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Measurement methods of fuel consumption for automobiles -- Part 1: Measurement methods of fuel consumption for passenger cars
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Basic data
| Standard ID | GB/T 12545.1-2008 (GB/T12545.1-2008) |
| Description (Translated English) | Measurement methods of fuel consumption for automobiles -- Part 1: Measurement methods of fuel consumption for passenger cars |
| Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) |
| Classification of Chinese Standard | T40 |
| Classification of International Standard | 43.020 |
| Word Count Estimation | 28,253 |
| Date of Issue | 2008-12-31 |
| Date of Implementation | 2009-07-01 |
| Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 12545.1-2001; GB/T 12545.2-2001 |
| Quoted Standard | GB 18352.3-2005; GB/T 19233-2008; GB/T 15089 |
| Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Approval Announcement 2008 No.23 (Total No.136) |
| Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China |
| Summary | This standard specifies test methods for fuel consumption of passenger cars. This section applies to the total mass does not exceed the maximum design M1 and N1 category of vehicles 3. 5t. |
GB/T 12545.1-2008: Measurement methods of fuel consumption for automobiles -- Part 1: Measurement methods of fuel consumption for passenger cars
---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Measurement methods of fuel consumption for automobiles. Part 1. Measurement methods of fuel consumption for passenger cars
ICS 43.020
T40
National Standards of People's Republic of China
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
Replaces GB/T 12545.2.1-2001, partially replaces GB/T 12545.2.2-2001
Automobile fuel consumption test method
Part 1. Test method for fuel consumption of passenger cars
2008-12-31 released
2009-07-01 implementation
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Published by China National Standardization Administration
Foreword
GB/T 1255 "Test Method for Automobile Fuel Consumption" is expected to be divided into two parts.
--- Part 1. Test method for fuel consumption of passenger cars;
--- Part 2. Test method for fuel consumption of commercial vehicles.
This part is the first part of GB/T 12545, and the United Nations European Economic Commission ECER101-00 (1997) on carbon dioxide emissions
The degree of consistency between the relevant contents of the Uniform Provisions on the Approval of Passenger Cars with Internal Combustion Engines and Fuel Consumption is not equivalent.
This section replaces GB/T 125.45.1-2001 "Test Methods for Fuel Consumption of Passenger Cars" and partially replaces GB/T 12542.2-
The.2001 "Test Method for Fuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles" is related to the requirements of N1 vehicles.
Compared with GB/T 125.45.1-2001, the main changes in this section are as follows.
--- The scope of application of the standard has been expanded from the originally specified scope to M1 and N1 vehicles with a maximum design total mass not exceeding 3.5t;
--- Use the cycle fuel consumption test specified in GB 18352.3-2005 to replace the simulated city cycle in the original standard.
Fuel consumption test, and delete the content of the original Appendix A accordingly;
--- Clearly stipulated that the cycle fuel consumption test under working conditions should be performed on the chassis dynamometer;
--- In 5.3.3, the calculation of theoretical fuel consumption, mileage allocation ratio and fuel consumption were adjusted and provided.
Calculation method
--- The content of the report on the results of the comprehensive fuel consumption test is specified in Appendix A.
Appendix A, Appendix B, and Appendix C of this part are normative appendixes, and Appendix D is an informative appendix.
This section is proposed by the National Development and Reform Commission.
This section is under the jurisdiction of the National Automotive Standardization Technical Committee.
This section was drafted. China Automotive Technology and Research Center.
The main drafters of this section. Jin Yuefu, Wang Zhao, Gao Haiyang.
The previous versions of the standards replaced by this section are.
--- GB 12545-1990, GB/T 12545.1-1-2001, GB/T 12545.2.2-2001;
--- GB 1334-1977.
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
Automobile fuel consumption test method
Part 1. Test method for fuel consumption of passenger cars
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 12545 specifies the fuel consumption test method for passenger cars.
This section applies to M1 and N1 vehicles with a maximum design total mass not exceeding 3.5t.
