GB/T 12897-2006 PDF English
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Specifications for the first and second order leveling
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GB/T 12897-2006: Specifications for the first and second order leveling---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT12897-2006
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 07.040
A 76
Replacing GB 12897-1991
Specifications for the first and second order leveling
Issued on. MAY 24, 2006
Implemented on. OCTOBER 01, 2006
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 7
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative references... 8
3 Terms and definitions... 9
4 Leveling network... 10
5 Point selection and stone burial... 15
6 Instruments... 27
7 Leveling observation... 31
8 Cross-river leveling... 42
9 Records, arrangements, and calculations of field achievements... 68
Appendix A (Normative) Drawing format of selected stone burial data and mark
stone fabrication and burial descriptions... 74
Appendix B (Normative) Instrument inspection method... 100
Appendix C (Normative) Vane production and observation record for cross-river
leveling... 153
Appendix D (Normative) Observation handbook format and height difference
table preparation... 174
1 Scope
This standard specifies the layout principles, leveling methods, and accuracy
indicators for the establishment of the first and second order leveling networks
throughout the country.
This standard applies to the layout and survey of the state first and second
order leveling network. Regional precise leveling networks can also make
reference to it.
2 Normative references
The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Standard
through reference in this Standard. For the dated references, the subsequent
amendments (excluding corrections) or revisions do not apply to this Standard;
however, parties who reach an agreement based on this Standard are
encouraged to study if the latest versions of these documents are applicable.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.
GB/T 3161 Optical theodolite
GB/T 10156 Level
GB/T 16818 Specifications for short to medium ranges electro-optical
distance measurements
GB/T 18314 Specifications for global positioning system (GPS) surveys
GB 50007-2002 Code for design of building foundation
CH 1001 General rules for drafting technical summaries of surveying and
mapping
CH 1002 Specifications for inspection and acceptance of surveying and
mapping products
CH 1003 Standard for quality assessment of surveying and mapping
products
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
3.1
Node
The benchmark in the leveling network that connects at least three leveling
lines.
3.2
Leveling line
Leveling line between two adjacent nodes in the same order leveling network.
3.3
Section
Leveling line between two adjacent basic benchmarks in a leveling line.
3.4
Leveling section
Leveling line between two adjacent benchmarks.
3.5
Connect leveling
The observation of including a benchmark or other elevation point in a
leveling line.
3.6
Branch leveling
Observation from any benchmark in a leveling line to any other fixed point.
4 Leveling network
4.1 Elevation system and elevation reference
The elevation of the benchmark point is a normal height system, which is
calculated starting from the 1985 national elevation reference. Qingdao national
origin elevation is 72.260 m.
4.2 Leveling accuracy
The accident mean square error MΔ per kilometer leveling and the complete
mean square error MW per kilometer leveling shall not exceed the values as
specified in Table 1.
4.3 Layout principles
4.3.1 The first order leveling line shall be laid along the road as far as possible,
the leveling line shall be closed into a loop and form a mesh. The perimeter of
the first order leveling loop shall not be greater than 1600 km in the eastern
region and not greater than 2000 km in the western region, such perimeter can
be appropriately widened in mountain and difficult areas.
4.4 Benchmark layout density
Along the leveling line, it shall lay benchmarks at certain interval. The
benchmarks are divided into three types. bedrock benchmarks, basic
benchmarks, and ordinary benchmarks. The requirements for the spacing and
layout of various benchmarks shall be implemented in accordance with Table 2.
4.6 Connect leveling of new line and surveyed line
4.6.1 The starting point and the end point of the newly established first and
second order leveling lines shall be the bedrock benchmark or basic benchmark
of the surveyed higher and same order lines. When the end point cannot be
subject to connect leveling with the surveyed line, it shall predict the future
connect leveling line.
4.6.2 When the newly established leveling line will pass or be close to the
surveyed first and second order benchmarks within 4 km, within 1 km from the
surveyed third or fourth order benchmarks, in case of new line surveying, it shall
include the surveyed benchmarks into the plan for connect leveling or adjoining
leveling. In case of connect leveling, it shall check the surveyed benchmarks in
accordance with the provisions of 7.10.
4.7 Gravity survey on leveling lines
4.7.1 Gravity shall be measured at each benchmark on the first order leveling
line. For the second order leveling line with an elevation greater than 4000 m
or an average height difference between the benchmarks of 150 m ~ 250 m,
gravity shall also be determined for each benchmark. In the first and second
order leveling observation where the height difference is greater than 250 m,
gravity shall be measured at the ground inclination change.
4.8 Technical design of leveling network
4.8.1 Prior to the deployment of the first and second order leveling network, it
shall make surveys to collect the leveling, geological, hydrological,
meteorological, and road data.
5 Point selection and stone burial
5.1 Point selection
5.1.1 Selection of leveling line
5.1.2 Selection of benchmark position
The benchmark points shall be selected to be at location with stable ground
and representative ground elevation, be conducive to the long-term
preservation and elevation connect leveling, facilitate the satellite positioning
technology to determine the coordinates.
5.1.3 Selection of bedrock benchmark
The bedrock benchmarks should be selected on the outcrop of the bedrock or
bedrock not deeper than 5 m above the ground. The selection of bedrock
benchmarks shall be attended by geologists, to collect and analyze existing
data, to make field survey to understand the geological structure, the nature of
rocks and soils, adverse geological phenomena and groundwater.
