GB/T 37464-2019 PDF English
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Hardening and Tempering of Heavy Steel Forgings
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GB/T 37464-2019: Hardening and Tempering of Heavy Steel Forgings---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT37464-2019
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 25.200
J 36
Hardening and Tempering of Heavy Steel Forgings
ISSUED ON: MAY 10, 2019
IMPLEMENTED ON: DECEMBER 1, 2019
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Terms and Definitions ... 5
4 Workpieces to be Processed ... 5
5 Heat Treatment Equipment ... 6
6 Heat Treatment Process ... 8
7 Heat Treatment Quality and Inspection ... 11
8 Shape Correction ... 13
9 Safety and Hygiene Requirements ... 13
10 Energy Consumption Requirements ... 13
11 Product Report ... 13
Appendix A (Informative) Phase Transformation Point, Hardening Temperature
and Cooling Mode of Commonly Used Steel Grades ... 15
Appendix B (Informative) Calculation Method of Effective Thickness of
Workpieces ... 18
Appendix C (Informative) Water Cooling Criterion ... 20
Appendix D (Informative) Selection Principle of Final Cooling Temperature of
the Heart of Heavy Steel Forgings ... 21
Appendix E (Informative) Hardening and Tempering Process Curves of
Commonly Used Steel Grades ... 22
Hardening and Tempering of Heavy Steel Forgings
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the technical requirements and methods (including workpieces
to be processed, heat treatment equipment, heat treatment process, heat treatment
quality and inspection, shape correction, safety and hygiene requirements, energy
consumption requirements and product report) for hardening and tempering of heavy
steel forgings.
This Standard is applicable to integral hardening and tempering of heavy steel forgings
for heavy equipment in industries like energy, metallurgy and transportation, etc.
This Standard is not applicable to surface hardening.
2 Normative References
The following documents are indispensable to the application of this document. In
terms of references with a specified date, only versions with a specified date are
applicable to this document. In terms of references without a specified date, the latest
version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 228.1 Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing - Part 1: Method of Test at Room
Temperature
GB/T 229 Metallic Materials - Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Method
GB/T 230.1 Metallic Materials - Rockwell Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method
GB/T 231.1 Metallic Materials - Brinell Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method
GB/T 4341.1 Metallic Materials - Shore Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method
GB/T 6394 Metal - Methods for Estimating the Average Grain Size
GB/T 7232 Terminology of Metal Heat Treatment
GB/T 9452 Testing Method for Working Zone of Heat Treatment Furnace
GB/T 13298 Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals
GB/T 13324 Terminology of Heat Treatment Equipment
GB 15735 Requirements for the Safety and Health in Production Process of Metal
Heat Treatment
a) Smelting furnace No. or batch No. of workpieces;
b) Quantity and quality of workpieces;
c) Material nameplate, if necessary, detailed chemical composition of workpieces
shall also be provided;
d) A sketch map of workpieces’ appearance and dimensions;
e) Workpieces’ previous process, for example, the mode of molding and
processing, and whether heat treatment has been conducted;
f) If there are workpiece-related inspections, inspection report needs to be
provided (including, but not limited to: flaw detection and metallographic report);
g) Other information.
4.2 Workpiece Appearance
4.2.1 Before hardening and tempering, the surface of workpieces shall manifest no
defects like cracks or black scars that might affect the quality of heat treatment.
4.2.2 In terms of workpiece cross-sections that have abrupt changes, smooth transition
is requested. There shall be no sharp edges or right angles. Edges and corners shall
receive fillet or chamfering processing.
4.2.3 On workpieces, there shall be no blind holes that would affect the quality of heat
treatment. If there are blind holes, certain measures shall be adopted towards the parts
with the holes.
4.3 Requirements of Acceptance Inspection after Heat Treatment
Before heat treatment, the requirements and methods of acceptance inspection after
heat treatment shall be clarified. If there are requirements of sampling and inspection
after heat treatment, sampling method, sampling size and testing method shall be
determined.
5 Heat Treatment Equipment
5.1 Hardening Heating Equipment
5.1.1 The heating of heavy steel forgings shall select heat treatment furnace that
complies with the requirements. Generally speaking, the heating medium shall be air.
When workpieces have special requirements, protective atmosphere furnace may be
selected.
5.1.2 The testing method of working zone of hardening heating furnace shall comply
5.4 Temperature Measurement and Control Equipment
5.4.1 The type and technical requirements of meter system of heating furnace shall be
not lower than Type-D requirements in GB/T 30825.
5.4.2 The accuracy and examination cycle of meter shall comply with the stipulations
of Type-III equipment in GB/T 32541.
5.4.3 The selection and application of temperature sensor shall comply with the
stipulations in GB/T 30825.
5.4.4 Load thermocouple, which is used to measure workpieces’ temperature, shall be
able to tightly contact workpieces. Load thermocouple shall be prevented from the
influence of radiation and atmosphere in the furnace.
6 Heat Treatment Process
6.1 Hardening
6.1.1 Heating
6.1.1.1 Generally speaking, heavy steel forgings shall adopt the mode of stair-based
temperature rise for heating, so that the large thermal stress, which is caused by
excessive internal and external temperature difference, may be eliminated. Generally
speaking, a suitable furnace charging temperature shall be selected in accordance
with the steel grade and dimensions of workpieces. Then, at a relatively slow rate,
raise the temperature to elastoplastic transition temperature (generally between
600 °C ~ 700 °C). At this temperature, maintain constant temperature for a while, so
that the internal and external temperature of the workpieces are uniform. Then, at a
relatively fast rate, raise the temperature to hardening heating temperature.
