GB/T 16508.3-2022 PDF English
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Shell boilers - Part 3: Design and strength calculation
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| GB/T 16508.3-2013 | English | 225 |
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GB/T 16508.3-2022: Shell boilers - Part 3: Design and strength calculation---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT16508.3-2022
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 27.060.30
CCS J 98
Replacing GB/T 16508.3-2013
Shell boilers - Part 3.Design and strength calculation
Issued on. JULY 11, 2022
Implemented on. FEBRUARY 01, 2023
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
Introduction... 6
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative references... 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols... 9
4 Symbols... 10
5 Design requirements... 11
6 Cylindrical element subject to internal pressure... 22
7 Cylindrical flues, cupolas, smoke tubes and other elements subjected to external
pressures... 38
8 Convex head, flue roof, hemispherical flue and convex tube plate... 54
9 Reinforced flat plates and tube plates with braces... 63
10 Braces and reinforcements... 75
11 Flat end covers and cover plates... 85
12 Foot ring... 91
13 Hole reinforcement... 92
14 Welded tees... 105
Annex A (normative) Test and finite element analysis verification method for
determining the maximum allowable working pressure of elements... 110
Annex B (normative) Design calculation for water tube plate... 117
Bibliography... 120
1 Scope
This document specifies the design requirements and strength calculation methods for
pressure elements of shell boilers. It also specifies the test and finite element analysis
verification methods for determining the maximum allowable working pressure of
elements.
This document is applicable to the design of pressure elements of shell boilers defined
in GB/T 16508.1 [including cylindrical elements bearing internal (external) pressure,
heads, tube plates, end covers, foot rings, etc.] and braces.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 150.3, Pressure vessels - Part 3.Design
GB/T 985.1, Recommended joint preparation for gas welding, manual metal arc
welding, gas-shield arc welding and beam welding
GB/T 985.2, Recommended joint preparation for submerged arc welding
GB/T 1576, Water quality for industrial boilers
GB/T 2900.48, Electrotechnical terminology of boilers
GB/T 9252, Method for pressure cycling test of gas cylinders
GB/T 12145, Quality criterion of water and steam for power plant and steam-
generating equipment
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 2900.48
and GB/T 16508.1 as well as the followings apply.
3.1 calculating temperature
Under normal working conditions, the metal temperature (arithmetic mean of inner and
outer wall temperatures) of the set pressure element or non-pressure element under load.
3.2 working pressure
Under normal design operating conditions, the highest pressure that the pressure
element bears.
3.3 calculating pressure
The pressure that is used to determine the required thickness of the pressure element at
the calculating temperature.
3.4 required thickness
The thickness of the pressure element that is determined by the theoretical calculation
formula.
3.5 design thickness
The sum of required thickness and additional thickness.
3.6 corrosion allowance thickness
During the design service period, the additional thickness required for the element to
consider corrosion thinning.
3.10 nominal thickness
The thickness that the design thickness is rounded up to the steel standard specification.
3.11 effective thickness
The thickness of the nominal thickness minus the corrosion allowance thickness, the
lower tolerance of the steel thickness and the process additional thickness.
3.12 the highest fire line
The highest point on the water side on the evaporating heating surface of the boiler that
is washed by flames or high-temperature flue gas.
4 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document.
5 Design requirements
5.1 Basic requirements
5.1.1 Boiler design shall adopt advanced technology to make the product meet the
requirements of being safe, reliable, highly efficient, economic and environment
protective. Design according to the relevant regulations of GB/T 16508.1.
5.1.2 During design, according to the following requirements, determine the calculating
loads that need to be considered and the load calculations that need to be performed.
5.1.3 The design shall ensure that the wall temperature of the element does not exceed
the allowable temperature of the material used. Consider factors such as the temperature
difference between the inner and outer walls of the tube on the heating surface and the
inner wall's resistance to steam oxidation.
5.2 Structural requirements
5.2.1 General requirements
5.2.1.1 The main pressure elements of the shell boiler include boiler shell, header,
piping, centralized descending tube, flue, backfire chamber, tube plate (head), flue roof
and foot ring, etc.
5.2.2.4 For the backfire chamber of a horizontal internal combustion boiler, the wall
thickness of the cylinder shall be not less than 10 mm and not more than 35 mm.