5.1.6 Data to be submitted at the end of point selection
5.2 Buried stone
5.2.1 Type of mark stone
The leveling mark stones are divided into 14 types as listed in Table 3,
depending on the burial location, fabrication materials, and the specifications of
buried stone. The road leveling mark stone is the ordinary benchmark stone
which is buried on the shoulder of the road.
5.2.4.5 Burial of road leveling mark stone
When mechanical drilling is used, underground installations such as tap water,
gas pipelines, optical cables and cables shall be avoided.
5.2.5 External finishing of mark stone
After the leveling mark stone is laid, external finishing shall be carried out, which
will not only help to protect the mark stone, but also does not affect the
appearance of the environment.
5.2.8 Stabilization time limit for leveling mark stones
After the leveling stone is buried, the general area shall go through a rainy
season, and the permafrost area with a permafrost depth greater than 0.8 m
shall also go through a freezing and thawing period. The mark stones laid on
the rock formations shall be stabilized for one month, before they can be subject
to leveling observation.
5.2.9 Data to be submitted at the end of stone burial
5.2.10 Inspection and maintenance of leveling mark stone
The national first order and second order benchmarks shall be regularly
inspected and maintained, to ensure the benchmark integrity and elevation
effectiveness. Every five years and before resurvey of the leveling line, it shall
perform a field inspection and maintenance against the benchmarks. During
field inspection, it shall request the local government administrative
departments to provide assistance, to record the current situation of the mark
stone one by one, and deal with the following issues.
6 Instruments
6.1 Selection of instruments
The instruments used for leveling are performed as specified in Table 4.
Table 4
6.2 Instrument calibration
6.2.1 Instruments used for leveling shall be sent to the statutory metrological
verification organization for verification and calibration, it shall be used within
the validity period of the verification and calibration.
6.2.2 For the new exit-factory instrument calibration, the calibration of
instrument before work, and the calibration of instrument used for cross-river
leveling, the items shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table 5, the
inspection methods and technical requirements shall follow Appendix B.
6.3 Instrument technical indicators
Leveling instrument technical indicators are performed in accordance with Table
6.
7 Leveling observation
7.1 Observation method
7.1.1 The first and second order leveling uses a single line round-trip
observation. The round-trip observation for the same section shall use the same
type of instrument and turn-point pin along the same road.
7.2 Observation time and weather conditions
Leveling observations shall be performed when the scale division line imaging
is clear and stable. The observations shall not be made under the following
conditions.
7.3 Setting up survey stations
7.3.1 Leveling observations in the first and second orders shall select turning-
point pin (pin mass not less than 1.5 kg and length not less than 0.2 m) or scale
stand (mass not less than 5 kg) based on the soil materials of the line, the
number of turning-point pins shall be not less than 4.It may use cloud nails as
the turning-point pin for special sections.
7.4 Survey station observation sequence and method
7.4.1 Optical level observation
7.6 Observation tolerance and settings for survey station
7.6.1 Observation tolerance of survey station
The survey station observation tolerance shall not exceed the requirements of
Table 8.
7.11 Round-trip observation height difference discrepancy
and loop closure error
7.12.5 When the time interval between the repeated leveling of the leveling
section and the original leveling exceeds three months, and the difference
between the repeated leveling height difference and the original leveling height
difference exceeds the checking tolerance, it shall perform reliability checking
of the both ends of this leveling section in accordance with the provisions of
7.10.
8 Cross-river leveling
8.1 Scope of application
When the leveling line spans rivers and the sight line length is within 100 m,
general observation methods may be used, but the height of the instrument
shall be changed twice at the survey station to make two observations.
8.2 Selection of leveling method
The outline of the method used for cross-river leveling and the applicable
distances are as specified in Table 10.
8.3 Site selection and layout
8.7 Tilting screw method
8.7.1 Preparation
8.8 Theodolite inclination method
8.8.1 Preparation
The same preparation as in 8.7.1.The theodolite used, in addition to the visual
inspection of general performance, shall also be inspected in accordance with
the provisions of 6.2.2.
8.10.7.2 Quality checking of GPS baseline solution
The quality check of the GPS baseline solution shall meet the following
requirements.
9.1 Recording methods and requirements
9.1.1 Recording method
The field results measured in the first and second order leveling are divided into
electronic records and handbook records in accordance with record carriers,
and electronic records shall be given priority. Handbook records can also be
used in special areas that are not suitable for electronic records.
Electronic records are implemented with reference to C/T 2004 and CH/T 2006.
9.1.2 Record items
9.2.2 The compilation and calculation of the height difference and the
approximate elevation table shall be compiled by the two persons
independently and checked errorless. When calculating the benchmark
elevation of the state leveling network, the following corrections are performed
for the height difference used (see D.2 and D.3 for the calculation method).
9.2.3 After finishing the measurement of each leveling line, it shall calculate the
round-trip observation height difference discrepancy and the accident mean
square error MΔ per kilometer of leveling (for the line less than 100 km or
number of leveling sections less than 20, it can be included into the adjacent
line for joint calculation), it shall also comply with the requirements of 7.11 and
4.2.
9.3.3 Submission of information
9.3.3.1 Sorting and submission of data
The leveling results passing inspection and acceptance shall be counted and
sorted based on lines, bound into a book, cataloged, listed, and submitted to
the data management department.
9.3.3.2 Scope of data submitted
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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