GB/T 228.1-2021 PDF English
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Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
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| GB/T 228.1-2010 | English | 150 |
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Metallic materials -- Tensile testing -- Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
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Metallic materials -- Tensile testing at ambient temperature
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GB/T 228.1-2021: Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT228.1-2021
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.10
CCS H 22
Replacing GB/T 228.1-2010
Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at
room temperature
(ISO 6892-1.2019, MOD)
Issued on: DECEMBER 31, 2021
Implemented on: JULY 01, 2022
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
Introduction... 7
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative references... 8
3 Terms and definitions... 9
4 Symbols and descriptions... 17
5 Principles... 19
6 Specimens... 19
7 Determination of original cross-sectional area... 21
8 Original gauge length and extensometer gauge length... 22
9 Accuracy of test equipment... 23
10 Test requirements... 23
11 Determination of upper yield strength... 29
12 Determination of lower yield strength... 29
13 Determination of proof strength, plastic extension... 30
14 Determination of proof strength, total extension... 32
15 Verification and determination of permanent set strength... 32
16 Determination of percentage yield point extension... 32
17 Determination of percentage plastic extension at maximum force... 33
18 Determination of percentage total extension at maximum force... 34
19 Determination of percentage total extension at fracture... 34
20 Determination of percentage elongation after fracture... 34
21 Determination of percentage reduction of area... 35
22 Round-off of test result values... 36
23 Test report... 36
24 Measurement uncertainty... 37
Annex A (informative) Structural changes between this document and ISO 6892-1.2019
... 45
Annex B (informative) Technical differences between this document and ISO 6892-
1.2019 and their reasons... 46
Annex C (informative) Recommendations for the use of computer-controlled tensile
testing machines... 49
Foreword
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2020
"Directives for standardization - Part 1.Rules for the structure and drafting of
standardizing documents".
This document is Part 1 of GB/T 228 "Metallic materials - Tensile testing". The
following parts of GB/T 228 have been issued.
- Part 1.Method of test at room temperature;
- Part 2.Method of test at elevated temperature;
- Part 3.Method of test at low temperature;
- Part 4.Method of test in liquid helium.
This document replaces GB/T 228.1-2010 "Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.
Method of test at room temperature". Compared with GB/T 228.1-2010, in addition to
structural and editorial changes, the main technical changes in this document are as
follows.
a) Add JJG 139, JJG 475, JJG 762, JJG 1063 as normative references (see Chapter
2 of this document);
b) Add 3 terms and definitions. "modulus of elasticity", "default value" and
"coefficient of determination" (see Chapter 3 of this document);
c) Add selection of extensometer gauge length (see Chapter 8 of this document);
d) Add general information about testing rate (see 10.3.1 of this document);
e) Add two different types of strain rate control modes in the testing rate based on
strain rate (Method A). Method A1 and Method A2, as well as specific
explanations for Method A1 and Method A2 (see 10.3.2 of this document);
f) Add representation of computer-compatible standards (see C.5 of this document);
g) Add the normative annex "Determination of modulus of elasticity for metallic
materials by uniaxial tensile test" (see Annex D of this document);
h) Change the longitudinal arc specimen (see Table H.1 of this document, Table E.1
of Edition 2010);
i) Change the estimation of the displacement rate of the compensating beam to
account for the deformation of the testing machine system (see Annex I of this
document, Annex F of Edition 2010);
Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at
room temperature
1 Scope
This document specifies the definitions, symbols and descriptions, principles,
specimens and their dimensional measurements, test equipment, test requirements,
performance measurements, numerical rounding of test results, and test reports for
tensile tests of metallic materials.
This document applies to the determination of the tensile properties of metallic
materials at room temperature.
NOTE. Annex C gives additional recommendations for computer-controlled testing machines.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 2975, Steel and steel products - Location and preparation of samples and test
pieces for mechanical testing (GB/T 2975-2018, ISO 377.2017, MOD)
GB/T 8170, Rules of rounding off for numerical values and expression and
judgement of limiting values
GB/T 10623, Metallic material - Mechanical testing - Vocabulary (GB/T 10623-
2008, ISO 23718.2007, MOD)
GB/T 12160, Metallic materials - Calibration of extensometers systems used in
uniaxial testing (GB/T 12160-2019, ISO 9513.2012, IDT)
GB/T 16825.1, Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1.
Tension/compression testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force-
measuring system (GB/T 16825.1-2008, ISO 7500-1.2004, IDT)
GB/T 22066, Evaluation for computerized data acquisition systems for used in static
uniaxial testing machines
JJG 139, Verification regulation of Tension, Compression and Universal Testing
Machines
JJG 475, Verification Regulation of Electronic Universal Testing Machine
JJG 762, Verification Regulation for Extensometer
JJG 1063, Verification Regulation of Electro-hydraulic Servo Universal Testing
Machines
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 10623 as
well as the followings apply.