2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents have become the clauses of this section through the reference of this part of GB/T 12545. Any quotes with dates
Documents, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this section, however, it is encouraged to achieve
The parties to the agreement investigate whether the latest versions of these documents are available. For undated references, the latest edition applies to this document.
section.
GB 18352.3-2005 Emission limit and measurement method of pollutants for light vehicles (China III, IV)
GB/T 19233-2008 Fuel consumption test method for light vehicles (ECER101-00, NEQ)
GB/T 15089 Classification of motor vehicles and trailers (GB/T 1589-2001, eZevECER.E. 3..1997)
3 Test items
3.1 Cycle fuel consumption test under the conditions specified in GB 185352.3.
3.2 Fuel consumption test of 90km/h constant speed driving.
3.3 Fuel consumption test at 120 km/h at constant speed. For vehicles with a maximum speed of less than 120 km/h, reference should be made to
The test is carried out at the highest speed.
4 test conditions
4.1 Test vehicle
4.1.1 The test vehicle does not need to run in during the test specified in 3.1. Run-in shall be carried out before the tests specified in 3.2 and 3.3 are carried out.
Should travel less than 3000km.
4.1.2 The engine and vehicle controls should be adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer's regulations. In particular, the idling device should be adjusted (adjust the speed and CO in the exhaust).
Volume), starting devices and exhaust purification systems.
4.1.3 In order to avoid the formation of mixed gas due to accidental air intake, the tightness of the test vehicle's air intake system should be checked.
4.1.4 The performance of the test vehicle shall meet the requirements of the manufacturer, and it shall be able to drive normally and smoothly start cold and hot.
4.1.5 Before the test, the test vehicle should be placed in an environment with an ambient temperature of 20 ° C to 30 ° C and maintained for at least 6 hours until the engine oil temperature
The temperature and the temperature of the coolant reach the ambient temperature ± 2 ° C. The vehicle shall be tested within 30 hours after running at normal temperature.
4.1.6 The test vehicle must be clean, and the windows and vents should be closed; only the equipment necessary for the vehicle to travel can be used. If there is manual control
The thermal device shall be in the position specified by the manufacturer in accordance with the ambient temperature at the time of the test.
4.1.7 If the cooling fan of the test vehicle is temperature-controlled, it should be guaranteed to work normally. The passenger cabin air-conditioning system is turned off, but its
The compressor should be in normal working condition.
4.1.8 If the test vehicle is equipped with a supercharger, the supercharger should be in normal working condition during the test.
4.1.9 If a four-wheel drive test vehicle uses only coaxial two-wheel drive for testing, it shall be indicated in the test report.
4.2 Lubricant
The test vehicle shall use the lubricant specified by the manufacturer and noted in the test report.
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
4.3 tires
The tire should be selected by the manufacturer as the type required by the original parts, and the maximum test load and maximum test speed recommended by the manufacturer
The inflation pressure corresponding to the degree of tire inflation. The tire can run in with the vehicle at the same time or the pattern depth should be 50% of the initial pattern depth.
90%.
4.4 Test fuel
The test fuel shall comply with the regulations of the vehicle manufacturer.
4.5 Measurement Conditions for Fuel Consumption
4.5.1 The measurement accuracy of distance shall be 0.3%, and the measurement accuracy of time shall be 0.2s. Fuel consumption, distance traveled and time
The measuring device shall be started simultaneously.
4.5.2 Fuel is supplied to the engine through a mass-measuring device with an accuracy of ± 2%.
The change in fuel pressure and temperature at the inlet should not exceed 10% and ± 5 ° C, respectively. If volume measurement is used, the measurement points should be recorded
Fuel temperature.
4.5.3 A valve system can also be set to ensure that the fuel flows quickly from the normal fuel supply line into the measurement line. Change the direction of fuel
The operating time should not exceed 0.2s.
4.6 Standard conditions
Atmospheric pressure. H0 = 100kPa;
Temperature. T0 = 293K (20 ° C).
