GB/T 9441-2021 PDF English
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GB/T 9441: Historical versions
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GB/T 9441-2021: Metallographic test method for spheroidal graphite cast iron
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT9441-2021NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 77.080.10 CCS J 31 Replacing GB/T 9441-2009 Metallographic Test Method for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron (ISO 945-4.2019, Microstructure of Cast Irons – Part 4.Test Method for Evaluating Nodularity in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons, MOD) Issued on. DECEMBER 31, 2021 Implemented on. JULY 01, 2022 Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3 1 Scope... 5 2 Normative References... 5 3 Terms and Definitions... 5 4 Calculation of Nodularity... 7 5 Metallographic Specimen Preparation... 7 6 Inspection Rules... 7 7 Inspection Item... 8 8 Result Representation... 12 9 Test Report... 13 Appendix A (Informative) Compared with ISO 945-4.2019, the Structural Changes of this Document... 14 Appendix B (Informative) Technical Differences and Causes between this Document and ISO 945-4.2019... 15 Appendix C (Informative) Classification of Graphite Particle Morphology... 18 Appendix D (Informative) Reference Form of Typical Graphite Particle Roundness 20 Appendix E (Normative) Rating Chart of Nodularity of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron ... 21 Appendix F (Normative) Comparison Chart for Evaluation of Graphite Particle Count ... 26 Appendix G (Normative) Rating Chart of Graphite Particle Size... 31 Appendix H (Normative) Rating Chart of Pearlite Content... 33 Appendix I (Normative) Rating Chart of Steadite Content... 36 Appendix J (Normative) Rating Chart of Carbide Content... 38Foreword
This Document was drafted as per the rules specified in GB/T 1.1-2020 Directives for Standardization – Part 1.Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Standardizing Documents. This Document replaced GB/T 9441-2009 Metallographic Test for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. Compared with GB/T 9941-2009, the major technical content changes of this Standard are as follows besides t he structural adjustment and editorial modifications. --- Add the terms maximum Feret diameter (see 3.1 of this Edition) and particle roundness (see 3.2 of this Edition); --- Add the calculation formula of graphite particle roundness (see 3.2 of this Edition); --- Add the terms of spheroidal graphite (see 3.3 of this Edition) and number of graphite particle count (see 3.6 of this Edition); --- Add the sampling provisions of castings (see 5.2 of this Edition); --- Change the definition and calculation formula of nodularity of cast iron (see 4.1 of this Edition; 4.1.1 of 2009 Edition); --- Change the rating and evaluation method of nodularity (see 7.1 of this Edition; 4.1 of 2009 Edition); and change the reference diagram of the nodularity rating (see Appendix E of this Edition; Figures 1 ~ 6 in 4.1.1 of 2009 Edition); --- Change the method of evaluating the nodularity by the image method (see 7.1.4 of this Edition; 4.1.4 of 2009 Edition); --- Delete the ferrite count rating of dispersed distribution (see 4.4 of 2009 Edition); --- Add the nodularity rating chart of spheroidal graphite cast iron (see Appendix E of this Edition); --- Add the comparison chart for the evaluation of graphite particle count (see Appendix F of this Edition); --- Change the rating graph of graphite particle size (see Figure G.1 of this Edition; Figures 1 ~ 12 in 4.2.3 of 2009 Edition); --- Add the rating chart of pearlite content (see Appendix H of this Edition); --- Add the rating chart of steadite content (see Appendix I of this Edition); --- Add the rating chart of carbide content (see Appendix J of this Edition). This document uses the redrafting method to modify and adopt ISO 945-4.2019 Microstructure of Cast Irons - Part 4.Test Method for Evaluating Nodularity in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. Compared with ISO 945-4.2019, this Document has many adjustments in structure. Appendix A lists the comparison list of clause numbers between this Document and ISO 945-4.2019.See Appendix B for other technical differences and other causes between this Document and ISO 945-4.2019. Compared with ISO 945-4.2019, this Document made the following editorial modifications. --- Change the document name from ISO 945-4.2019 Microstructure of Cast Irons - Part 4. Test Method for Evaluating Nodularity in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron to Metallographic Test Method for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. --- Add the Appendixes A, B and C. This Document was proposed by and under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Casting of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 54). Drafting organizations of this Document. Hohai University; CSR Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd.; Xinjiang Goldwind Science Technology