GB/T 38423-2019 PDF English
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Determination of total concentration of certain elements in toys
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GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 97.200.50
Y 57
Determination of total concentration of certain
elements in toys
(ISO 8124-5:2015, Safety of toys - Part 5: Determination of total
concentration of certain elements in toys, MOD)
ISSUED ON: DECEMBER 31, 2019
IMPLEMENTED ON: DECEMBER 31, 2019
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 6
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Principle ... 8
5 Reagents and apparatus ... 8
6 Selection and composition of test portions ... 10
7 Preparation of test portions ... 11
8 Digestion and analysis of test portions ... 13
9 Detection limits of the test method ... 16
10 Calculation of results ... 17
11 Precision ... 17
12 Test report ... 18
Annex A (Informative) Background and rationale ... 19
Annex B (Informative) Precision data obtained from inter-laboratory test results
... 24
Bibliography ... 25
Determination of total concentration of certain
elements in toys
WARNING - The personnel using this Standard shall have practical
experience in regular laboratory work. This Standard does not point out
all possible safety problems. It is the responsibility of the user to take
appropriate safety and health measures and to ensure compliance with
the conditions of relevant national regulations.
1 Scope
1.1 This Standard specifies the sampling, digestion and instrumental analysis
methods for the determination of the total concentration of certain elements of
antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium in
toy materials and toy parts.
Note: Other certain elements, after verification, can be determined with reference to the
test methods of this Standard. Manufacturers are encouraged to apply the test
methods of this Standard and the limits from GB 6675.4-2014 to raw materials used
in the manufacture of toys to give increased certainty of conformity to the
requirements of GB 6675.4-2014.
1.2 This Standard applies to the following types of toy materials:
- coatings of paints, varnishes, lacquers, printing inks, polymers, and similar
coatings;
- polymeric and similar materials, including laminates, whether textile-
reinforced or not, but excluding other textiles;
- paper, paperboard, and cardboard;
- natural or synthetic textiles;
- metallic materials whether coated or not;
- other dip dyeable materials, whether mass-coloured or not (e.g. wood,
fibreboard, hardboard, bone, and leather);
- materials intended to leave a trace (e.g. the graphite materials in pencils
and liquid ink in pens);
- pliable modelling materials, including modelling clays and gels;
metallic particles or not, no matter how they have been applied to the toy.
Note: This definition includes metallic coatings deposited on a metal surface such as an
electroplated coating. However, electroplating will only require testing if it can be
removed by scraping (3.6); otherwise, it may be tested with the base material.
3.3
Laboratory sample
Product either in the form in which it is marketed, or in the form in which it is
intended to be marketed.
3.4
Test portion
Single material taken from an accessible part of a laboratory sample (3.3).
3.5
Composite test portion
Test portion that is composed of more than one similar material type.
Note: This definition excludes the mixing of different types of materials, such as not
allowing the mixing of textiles and paint coatings.
3.6
Scraping
Mechanical process for removal of coatings (3.2) down to the base material
(3.1).
3.7
Complete digestion
Complete breakdown of the test portion.
3.8
Sample blank
Solution that has undergone the same digestion processes used for the
digestion of test portions (3.4) and consists of all reagents excluding the test
portion.
5.2.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).
5.2.3 Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES).
5.2.4 Microwave digestion system, equipped with sample holder and digestion
vessel. The digestion vessel is a closed vessel suitable for microwave digestion.
It is advisable to use a digestion vessel that can withstand a temperature of at
least 225 °C and an internal pressure of at least 3000 kPa. The liner of the
vessel shall be PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)/TFM [tris-(α-trifluoromethyl-β,β-
difluorovinyl)-1,3,5-enzenetricarboxylate], or PTFE/PFA (perfluoroalkoxy
ethylene) or another chemically inert material. Vessels shall also be equipped
with a safety relief valve or disc that will prevent vessel rupture or ejection of
the vessel cap.
Note 1: Some new microwave digestion systems do not need to use high-pressure
digestion vessels. As long as they can achieve the same digestion effect, these
systems can also be used.
Note 2: For microwave digestion systems of different models and different manufacturers
used in different laboratories, there may be many different and specific safety
guidelines and operating recommendations. Operators need to, according to the
equipment manual, and the safety operation guidelines provided by the
manufacturer or related to the literature, correctly operate and use microwave
digestion equipment and digestion vessel (see A.3, precautions for microwave
digestion).
Note 3: The inner liners shall be inspected regularly to check for any chemical or physical
degradation.
Note 4: Internal pressures in excess of 3000 kPa can occur with some samples, e.g.
crayons, and so a suitable pressure-rated vessel, e.g. 5000 kPa, should be used
in these cases.
5.2.5 Electric hot plate. The surface temperature can reach at least 140 °C.
Note: Provided that the hot plate is capable of handling the extra heating required, use of
a 12 mm to 25 mm thick heat-resistant glass plate placed on the hot plate can help
reduce the presence of hot spots common to electric hot plates.