4.6.1 Air density
a) Calculation formula for air density.
· T0
TTT
(1)
In the formula.
HT --- atmospheric pressure during the test;
TT --- the absolute temperature during the test, the unit is on (K).
b) The difference between the air density during the test calculated according to the above formula and the air density under standard conditions shall not be greater than 7.5%.
4.6.2 Environmental conditions
The ambient temperature should be between 5 ° C (278K) and 35 ° C (308K), and the atmospheric pressure should be between 91 kPa and 104 kPa. Relatively wet
The degree should be less than 95%. If allowed by the manufacturer, the test can be carried out at an ambient temperature of a minimum of 1 ° C. At this time, the provisions of 6.2.8.1 shall be used.
5 ° C temperature correction factor.
4.7 Calculation of fuel consumption
4.7.1 Determination of fuel consumption C by weight method
C = MD · Sg
× 100 (L/100km) (2)
In the formula.
Sg --- the fuel density at a standard temperature of 20 ° C (293K) in kilograms per cubic decimeter (kg/dm3);
D --- the actual exercise distance during the test, the unit is kilometer (km);
M --- Measured value of fuel consumption, unit is kilogram (kg).
4.7.2 Determination of fuel consumption C by volume method
C = 犞 1 ＋ αT0-T （） ［] FD × 100
(L/100km) (3)
In the formula.
犞 --- Measured value of fuel consumption (volume), unit is liter (L);
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
α --- Fuel volume expansion coefficient, when the fuel is gasoline and diesel, the coefficient is 0.0001/℃;
T0 --- standard temperature 20 ° C (293K), the unit is degrees Celsius (° C);
TF --- average fuel temperature, that is, the arithmetic mean of the fuel temperature read on the volume measuring device at the beginning and end of each test
The unit is Celsius (° C).
5 GB 18352.3-2005 cycle cycle fuel consumption test and calculation
5.1 The test cycle, as described in GB 18235.2-3-2005 Annex CA, consists of two parts (1 for urban driving) and 2 (for suburban driving).
All operating regulations in this annex apply to CO2, CO and HC measurements.
If the vehicle cannot reach the acceleration and maximum speed values required by the test cycle, the accelerator pedal should be fully depressed until it returns to the required operation.
Line curve. The deviation from the test cycle shall be recorded in the test report.
5.2 Dynamometer settings
Set the load and inertia of the dynamometer in accordance with the provisions of Appendix C of GB 18352.3-2005. During type test,
GB 18352.3-2005 in CC. The provisions of 5.1 determine the driving resistance of the vehicle. If the driving resistance curve is provided by the vehicle manufacturer,
At the same time provide test reports, calculation reports or other relevant information, and be confirmed by the inspection agency. If requested by the vehicle manufacturer, driving resistance
It can be selected according to Table CB1 in GB 18352.3-2005.
The arbitration test shall be performed in accordance with CC 184.32.3-2005. 5.1 Provisions determine the driving resistance of the vehicle.
5.3 Calculation of HC, CO, CO2 fuel consumption and adjustment of fuel consumption
5.3.1 General provisions
5.3.1.1 Gaseous pollutant emissions are calculated using the following formula
(4)
In the formula.
Zmax --- The dilution exhaust volume corrected to the standard state (273.2K and 101.33kPa), the unit is liter per test (L/test).
1) ppm is 10-6 volume ratio, the same below.
5.3.1.2 Volume determination
5.3.1.2.1 When the volume is calculated using a variable dilution device that controls a constant flow rate using an orifice plate or a Venturi tube, the continuous flow rate is displayed
And calculate the total volume during the test.
5.3.1.2.2 When using a positive displacement pump to calculate the volume, use the following formula to calculate the diluted exhaust volume in the system including the positive displacement pump.
犞 = 犞 0 × N (5)
In the formula.
犞 --- diluted exhaust volume (before calibration), the unit is liter per test (L/test);
Q0 --- the volume of gas pumped by the volumetric pump under test conditions, in liters per revolution (L/r);
N --- the number of revolutions per test, the unit is revolutions (r).