Co., Ltd.; Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Parts Manufacturing Co., Ltd.; Qingdao Sanheshan Precision Casting Co., Ltd.; Shandong Huijin Co., Ltd.; Changzhou Juling Foundry Co., Ltd.; Longnan Longy Heavy Rare-Earth Technology Co., Ltd.; Jinlei Technology Co., Ltd.; Ningbo Tuotie Machinery Co., Ltd.; Xiangyang Jinnaite Machinery Co., Ltd.; Jiangsu Steel Sharp Precision Machinery Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Terry Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd.; Shandong Longji Machinery Co., Ltd.; Fuxin Lida steel Foundry Co., Ltd.; Shandong Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.; Yuzhou Henglilai Alloy Co., Ltd.; First Tractor Company Limited; Yantai Institute for Quality Supervision & Inspection of Product; Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry Co., Ltd.; Shanghai Huizhong Automotive Manufacturing Co., Ltd.; Anhui Research Institute of Mechanical Science Co., Ltd.; Jiuquan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.; Ningbo Branch of Ordnance Science Institute of China; and CRRC Yongji Electric Co., Ltd. Chief drafting staffs of this Document. Wang Zehua, Chen Kaimin; Liang Huilei, Zhang Xin, Xia Xiaojiang, Pan Dongjie, Yu Xuru, Song Xianfa, Wang Shuxiong, Fang Tao, Wu Baocheng, Li Fengjun, Li Zhe, Tao Qianzhao, Li Chunlin, Zhang Jie, Yang Qing, Xiao Yong, Liang Lisheng, Niu Chuanyong, Yan Xingyi, Shuai Dejun, Zhang Shipeng, Liu Jiance, Cui Lanfang, Wu Haiping, Zhang Yin, Wang Yufang, Liu Yan, Yu Liang, Wang Kai, Liu Yang, Liu Honglei, Li Mingbo, Wang Chenjun, Gao Renqiang, Zhang Youyu, Zhao Jie, Zhu Yujin, and Zhou Zhiqiang. The historical editions replaced by this Document are as follows. --- GB/T 9441-1988 was first-time published in 1988; it was first-time revised in 2009. --- It is the second-time revised hereby. Metallographic Test Method for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron1 Scope
This Document specifies the nodularity calculation, metallographic sample preparation, inspection rules, inspection items and rating charts, result representation and inspection report of spheroidal graphite cast iron.2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Document through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version (including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document. GB/T 5611 Foundry Terminology GB/T 13298 Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 5611 and the following apply. Iron, carbon and silicon are used as basic elements, and carbon is mainly precipitated in the form of spheroidal graphite. The percentage of the area of spheroidal graphite particles in the total area of graphite particles in cast iron.4 Calculation of Nodularity
4.1 The nodularity is equal to the area of spheroidal graphite particles (particle roundness ρ ≥ 0.60) divided by the total area of all graphite particles, see Formula (2). 4.2 See Appendix D for typical graphite particle roundness.5 Metallographic Specimen Preparation
5.1 The metallographic specimen shall be taken from the test block or casting which is cast at the same time as the casting and conducted heat treatment in the same furnace (such as during heat treatment). 5.3 The preparation of metallographic specimens shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 13298.6 Inspection Rules
and the computer-generated images are mixed together, artificial separation measures shall be taken for the graphite particles. 6.4 When inspecting the steadite and carbide content, first observe the entire inspected surface; and take the field of view with the most steadite or carbide content as the inspected field of view. 6.6 When the evaluation results of the image analysis method and the visual method are different and there is a dispute over the evaluation results, the evaluation results of the visual method shall prevail.7 Inspection Item
7.2.1 The graphite particle count shall be compared and evaluated according to Figure F.1 in Appendix F. Figure F.1 shows the graphite particle count corresponding to the critical maximum Feret diameter (lm) of 10μm and 5μm, respectively. For ordinary castings, the graphite particle count with a critical maximum Feret diameter of 10μm should be evaluated. 7.6.1 The grade of carbide content shall comply with the provisions of Table 5; and the evaluation of corresponding carbide content shall comply with Figure J.1 in Appendix J. 7.6.2 After the polished specimen is etched by 2%~5% nitric acid alcohol solution; magnify 100 times to inspect the carbide content.8 Result Representation
8.3 The graphite particle count is expressed in terms of the number of graphite particles per square millimeter, rounding-off to an integer, such as 300 pieces/mm2. 8.4 The pearlite content, steadite content and carbide content shall be expressed in corresponding grades or percentages. 8.5 When the total content of carbide and steadite does not exceed 5%, the comprehensive results of the two can be expressed.9 Test Report
The test report shall include the following parts. ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