5.2.6 Graphite digester, heatable sleeve device with temperature adjustment
function (equipment with programmed setting or temperature rising function can
be selected). Heating temperature can reach at least 140 °C. It is equipped with
a suitable digestion container.
5.2.7 Scalpel, or other suitable scraping or cutting tools.
7 Preparation of test portions
7.1 Coatings of paint, varnish, lacquer, printing ink, polymer and similar
coatings
At room temperature, the coating is obtained from the toy sample by scraping;
take care to avoid scraping the base material. Where lithographic coatings (dot
printing) are present, it is impractical to separate the individual colours and so
select a representative test portion. Under the condition of not exceeding the
ambient temperature, the sample is divided into small pieces with a length of
no more than 2 mm in any direction, to facilitate the digestion.
Some coatings deposited on non-polymeric base material are more difficult to
scratch. It is permissible to add a few drops of solvent, such as methylene
chloride (5.1.6) or acetone/ethanol solution (5.1.7), to soften the coating and
facilitate scraping.
If a solvent treatment is used, it shall make sure that all solvents remaining in
the sample are completely removed by evaporation before weighing.
7.2 Polymeric and similar materials, including laminates, whether textile-
reinforced or not, but excluding other textiles
Scrape-off, cut, or grind the clean, dry material into pieces having a maximum
length in any dimension of 2 mm using a scalpel or other suitable scraping or
cutting tool.
7.3 Paper, paperboard and cardboard
Cut the material into pieces with a maximum length in any dimension of 2 mm
using a suitable cutting tool.
If the paper or paperboard to be tested is coated with paint, varnish, lacquer,
printing ink, adhesive, or similar coating, test portions of the coating shall not
be taken separately. In such cases, take test portions from the material so that
they also include representative parts of the coated area. Material that is printed,
where the ink has become part of the base material, is prepared as though they
are unprinted.
7.4 Natural or synthetic textiles
Cut the material into pieces having a maximum length in any dimension of 2
mm using a suitable cutting tool. The material or colour with a mass of 10
mg~100 mg shall be taken as part of the test portion obtained from the main
material; shall be tested separately as a test portion different from the main
tested in the dry or liquid state.
7.9 Metallic materials whether or not coated
First, according to GB 6675.2, carry out small parts test on toys or components.
If the toy or toy component can be completely accommodated in small parts
instrument and contains accessible metallic materials, the metallic materials
shall be tested.
Using suitable cutting and grinding tools, obtain a test portion of between 10
mg and 100 mg.
Where practical, obtain the test portion from an uncoated part of the metallic
material. If the metal part is coated, remove any coatings (including
electroplated coatings) that can be scraped off. Electroplating that cannot be
removed by scraping shall be tested together with the metallic base material.
Materials less than 10 mg are exempt from testing (see 6.1, selection of test
portions), and are indicated in the report [see Clause 12 c)].
8 Digestion and analysis of test portions
8.1 General
Clause 8 provides three digestion methods: microwave digestion (8.2), electric
hot plate and graphite digester digestion (8.3). Digestion of samples with
electric hot plate and graphite digester shall be carried out in a fume hood. 8.2
(microwave digestion) and 8.3 (electric hot plate and graphite digester digestion)
describe that, how to use aqua regia [3 parts of hydrochloric acid (5.1.4) and 1
part of nitric acid (5.1.2)] and reverse aqua regia [1 part of hydrochloric acid
(5.1.4) and 3 parts of nitric acid (5.1.2)] to digest the test portions. Then, use
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) or inductively coupled
plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) for quantitative analysis. Other
instruments whose detection limits meet the requirements (see Table 1) can
also be used.
Aqua regia and reverse aqua regia are best prepared in situ in the presence of
the test portion. The order of mixing the hydrochloric acid and nitric acid is not
critical but should be the same for consistency. Sample blanks are pretreated
with each batch of samples.
Allow the laboratory to use appropriate different microwave digestion systems
and digestion conditions. However, the laboratory shall, based on the
equipment manufacturer's recommendations and experience in the digestion of
different types of materials, determine the best digestion conditions. The most
basic requirement is complete digestion. If the safety relief valve or safety
Following completion of the digestion program, allow the vessels to cool for at
least 5 min before transferring to a fumes hood for further cooling until the
temperature of the sample digestion solution is less than 40 °C (typically at least
1 h). Carefully open the vessel and check that the test portion has completely
digested.
If the digestion is incomplete (e.g. evidence of original sample, solid lumps of
charred test portion), the test should be repeated using a new test portion and
alternative digestion conditions until a complete digestion has been achieved.
In the event that a complete digestion cannot be achieved, an alternative
method must be used (see A.4.2, incomplete digestion). Such methods are
outside the scope of this Standard and their use shall be indicated in the final
test report [see Clause 12 d)].
When the digestion is complete, quantitatively transfer the digestate with
washings to a beaker and evaporate to about 1 mL on a hot plate. Allow to cool
and then add about 4 mL to 5 mL of water followed by 3 to 4 drops of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (5.1.4). Filter the digest solution into a 25 mL
volumetric flask (5.2.13) or where limited sample was available, into a 10 mL
volumetric flask (5.2.13), to avoid excessive dilution. Dilute to the mark with
water (5.1.1). This diluted digest shall be subjected to instrumental
quantification as soon as practically possible.