5.3.1.2.2.3 Correct the diluted exhaust volume to the standard state. Correct the diluted exhaust volume using the following formula.
犞 MX = 犞 × K1 × PpTp
(6)
In the formula.
K1 = 273.21010.33 = 2.6911
(K × kPa-1) (7)
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
In the formula.
Pp --- the absolute pressure at the inlet of the positive displacement pump, in kilopascals (kPa);
Tp --- the average temperature of the diluted exhaust gas entering the positive displacement pump during the test, the unit is Kelvin (K).
5.3.1.3 Calculate the corrected concentration of pollutants in the sampling bag
In the formula.
DF --- dilution factor.
The calculation of the dilution factor is as follows.
DF = 13.4CCO2 + CHC + C () CO × 10
(9)
In the formula.
CCO2 --- The concentration of CO2 in the diluted exhaust gas in the sampling bag, volume fraction%;
CHC --- the concentration of HC in the diluted exhaust gas in the sampling bag, ppmC;
CCO --- The concentration of CO in the diluted exhaust gas in the sampling bag, ppm1).
5.3.1.4 Special provisions for vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines
Measuring the HC of a compression ignition engine
Use the following formula to calculate the average concentration of HC used to determine the HC emissions of a compression ignition engine.
Ce =
(10)
In the formula.
Ce --- The concentration of HC in the diluted exhaust gas sample obtained by integrating the HC recording curve, pppm.
5.3.2 Calculation of fuel consumption
5.3.2.1 Calculate the HC, CO, and CO2 emissions calculated in 5.3.1 to calculate the urban, suburban, and comprehensive fuel consumption, respectively.
5.3.2.2 Use the following formula to calculate the fuel consumption, the unit is 100 liters per liter (L/100 km).
a) For vehicles equipped with a gasoline engine.
FC = 0.1154D 0.886 × M () HC + 0.429 × M () CO + 0.273 × MCO () [] 2
(11)
b) For vehicles equipped with a diesel engine.
FC = 0.1155D 0.886 × M () HC + 0.429 × M () CO + 0.273 × MCO () [] 2
(12)
In the formula.
FC --- Fuel consumption in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100km);
MHC --- Measured hydrocarbon emissions in grams per kilometer (g/km);
MCO --- Measured carbon monoxide emissions in grams per kilometer (g/km);
MCO2 --- the measured carbon dioxide emissions in grams per kilometer (g/km);
D --- The density of the test fuel at 288K (15 ° C), the unit is kilogram per liter (kg/L).
5.3.2.3 The correction of the fuel consumption calculation value when no reference fuel is used shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.1 of GB/T 19233-2008.
5.3.2.4 Determination of type test value
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
5.3.2.1 If the difference between the measured and calculated fuel consumption and the comprehensive value declared by the manufacturer meets the following requirements, the declaration shall be consolidated.
The value is used as the type test value.
a) For M1 vehicles.
Comprehensive value measured and calculated by the inspection agency-manufacturer's declared comprehensive value
Manufacturer's declared comprehensive value ≤ + 4% (13)
b) For vehicles of category N1.
Comprehensive value measured and calculated by the inspection agency-manufacturer's declared comprehensive value
Manufacturer's declared comprehensive value ≤ + 6% (14)
5.3.4.2 If the result of the above two formulas is > + 4% or > + 6%, another test is performed on the vehicle. After two trials,
in case.
Comprehensive average calculated from two measurements-manufacturer declared comprehensive value
Comprehensive value declared by the manufacturer ≤ + 4% or ≤ ＋ 6% (15)
The declared comprehensive value of the manufacturer shall be used as the type test value.
5.3.2.3 If the combined average calculated from two measurements is still > + 4% or > + 6%, perform one on the vehicle.
Final confirmation tests. The comprehensive average of the measurement calculation results of the three tests is used as the type test value.
