JC/T 635 Seal wool top of building doors and windows
JC/T 881 Building sealants for joint of concrete construction
A.5 Hardware accessories
GB/T 24601 Building hardware for windows - Bottom-hung hardware system
GB/T 32223 Building hardware for windows and doors - General
requirements
JG/T 124 Architectural windows and doors hardware parts - Handle for
transmission mechanism
JG/T 125 Building hardware of windows and doors - Hinges
JG/T 126 Building hardware for windows and doors - Espagnolette gears
JG/T 127 Building hardware for windows and doors - Friction hinges
JG/T 128 Building hardware for windows and doors - Stay arms
JG/T 129 Building hardware for windows and doors - Rollers
JG/T 130 Building hardware for windows and doors - Single point locking
gears
GB/T 3098.10 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Bolts, screws, studs and
nuts made of non-ferrous metals
GB/T 3098.11 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Drilling screws with
taping screw thread
GB/T 3098.15 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Nuts made of stainless-
steel
GB/T 3098.19 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Blind rivets with break
pull mandrel
GB/T 3098.21 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Stainless steel tapping
screws
GB/T 5780 Hexagon head bolts - Product grade C
GB/T 5781 Hexagon head bolts - Full thread - Product grade C
GB/T 6170 Hexagon nuts, style 1
GB/T 6172.1 Hexagon thin nuts (chamfered)
GB/T 12615.1 Closed end blind rivets with break pull mandrel and protruding
head - Property class 11
GB/T 12616.1 Closed end blind rivets with break pull mandrel and
countersunk head - Property class 11
GB/T 12617.1 Open end blind rivets with break pull mandrel and
countersunk head - Property class 10, 11
GB/T 12618.1 Open end blind rivets with break pull mandrel and protruding
head - Property class 10, 11
GB/T 13821 Zinc alloy die castings
GB/T 15114 Aluminum alloy die castings
GB/T 15856.1 Cross recessed pan head drilling screws with tapping screw
thread
GB/T 15856.2 Cross recessed countersunk head drilling screws
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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