GB/T 41062-2021 PDF English
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Test method for thermal transport properties to friction materials and brakes
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GB/T 41062-2021: PDF in English (GBT 41062-2021) GB/T 41062-2021
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.040.40
CCS Q 69
Test method for thermal transport properties to friction
materials and brakes
ISSUED ON: DECEMBER 31, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON: JULY 01, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 Test methods ... 6
References ... 18
Test method for thermal transport properties to friction
materials and brakes
WARNING – The personnel who uses this document shall have hands-on
experience in formal laboratory work. This document does not address all possible
security issues. It is the responsibility of the user to take appropriate safety and
health measures and to ensure compliance with the conditions which are set by the
relevant national regulations.
1 Scope
This document describes test methods for thermal diffusivity, specific heat, thermal
conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion to friction materials and brakes.
This document applies to the determination of thermal conductivity properties to disc
brake linings, drum brake linings and friction materials.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this
document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the
version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references,
the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 4339, Test methods for thermal expansion characteristic parameters of
metallic materials
GB/T 5620, Road vehicles - Vocabulary and definition for braking of automotive
vehicles and their trailers
GB/T 10295, Thermal insulation - Determination of steady-state thermal resistance
and related properties - Heat flow meter apparatus
GB/T 19466.4, Plastics - Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) - Part 4:
Determination of specific heat capacity
GB/T 22588, Determination of thermal diffusivity or thermal conductivity by the
flash method
GB/T 32064, Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of
building materials: transient plane heat source method
3 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions determined by GB/T 5620 and the following ones are applicable
to this document.
3.1
Thermal diffusivity
The rate of heat diffusion inside the friction material when the friction material is heated
or cooled.
Note: in square centimeters per second (cm2/s). The larger the thermal diffusivity, the
faster the temperature diffusion and heat flow through the material.
3.2
Specific heat
Cp
The heat absorbed or released by a unit mass of a substance when the temperature rises
or falls under the condition of constant pressure.
Note: in Joules per gram Celsius [J/(g·°C)].
3.3
Thermal conductivity
The time rate of heat flow per unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular
to the area, through the unit area, under stable conditions.
Note: in watts per meter kelvins [W/(m·K)].
4 Test methods
4.1 Determination method of thermal diffusivity
4.1.1 Method overview
The laser flash method is a method used to determine the thermal diffusivity. Expose a
test piece of known thickness to an intense laser or xenon flash lamp, to obtain a short
e) recording device;
f) host;
g) probe;
h) sample compartment;
i) thermostat.
4.1.3 Test piece
4.1.3.1 Flash method (method A)
4.1.3.1.1 The commonly used sample is a thin disk-shaped sample whose surface area
for receiving pulsed energy radiation is smaller than the energy beam spot. The typical
diameter of a test piece is 6 mm ~ 18 mm; the optimal thickness of a test piece depends
on the estimated thermal diffusivity; this thickness of test piece shall be selected to
ensure that the time required to reach the maximum temperature varies within 40 ms ~
200 ms. A thinner test piece shall be used for high temperature measurements, so as to
minimize the heat loss correction. The test piece shall be of sufficient thickness, so that
the to-be-tested material is more representative. The typical thickness of a test piece is
1 mm ~ 6 mm. Since the thermal diffusivity is proportional to the square of the thickness
of test piece, different thicknesses of test piece should be used in different temperature
ranges. The optimal thickness of test piece required for low temperature testing is
inconsistent with that required for high temperature testing.
4.1.3.1.2 Improperly selected thickness of test piece will not only cause unnecessary
test failures, but also be the main cause of test errors. Generally, a test piece with a
thickness of 2 mm ~ 3 mm can be selected at the beginning; then, the thickness of test
piece can be changed based on the obtained temperature recording curve (the signal
cannot be observed if the test piece is too thick).
4.1.3.1.3 The surface of the prepared test piece shall be flat and the parallel error shall
be within 0.5% of the thickness. There shall be no surface defects (sandish holes,
scratches, streaks) as they would seriously affect the test results.