5.2.2.5 The calculated length of the horizontal flat flue shall not exceed 2000 mm. When
the two ends of the flue are connected to the flange of the tube plate, the calculated
length of the straight flue can be enlarged to 3000 mm.
5.2.3 Safe water level
5.2.3.1 The minimum and maximum safe water levels of boilers shall be indicated on
the boiler drawings.
5.2.4 Welding structure
5.2.4.1 The main welds of the main pressure elements of the boiler (including the
longitudinal and circumferential welds of the boiler shell, flue, backfire chamber,
header, etc. and the spliced welds of the head, tube plate, flue roof and foot ring, etc.)
shall adopt full penetration structure. The braces shall not be spliced.
5.2.4.3 The connection between the tube joint and the boiler shell, header and piping
shall adopt the full penetration joint type under the following circumstances.
5.2.4.4 The connection between the manhole ring, head hole ring of the boiler pressure
elements and the cylinder, head and tube plate shall adopt a full penetration structure.
5.7 Element working pressure and element calculating pressure
5.7.1 The working pressure of the element is calculated according to the formula (2).
In the formula, Δpf is the pressure drop between the calculating element and the boiler
outlet when the maximum flow rate of the boiler is taken.
5.7.2 Element calculating pressure is calculated according to formula (3).
In the formula, Δpa can be selected according to the range of boiler rated pressure (pr)
according to the following requirements.
6 Cylindrical element subject to internal pressure
6.1 Overview
This chapter specifies the design calculation methods and structural requirements for
cylindrical elements subject to internal pressure, including cylinders, headers, internal
pressure tubes, large horizontal water tubes and other elements.
6.2 Symbols
This chapter uses the following symbols.
6.3 Boiler shell and header cylinder
6.3.1 The required thickness of the boiler shell cylinder is calculated according to the
formula (4).
6.4 Tubes that bear internal pressures
6.4.1 The thickness is calculated according to the following requirements.
The required thickness of the straight tube is calculated according to the formula (12).
For bent tubes made of steel tubes, the calculated thickness (δbc) on the outside of the
bent tube is calculated according to formula (13).
6.4.2 When checking and calculating, the maximum allowable working pressure of the
straight tube is calculated according to formula (17).
6.6 Weakening coefficient
6.6.1 The minimum weakening coefficient (φmin) in formula (4) and formula (7) takes
the minimum value among longitudinal welded joint coefficient (φw), longitudinal hole
bridge weakening factor (φ), transverse hole bridge weakening coefficient (2φ') (When
2φ' >1, take 2φ'=1.00) and oblique hole bridge equivalent weakening coefficient (φd)
(When φd >1, take φd=1.00).
6.6.6 The hole-bridge weakening coefficients of two adjacent holes are calculated
according to the following method.
6.7.3 Additional thickness of tubes withstanding internal pressures
6.7.3.1 During design calculation, the additional thickness (C) of the tube is calculated
according to formula (35).
6.7.3.2 When checking and calculating, the additional thickness (C) of the tube is
calculated according to formula (35).
6.8 Thickness limit
6.8.1 When the inner diameter (Di) of the boiler shell cylinder is greater than 1000 mm,
the nominal thickness of the boiler shell cylinder shall not be less than 6 mm. When the
inner diameter (Di) of the boiler shell cylinder is not greater than 1000 mm, the nominal
thickness of the boiler shell cylinder shall not be less than 4 mm.
6.8.3 When the uninsulated boiler shell is placed in the flue or furnace with a smoke
temperature not less than 600°C, the nominal thickness shall not exceed the
specifications in Table 5.
7 Cylindrical flues, cupolas, smoke tubes and other elements subjected to external pressures
7.1 Overview
This chapter specifies the design calculation methods and structural requirements for
the following cylindrical elements subjected to external pressure.
7.2 Symbols
This chapter uses the following symbols.
7.3.1.2 When checking and calculating, the maximum allowable working pressure of
the horizontal flat flue is calculated according to formula (49) and formula (50),
whichever is smaller.
7.3.1.3 The design thickness and maximum allowable working pressure of the vertical
flat flue are calculated according to formula (51) and formula (52).
7.3.1.4 When the hole row is arranged on the vertical flat flue, the minimum weakening
coefficient shall be determined according to the following provisions.
7.3.1.11 The coal feeding hole and slag outlet hole on the vertical flat flue shall be
reinforced according to the regulations in 13.3.After reinforcement, treat as non-hole.