5.3.2.5 During the multiple tests, no changes or adjustments to the engine or vehicle are allowed.
5.3.2.6 The format of the report of the fuel consumption type test results is shown in Appendix A.
5.3.3 Calculation of adjusted fuel consumption
5.3.3.1 Statistics can also be used to adjust the urban and suburban areas of cities across the country. Calculations for adjusting fuel consumption should be based on specific
Proportion of urban and suburban mileage and intensity and proportion of braking, acceleration, deceleration and idling during urban and suburban driving
And set the corresponding adjustment factor.
5.3.1.1 The adjustment factor A for the fuel consumption in urban areas shall be obtained based on the survey statistics of the driving conditions in the urban areas of specific cities.
5.3.1.2 The adjustment factor B for the fuel consumption in the suburbs shall be calculated based on the survey and statistics of the driving conditions in the suburbs of a particular city.
5.3.1.3 The urban area mileage adjustment factor X should be calculated based on the statistics of the city area mileage allocation survey for a specific city.
5.3.1.4 The adjustment factor for the ratio of driving mileage in the suburbs is 1-X.
5.3.3.2 Calculation of adjusted fuel consumption.
FC adjustment = FCNEDC_ECE × X × A + FCNEDC_EUDC × (1-X) × B (16)
In the formula.
FC adjustment --- adjusted fuel consumption;
FCNEDC_ECE --- theoretical urban fuel consumption;
FCNEDC_EUDC --- theoretical suburban fuel consumption;
A --- urban fuel consumption adjustment factor;
B --- suburban fuel consumption adjustment factor;
X --- The proportion of test mileage allocated for the calculation of urban fuel consumption.
6 Fuel consumption test at constant speed
6.1 Fuel consumption test for constant speed driving can be carried out either on the dynamometer or on the road.
6.1.1 Vehicle test quality
The vehicle test mass is the complete vehicle mass plus 180 kg. When the 50% load of the vehicle is greater than 180 kg, the vehicle test mass
Add 50% of the vehicle mass (including the mass of measuring personnel and instruments) to the vehicle's complete vehicle mass.
6.1.2 Load distribution
6.1.2.1 For M1 vehicles, the center of mass of the load shall be located at the midpoint of the line connecting the R points of the front outboard seats.
6.1.2.2 For vehicles with a maximum of two rows of seats, the center of mass of the load should be located at the midpoint of the R-point line of the front outer seat.
6.1.2.3 For vehicles with more than two rows of seats, the initial centroid of the 180kg load shall be located at the midpoint of the line connecting the points R of the front outer seats
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
The center of mass of the additional load should be on the center line of the vehicle, and should be at the midpoint of the R-point of the front row outer seat and the R-point of the second row of outer seats.
Between the midpoints.
6.1.2.4 For N1 vehicles, the center of mass of the additional load (referring to the total test load minus the mass of measuring instruments and personnel) shall be located in the cargo
The center of the box.
6.1.3 Transmission
6.1.3.1 If the maximum speed of the vehicle in the highest gear (state) exceeds 130 km/h, only the fuel consumption of this gear can be used.
Determination.
6.1.3.2 If the maximum speed in the (-1) gear exceeds 130 km/h and the maximum speed in the gear is only 120 km/h, then 120 km/h
The test should be carried out in the state (1), but the manufacturer may require that the fuel consumption of 120 km/h be measured at the same time as the state (1)
When using a block, the requirements of 6.2.4 shall be met.
6.2 Road test
6.2.1 Road and weather conditions
6.2.1.1 The road shall be dry and the road may have wet marks, but there shall be no standing water.
6.2.1.2 The average wind speed is less than 3m/s, and the gusts should not exceed 5m/s.
6.2.2 Before the first measurement, the vehicle should be fully warmed up and reached normal working conditions. Before each measurement, the vehicle should be at
Travel on the test road at a speed as close as possible to the test speed (the speed should not differ from the test speed by more than ± 5% in any case)
At least 5 km to keep the temperature stable.