4.1.3.2 Plane heat source method (method B)
4.1.3.2.1 The effective diameter of the test surface of the test piece shall not be less than
twice the diameter of the probe; the surface shall be flat, and the surface material and
density shall not be modified.
4.1.3.2.2 Block samples shall meet the requirements of 4.1.3.2.1, and can be prepared
into cylinders, cubes, etc. The thickness of the upper and lower samples shall be the
same, and the thickness should be greater than the diameter of the selected probe, but
not less than the radius of the probe.
4.1.3.2.3 Sheet samples shall meet the requirements of 4.1.3.2.1. During preparation,
the thickness of the upper and lower samples shall be the same, and the deviation shall
not be greater than 0.01 mm.
4.1.3.2.4 Film samples shall meet the requirements of 4.1.3.2.1. During preparation, the
thickness of the upper and lower samples shall be the same, and the deviation shall not
be greater than 0.001 mm.
4.1.3.2.5 The uniaxial anisotropy sample shall meet the requirements of 4.1.3.2.1.
During preparation, the test surface of the sample shall be parallel to the plane
determined by the x-axis and the y-axis.
4.1.3.2.6 Dry the sample to constant mass and adjust it to the test temperature; when
there are special requirements, the sample shall be adjusted according to the product
requirements.
4.1.4 Test procedure
4.1.4.1 The flash method (method A) shall be determined according to GB/T 22588.
4.1.4.2 The plane heat source method (method B) shall be determined according to
GB/T 32064.
4.1.5 Test report
The test report shall at least include the following information:
a) sample identification;
b) sample thickness;
c) test temperature;
d) thermal diffusivity, under the test temperature, that is calculated when X = 50%
(percentage of temperature rise), m2/s;
e) a statement related to the thermal diffusivity calculated for X = 25%, X = 75%
and X = 50%, or a comparison of the data at each temperature in the descending
part of the test curve with the theoretical model;
f) report of repeated test results at each temperature;
g) Whether the thermal expansion is corrected, if yes, the thermal expansion data
used shall be reported;
h) correction process for heat loss and finite pulse time effects and analysis of errors;
i) environmental conditions around the sample;
Where:
Cp – specific heat, in Joules per gram Celsius [J/(g·°C)];
ΔQ – heat, in Joules (J);
m – mass of test piece, in grams (g);
ΔT – temperature rise, in degrees Celsius (°C).
4.2.2 Instruments and apparatuses
The instruments and apparatuses required for the determination of specific heat are as
follows:
a) DSC instrument: capable of heating or cooling at a constant rate of 0.5 °C/min ~
20 °C/min; capable of keeping the test temperature constant within ±0.5 °C for at
least 60 minutes; capable of sub-programmed heating or temperature rise of other
modes;
b) crucible: of good thermal conductivity, capable of being covered and sealed, and
capable of withstanding the pressure generated during the measurement process;
c) analytical balance: weighing accuracy of ±0.01 mg.
4.2.3 Test piece
Test pieces can be classified as powders, particles, granules, or pieces cut from the
sample. Test pieces shall be representative of the test sample and shall be prepared and
handled with care. If the test piece is cut from the sample, care shall be taken to prevent
the polymer from reorienting or other phenomena that may change its properties from
happening when heated. Grinding and similar operations shall be avoided to prevent
exposure to heat, or reorientation, or heat history of changing the test piece. For granular
or powder samples, two or more test pieces shall be taken. The method of sampling and
the preparation of the test pieces shall be stated in the test report.
4.2.4 Test procedure
The specific heat shall be determined according to GB/T 19466.4.
4.2.5 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) test date;
b) all necessary details for complete description of the test sample, including heat
history;
c) manufacturer's model and type (power compensation type or heat flow type) of
the DSC instrument used;
d) shape, size and material of the crucible and lid of the sample for test;
e) test atmosphere and flow rate;
f) calibration substances, including information on the printed matter, nature of the
material, mass of usage and other characteristics relevant to calibration;
g) shape, size and mass of the test piece;
h) details of sampling and conditioning of test pieces;
i) temperature program parameters, namely: initial temperature, heating rate, final
temperature, time interval of isothermal section, and temperature increment in the
step-by-step method; if cooling is adopted, the cooling rate shall also be specified;
j) test results, including specific heat and corresponding temperature;
k) other required information.