6.1.1.2 Generally speaking, the hardening temperature of heavy steel forgings shall
take the upper limit of hardening temperature of corresponding materials. Please refer
to Appendix A for the hardening temperature of commonly used steel grades.
6.1.2 Soaking and holding time
6.1.2.1 Soaking time of heavy steel forgings may be estimated in accordance with
experience. Or, load thermocouples may be installed on the surface of workpieces.
When the temperature of all the load thermocouples on the surface of workpieces
reaches the hardening temperature, start the calculation of holding time.
6.1.2.2 Holding time may be determined through effective thickness of steel grades
and workpieces. Please refer to Appendix B for the calculation method of effective
thickness of workpieces. Generally speaking, the holding time of carbon steel and low
alloy steel shall be calculated in accordance with 0.6 h/100 mm ~ 1.2 h/100 mm. The
Tempering temperature of heavy steel plates may be determined in accordance with
technical requirements.
6.2.4 Soaking and holding time
Tempering soaking time of heavy steel forgings may be estimated in accordance with
a half of the tempering holding time. If thermocouples are placed on the surface of
workpieces, when all the thermocouples on the surface of workpieces reach the
holding temperature, start thermal insulation.
Tempering holding time shall be determined in accordance with the effective thickness
of workpieces. Under general circumstances, every 100 mm of effective thickness shall
at least maintain 2 h of thermal insulation.
6.2.5 Cooling after tempering
The mode of tempering cooling of heavy steel forgings may take Appendix E as a
reference.
In terms of workpieces which have requirements towards residual stress, reduce
workpieces’ cooling rate at above 400 °C to the greatest extent. In terms of steel grades
which would easily generate tempering brittleness, corresponding cooling method may
be selected in accordance with the specific shapes and dimensions of workpieces.
6.3 Hardening and Tempering Process Curve
Hardening and tempering process curve and parameters of some steel grades may
take Appendix E as a reference.
6.4 Process Control
6.4.1 Operators
Heat treatment operators shall receive certain trainings and obtain relevant certificates.
6.4.2 Operating requirements
6.4.2.1 Pre-furnace cleaning and inspection
Before heat treatment, clean and inspect the surface of workpieces, so as to guarantee
that there are no surface defects that would affect the quality of heat treatment.
6.4.2.2 Furnace charging
In light of the shape characteristics and performance requirements of heavy steel
forgings, reasonable tooling and furnace charging modes shall be designed, so as to
control workpieces’ distortion after heat treatment. Slender shaft should be vertically
placed in heat treatment furnace for heating.
hardness.
The inspection of surface hardness shall comply with the methods stipulated in GB/T
230.1, GB/T 231.1, GB/T 4341.1 or GB/T 17394.1.
7.1.3 Dimension inspection
After heat treatment, corresponding instruments and measuring tools shall be adopted
to measure the dimensions of workpieces. The dimensions shall satisfy the final
delivery dimensions.
7.1.4 Nondestructive testing
Nondestructive testing of workpieces may be implemented in accordance with the
stipulations in JB/T 50000.15. If it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, comply with
the contract requirements.
7.1.5 Mechanical property
Workpieces that need mechanical property inspection may comply with the items
requested in JB/T 5000.8. In accordance with the requested sampling location and
sampling size, take samples of workpieces for inspection. Tensile test shall comply
with the requirements in GB/T 228.1; impact test shall comply with the requirements in
GB/T 229.
If it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, comply with the contract requirements.
7.1.6 Metallographic inspection
Workpieces that need metallographic inspection may receive microstructure
examination and grain size evaluation in accordance with GB/T 13298 and GB/T 6394.
If it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, comply with the contract requirements.
7.2 Inspection equipment and personnel
Quality inspection equipment shall comply with relevant stipulations. Measuring
instrument shall have a verification certificate issued by metrological service and shall
be within the time of validity.
Inspection personnel of all the items shall have a professional qualification certificate.
7.3 Re-inspection and re-heat treatment
7.3.1 Re-inspection
If the preliminary inspection result of mechanical property of workpieces does not
comply with the requirements, it is allowed to take a double size of samples from a
location that is adjacent to the disqualified samples, then, conduct re-inspection. The
re-inspection result shall completely satisfy the requirements.
If workpieces are disqualified in the mechanical property inspection because of white
dots and cracks, then, re-inspection is not allowed. The purchasing party may reject
the products.
7.3.2 Re-heat treatment
After the re-inspection, if the mechanical property is still disqualified, re-heat treatment
is allowed. After re-heat treatment, re-take samples from the workpieces for the
mechanical property inspection. The times of re-hardening shall not exceed two times;
the times of tempering shall not be restricted here.
If it is otherwise stipulated in the contract, comply with the contract requirements.
8 Shape Correction
8.1 After hardening, before tempering, shape correction of workpieces is generally
needed. The temperature of shape correction shall be lower than the tempering
temperature.
8.2 If shape correction is requested after hardening and tempering of workpieces, the
temperature of shape correction shall be at least 55 °C lower than the final tempering
temperature. After shape correction is completed, conduct destressing treatment at a
temperature that is 30 °C ~ 55 °C lower than the final tempering temperature.
8.3 Sampling and performance test shall be conducted after the destressing treatment
is completed after shape correction.
9 Safety and Hygiene Requirements
Safety and hygiene requirements of the hardening and tempering process shall comply
with relevant stipulations in GB 15735.
10 Energy Consumption Requirements
The energy consumption quota of hardening and tempering process shall comply with
relevant stipulations in GB/T 17358 and GB/T 19944.
11 Product Report
In accordance with requirements, product report may be issued. Product report shall
include the following content:
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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