3.1 gauge length; L
The length of the parallel portion of the specimen on which elongation is measured at
any moment during the test.
3.1.1 original gauge length; Lo
The specimen gauge length before applying force at room temperature (3.1).
3.1.2 final gauge length after fracture; Lu
At room temperature, the two parts of the fractured specimen are closely butted together.
The axes of the two parts are ensured to be on the same straight line. The gauge length
(3.1) after the fracture of the specimen is measured.
4 Symbols and descriptions
The symbols used in this document and their corresponding descriptions are shown in
Table 1.
5 Principles
In the test, use tension to stretch the specimen. Generally, stretch it till it breaks.
Determine one or more of the mechanical properties defined in Chapter 3.
Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be carried out at room temperature between
10°C~35°C. For laboratories whose room temperature does not meet the above
requirements, the laboratory shall evaluate the impact of testing machines operating
under such environmental conditions on test results and/or calibration data. When
testing and calibration activities exceed the requirements of 10°C~35°C, the
temperature shall be recorded and reported. If there is a large temperature gradient
during testing and/or calibration, the measurement uncertainty may increase, and out-
of-tolerance conditions may occur.
6 Specimens
6.1 Shape and size
6.1.1 General requirements
The shape and size of the specimen depends on the shape and size of the test metal
product.
Specimens are typically cut from billets from products, pressed billets or castings and
machined into test specimens. However, products of equal cross-section (such as
sections, bars, wires) and cast specimens (cast irons and cast non-ferrous alloys) may
be tested without machining.
The cross-section of the specimen can be circular, rectangular, polygonal or annular. In
special cases, certain constant cross-sectional shapes may be used.
6.1.2 Machined specimens
If the dimensions of the gripping end of the specimen and the parallel length are not the
same, they shall be connected by a transition arc. If the transition radius is not specified
in the corresponding appendix (see 6.2), it is recommended to specify it in the relevant
product standard.
The shape of the gripping end of the specimen shall be suitable for the grip of the testing
machine. The axis of the specimen shall coincide with the action line of the force.
The parallel length Lc of the specimen or the free length between the grips when the
specimen does not have a transition arc shall be greater than the original gauge length
(Lo).
6.1.3 Unmachined specimens
If the specimen is a length or test bar of unmachined product, the length between the
two grips shall be sufficient, so as to make the original gauge mark and the collet have
a reasonable distance (see Annex E ~ Annex H).
6.2 Specimen types
The main types of test specimens are specified in Annex E to Annex H according to the
shape of the product, see Table 2.Other specimen types may also be specified in the
relevant product standard.
6.3 Specimen preparation
The blanks shall be cut, and specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the relevant
product standards for different materials. For example, steel products shall meet the
requirements of GB/T 2975.
7 Determination of original cross-sectional area
The relevant dimensions of the specimen shall be measured at a sufficient number of
points in the area of the parallel length of the specimen.
It is recommended that when measuring the cross-sectional area of the specimen,
measurements shall be made at a minimum of three different locations along the parallel
length of the specimen.
The original cross-sectional area (So) is the average value of the calculated cross-
sectional area based on the measured actual dimensions.
The calculation accuracy of the original cross-sectional area depends on the specimen
type. Annex E ~ Annex H give the evaluation methods of the original cross-sectional
area So of different types of specimens. A detailed description of the measurement
accuracy is also provided.
8 Original gauge length and extensometer gauge length
8.1 Selection of original gauge length
For proportional specimens, if the original gauge length is not 5.65 (where So is
the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length), symbol A shall be accompanied
by the following subscript indicating the proportionality coefficient used. For example,
A11.3 represents the percentage elongation after fracture of the original gauge length
(Lo) calculated according to formula (1).
For non-proportional specimens (see Annex E and Annex G), symbol A shall be
accompanied by the following subscript indicating the original gauge length (in mm)
used. For example, A80mm represents the percentage elongation after fracture when the
original gauge length (Lo) is 80mm.
8.2 Marks of original gauge length
For manual determination of percentage elongation after fracture A, both ends of the
original gauge length Lo shall be marked with thin dots or lines. However, marks that
cause premature fracture cannot be used. The original gauge length shall be marked
with an accuracy of ±1%.
For proportional specimens, if the difference between the calculated value of the
original gauge length and its marked value is less than 10% Lo, the calculated value of
the original gauge length can be rounded to the nearest multiple of 5mm according to
GB/T 8170.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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