7.3.2 Corrugated flue
7.3.2.1 The design thickness of the corrugated flue (see Figure 14) is calculated
according to formula (54).
7.3.2.2 When checking and calculating, the maximum allowable working pressure is
calculated according to formula (55).
Material category Modulus of elasticity (E
7.3.2.4 The length of the straight part of the connection between the corrugated flue and
the flat tube plate or convex head shall not exceed 250 mm. If greater than 250 mm, it
shall be according to the provisions of 7.3.3.1.
7.6.2 For horizontal shell boilers with a rated working pressure greater than 3.8 MPa
and less than 5.3 MPa, the calculation of the smoke tubes under external pressure can
be carried out in accordance with GB/T 150.3.
8 Convex head, flue roof, hemispherical flue and convex tube Nominal outer diameter Nominal thickness plate
8.1 Overview
This chapter specifies the design calculation methods for the convex head (including
ellipsoid, hemispherical, butterfly, etc.), flue roof, convex tube plate (including ellipsoid,
arch, etc.) subjected to internal or external pressure, etc. and structural requirements.
8.2 Symbols
This chapter uses the following symbols.
8.3 Ellipsoidal and hemispherical elements
8.3.1 The head thickness of the ellipsoidal and hemispherical elements (see Figure 23)
subjected to internal pressure is calculated according to the formula (68).
8.3.2 When checking and calculating, the maximum allowable working pressure of
ellipsoidal and hemispherical elements is calculated according to formula (69).
δe in formula (69) is calculated according to formula (70). It can also be taken as the
actual measured minimum thickness minus the possible corrosion thinning in the future.
8.3.10 The additional thickness (C) during design calculation and check calculation is
calculated according to formula (73).
8.3.12 Shrinking heads of hot spinning tubes can be calculated according to the
provisions of this chapter. However, after spinning, the top of the head shall have a
process hole. The minimum hole diameter is not less than 80 mm.
8.5 Convex tube plates
8.5.1 Ellipsoidal tube plate
The thickness of the ellipsoidal tube plate (see Figure 27) is determined according to
the relevant regulations in 8.3.1~8.3.11, but the influence of the hole row of the smoke
tube is not considered.
8.5.3.4 The transition between the convex part and the straight part formed by different
elliptical lines for arched tube plates shall be a smooth transition between the above-
mentioned elliptical lines and straight lines.
9 Reinforced flat plates and tube plates with braces
9.1 Overview
This chapter specifies the design calculation methods and structural requirements for
flat plates and tube plates with pressure-bearing and braced tubes (including flat plates
inside and outside the tube bundle area of smoke tubes, firebox roof, vertical cupola
tube boiler heads, tube plates and bow-shaped plates of vertical multi-horizontal fire
tube boilers, etc.). It also provides the design calculation method for water tube plates.
9.2 Symbols
This chapter uses the following symbols.
9.3.6 If all the smoke tubes and tube plates are connected by welding, the centers of
these smoke tubes can be regarded as support points.
9.3.9 The pivot line is determined according to the principles shown in Figure 29 and
Figure 30.Edges of manholes, head holes, and handholes are not pivot lines.
9.3.10 The thickness and maximum allowable working pressure of the plate (see Figure
32) including manholes and head holes are calculated according to formula (78) and
formula (79).
9.3.11 If the flat plate or tube plate is flanged, the inner radius of the flange shall not be
less than twice the thickness of the plate, and shall be at least 38 mm.
9.4 Flat plates within the smoke tube bundle area
9.4.1 The flat plate thickness and maximum allowable working pressure within the
smoke tube bundle area are calculated according to formula (76) and formula (77).
9.5 Firebox roof with reinforced beams
9.5.1 The thickness and maximum allowable working pressure of the firebox roof with
reinforced beams are calculated according to formula (76) and formula (77).
9.5.2 de in formula (76) and formula (77) is determined as follows.
9.6.4 When tie rods are installed on the top of the flat head and flat flue, at least 4 tie
rods shall be installed for the boiler shell with an outer diameter greater than 1200 mm
but less than 1500 mm.
9.7 Tube plates and bow plates of vertical multi-cross-fire tube boilers
9.7.1 The thickness of the vertical multi-cross-fire tube boiler’s tube plate and the
maximum allowable working pressure shall be calculated according to the provisions
of 9.4.The strength of the outermost vertical tube row shall be checked according to
formula (84) and formula (85).
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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