When measuring fuel consumption, if the speed changes exceed ± 5%, the temperature changes of the coolant, oil and fuel should not exceed ± 3 ° C.
6.2.3 Test road for measurement
The length of the measurement section should be at least 2 km, but it is a closed ring road (the measurement distance must be a complete ring road) or a straight road
(The test is performed in both directions).
The test road should ensure that the vehicle runs stably at the same speed as specified, and the road surface should be in good condition.
The longitudinal slope should not exceed + 2%.
6.2.4 In order to determine the fuel consumption at the specified speed, the test should be performed at least twice at or below the specified speed, and until
Two other tests shall be carried out when the speed is at least equal to or higher than the specified speed, but the error specified below shall be met.
During each test run, the speed error is ± 2 km/h. The difference between the average speed of each test and the test specified speed should not exceed
2km/h.
6.2.5 Use equations (2) and (3) to calculate the fuel consumption for each test stroke.
6.2.6 The fuel consumption of the specified speed shall be calculated by the linear regression method according to the test data obtained in the method specified in 6.2.4. In trial
When testing in two directions on the road, the values obtained in each direction shall be recorded separately.
Accuracy = K ·
State-2
· 1
Like
Zref-Z () Z2
100% (17)
In the formula.
C --- at the specified speed 线性, the fuel consumption calculated by the linear regression method;
Zref --- specified speed;
Status --- number of trials;
K --- given by Table 1.
GB/T 12545.1.1-2008
In order to achieve 95% confidence, the accuracy in fuel consumption should reach ± 3%. To obtain this accuracy, the number of tests can be increased. Burn
The measurement accuracy of the material consumption is calculated by the following formula.
Table 1 K values
State 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 12 12 14 16 18 20
K 4.30 3.18 2.78 2.57 2.45 2.37 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.10
6.2.7 If the fuel consumption is measured when the average speed is equal to the specified speed ± 0.5 km/h, the average value of the obtained test data may be used
Calculate the fuel consumption at the specified speed.
6.2.8 Calibration of test results
6.2.8.1 In accordance with the standard conditions, use the following formula to determine the fuel consumption value determined within a certain range of environmental conditions
Correction.
C correction = K ′ · C measurement (18)
In the formula.
C correction --- fuel consumption under standard conditions, in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km);
C measurement --- fuel consumption measured under test environmental conditions, in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km);
K ′ --- correction coefficient.
K ′ = RRRT
RAEERO
RT
· Ρ0 () ρ (19)
In the formula.
RR --- rolling resistance under test speed conditions;
RAEERO --- aerodynamic resistance at test speed;
RT --- total exercise resistance = RR + RAEORO;
KR --- Correction coefficient of rolling resistance vs. temperature, the value is. 3.6 × 10-3/℃;
ρ --- air density under test conditions;
ρ0 --- air density under standard conditions, ρ0 = 1.189 kg/m
3.
6.2.8.2 The R, RAEO and RT values are provided by the manufacturer. If these values are not obtained, the manufacturer may agree to the values given in Appendix C.
Value.
6.2.8.3 If during constant speed tests, when the environmental conditions change more than 2 ° C or 0.7 kPa, then determine the fuel consumption and test accuracy.
The degree value is corrected by formula (18) and formula (19) before.
6.3 Dynamometer test
6.3.1 The characteristics of the dynamometer shall comply with the provisions of Appendix B.
6.3.2 The conditions of the laboratory shall be adjusted so that the vehicle runs at the same speed on the road as the temperature of the lubricant, coolant and fuel.
The test is performed under normal operating conditions in which the temperature range is consistent. This temperature range is based on the use of similarly structured engines /
Data collected in advance during vehicle road tests and confirmed.
6.3.3 Vehicle preparation
6.3.3.1 The loading quality of the vehicle shall be the same as when testing on the road.
6.3.3.2 The driving wheel tires shall meet the requirements of 4.3.
6.3.3.3 Park the vehicle on a dynamometer and perform the following checks.
a) whether the...
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