4.3 Determination method of thermal conductivity
4.3.1 Method overview
The steady-state measurement of heat, or the speed of heat passing through a material,
is an important indicator for evaluating the thermal transport of a material. The thermal
conductivity is the unit heat transferred through a material of unit thickness under stable
heat transfer conditions, and is calculated according to Formula (3):
Where:
λ – thermal conductivity, in watts per meter kelvin [W/(m·K)];
H – heat flow through the area A, in watts (W);
A – heat transfer area, in square meters (m2);
– temperature gradient, in Kelvins per meter (K/m).
c) thickness of the test piece at the time of measurement, and, in the case of a double
test piece arrangement, total thickness of the two test pieces; indication of
mandatory or measured thickness.
d) method and temperature of conditioning.
e) density of the test piece during measurement.
f) relative mass change during drying or conditioning.
g) relative mass change during measurement, and observed thickness and volume
changes.
h) average temperature difference of test pieces that is calculated according to the
temperature of the hot and cold plates, and the measurement method.
i) measured average temperature.
j) heat flow density at equilibrium.
k) thermal resistance of the test piece; and, when applicable, thermal resistivity,
thermal conductivity, and thickness ranges for which these values are available.
l) type of heat flow meter device used; methods to reduce edge heat loss, ambient
temperature around the plate during measurement, and the number and location
of heat flow meters.
m) device orientation: vertical, horizontal or other. When the test piece of the single
test piece device is not vertical, the position of the hot side of the test piece shall
be stated: top, bottom or other position.
n) In the case where a sheet material needs to be inserted between the test piece and
the panel of the device or a waterproof vapor cover needs to be used during the
test, the nature and thickness of the sheet material or the waterproof vapor cover
shall be stated. If a temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature
difference, the measurement method shall be given.
o) date of measurement, date of last calibration of the device and type of material
used.
p) If it helps to interpret the results, the entire test and the duration of the steady state
during the test shall be presented.
q) For the test piece used in the calibration, indicate the type, thermal resistance, date
of test piece identification, identification unit, valid date of identification and
number of identification tests.
r) It is recommended to state the maximum expected error of the measured heat
transfer properties in the report; when some requirements in the standard are not
met, it is recommended to include a report of the error estimate.
s) When the determination process described in this document cannot be fully met
due to circumstances (or requirements), an agreed exception statement can be
made. However, it shall be stated in the report, where the suggested sentence is:
“This determination is in full compliance with the requirements for test method
in GB/T 10295, except...” For direct-reading devices, there shall also be a
calibration of the electronic circuits and equipment or a description of compliance
with the standard (including a description of the date and linearity that meets the
requirements).
4.4 Determination method of coefficient of thermal expansion
4.4.1 Method overview
The differential pushrod dilatometers is used to determine the coefficient of linear
expansion. The thermal expansion of the test sample is determined from the thermal
expansion of a standard reference sample (e.g., quartz). Place two samples side by side
in a furnace to heat slowly while pressing two pushrods extending from the furnace to
a Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) with thermal isolation in order to
measure their length change. The difference in expansion between the two samples
results in different movements of the pushrod, allowing the determination of the
unknown sample's coefficient of linear thermal expansion, which is the ratio of the
change in length to the original length at the initial temperature. Use a thermocouple to
measure the temperature of the sample. Calculate according to Formula (5):
Where:
αm – coefficient of thermal expansion, per degree Celsius (°C-1);
ΔL – length change, in millimeters (mm);
L0 – original length of the test piece, in millimeters (mm);
ΔT – temperature rise, in degrees Celsius (°C).
4.4.2 Instruments and apparatuses
The instruments and apparatuses required for the determination of coefficient of
thermal expansion is as follows:
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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