8.3 Digestion with electric hot plate and graphite digester
8.3.1 Analysis by ICP-OES
Weigh 10 mg~100 mg of test portion, accurate to 0.1 mg; place it in a 25 mL
beaker or other digestion vessel; carefully add 4.5 mL of concentrated
hydrochloric acid (5.1.4); and then add 1.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid (5.1.2).
After the reaction is complete, add dropwise 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide (5.1.5)
(optional). If the reaction vessel is a beaker, it shall be covered with a watch
glass. Heat on the electric hot plate (5.2.5) or graphite digester (5.2.6) (surface
temperature is about 140 °C), until most of the acid is evaporated.
Note: In the case of hot plate digestion, to eliminate the possibility of cross-contamination
or sample loss, avoid boiling or evaporating to complete dryness. It is possible to
evaporate to a final volume of approximately 1 mL. The composition of this 1 mL
digestate is predominantly concentrated nitric acid with reaction products from the
sample.
If brown fumes are still observed after digestion for 1 h or particles are observed
in the solution, continue the heating. Add an appropriate amount of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (5.1.4) and concentrated nitric acid (5.1.2) in the
same ratio (3:1) to prevent the sample from becoming dry. When the sample
Annex A
(Informative)
Background and rationale
A.1 Use and applicability
A.1.1 General
This Standard is intended to provide a means of determining whether a certain
element is present in a toy material and at what total concentration. This results
may be used to decide whether further testing to GB 6675.4-2014 is required.
For example in the case that all elements of concern have a total concentration
at or below the levels set out in GB 6675.4-2014, Table 1 it would be impossible
for the material to show a migration level in excess of the limits in GB 6675.4-
2014, Table 1.
Note: This Standard only addresses the 8 elements listed in Table 1 of GB 6675.4-2014.
The test laboratory shall conduct internal verification of the methods detailed in this
Standard. The total concentration result can also be used to determine whether it
violates other regulations or standards on the total concentration of certain elements.
As stated in 1.2, this Standard is not applicable to glass, ceramic, and siliceous
materials. Methods for the determination of total concentration of certain
elements in these materials can be found in other standards such as CPSC-
CH-E1002-08.3.
A.1.2 Compositing of test portions
Composite testing is feasible, but care must be taken in order to avoid an error
of the analytical results. If very small sample masses are used in composite
tests, errors in weighing can become significant. Therefore, whenever possible,
the mass of the composite test portion should be around 100 mg. In cases
where this is not practical, the mass of an individual test portion is not permitted
to be less than 10 mg. A sufficient amount of material has to be used for each
material in the composite test portion, giving proper consideration for the
weighing capabilities of the balance used, the detection limits following the
dilution of the digested solution (see Table 1) and for the subsequent
instrumental analysis. The compositing of different types of materials is not
permitted, e.g. compositing textiles and paint coatings. Only similar materials
can be grouped together into a composite test portion (3.5). When calculating
the concentration of a target element in a material, it is assumed that all of that
element found in the digested sample originated from just one of the composite
ρE - the element mass concentration measured by the instrument, in milligrams
per liter (mg/L);
Vf - constant volume, in milliliters (mL);
m1 - mass of a single test portion, in grams (g).
In the example above, it can be seen that the composite test portion result of
825 mg/kg marginally exceeds the safety limit; but by using the exact mass of
the individual test portion, a more precise decision on re-testing can be made
on a material by material basis. In the example, the yellow and red plastics
results both exceed the safety limit of 800 mg/kg and so should be re-tested as
individual materials. The blue plastic is below the safety limit and so need not
be re-tested.
A.2 Scope
The wording “that form part of the toy” in 1.2 is intended to mean, for example,
boxes containing jigsaw puzzles or packaging on which the instructions are
included in the case of games, etc. It is not intended to address packs
containing only simple instructions.
A.3 Precautions relating to microwave digestion
This Standard does not specify the use conditions of microwave digestion
system. This allows the test laboratory to use an appropriate microwave system
and digestion conditions. However, the test laboratory should determine the
optimum digestion conditions based upon the equipment manufacturer‘s
recommendations and the laboratory’s own experiences with digestion of
various material types. It is essential that complete digestion of test portion is
achieved.
Microwave digestion equipment varies from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Always consult the specific equipment manual and manufacturer’s literature for
proper and safe operation of the microwave equipment and vessels. Some
precautions are common to most designs and are noted below:
- Inspect the inner liners of the microwave digestion vessel regularly to check
for any chemical or physical degradation and replace any defective parts.
- The digestion methods involve the use of strong acids which are corrosive
and cause burns. Laboratory coats, gloves, and safety glasses should be
worn when handling acids.
- Toxic and irritating fumes are released by nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
Always carry out digestion in a fume cupboard and when adding acid to
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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