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SN/T 4078-2020: (Technical specifications for quarantine of beetles in hive)
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(Technical specifications for quarantine of beetles in hive)
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SN/T 4078-2020
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| SN/T 4078-2014 | English | 279 |
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Quarantine protocol for the small hive beetle
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Basic data | Standard ID | SN/T 4078-2020 (SN/T4078-2020) | | Description (Translated English) | (Technical specifications for quarantine of beetles in hive) | | Sector / Industry | Commodity Inspection Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | B41 | | Classification of International Standard | 65.020.30 | | Word Count Estimation | 9,969 | | Date of Issue | 2020-12-30 | | Date of Implementation | 2021-07-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | SN/T 4078-2014 | | Regulation (derived from) | General Administration of Customs Announcement No. 136 [2020] | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Customs | SN/T 4078-2020: (Technical specifications for quarantine of beetles in hive)---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Quarantine protocol for the small hive beetle
The People's Republic of China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Industry Standards
Replace SN/T 4078-2014
2020-12-30 release
2021-07-01 implementation
ICS 11.220
CCS B 41
Issued by the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China
Foreword
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2020.
This document replaces SN/T 4078-2014 "Technical Specifications for the Quarantine of Beetle Beetles".
Compared with SN/T 4078-2014, the main technical changes of this document are.
--Increase the quarantine method for hive beetles in bee products;
--Added the description of typical morphological characteristics of honeybee beetle adults;
--Modified and supplemented the figure of adult morphological characteristics of honeybee beetles in Appendix A.
This document refers to the "Terrestrial Animal Diagnostic Test and Vaccine Standard Manual" (2017 edition) developed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
In Chapter 2.2.5, the quarantine and identification methods of beetles in the hive, the degree of consistency is
This document was proposed and managed by the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.
Drafting organization of this document. Wuhan Customs of the People's Republic of China.
The main drafters of this document. Feng Hanli, Zheng Jian, Guo Mingxing, Chen Jianjun, Yan Xiaoping.
The previous versions of the documents replaced by this document are as follows.
- SN/T 4078-2014.
Technical specifications for quarantine of small beetles
1 Scope
This document provides an overview of the hive beetle, on-site quarantine, laboratory identification and results determination methods.
This document is applicable to the quarantine of hive beetles and the identification of hive beetles in bee products.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute an indispensable clause of this document through normative references in the text. Among them, dated quotations
Only the version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable
Used in this document.
GB/T 18088 Entry and Exit Animal Quarantine Sampling
3 Terms and definitions
There are no terms and definitions that need to be defined in this document.
4 overview
Small hive beetle (SHB, Latin name Aethina tumida Murray) is parasitic in the hive
A scavenger beetle, belonging to Coleoptera (Coleoptera), Nitidulidae (Nitidulidae). The adult and the small beetle of the hive
The larvae feed on honey and pollen in the hive. Honey that beetles have eaten is watery and fermented, while adult beetles like to eat bee eggs and larvae.
Seriously endanger the fecundity of the bee colony, destroy the comb and spleen, cause the bee colony to collapse, flee, or even die, and affect the quality of honey and provide nourishment.
The apiculture has brought huge losses.
The small hive beetle first appeared in some countries in southern Africa, and it did little harm to the local bee colony.
A weak bee colony, a strong African colony can prevent small beetles from breeding in the colony. The removal of beetles by European honeybees is not as strong as that of African honeybees.
Small beetles are far more harmful to European bees than African colonies.
See Appendix A for specific information on the epidemiological characteristics and morphological description of beetle beetle disease.
5 On-site quarantine
5.1 Preparation of sampling tools and protective equipment
Protective clothing, sterile gloves, disposable masks, hats and other protective equipment, magnifying glass, sterilized jars, sterilized tweezers.
5.2 Sampling inspection ratio
Seed bees. no less than 20%~50% of the total number of bees; production bees. no less than 15%~20% under 100 groups, no less than 101~200 groups
10~15%, no less than 10% for.201~300 groups, no less than 5%~10% for more than 300 groups. The sampling rate is in accordance with GB/T 18088.
5.3 Inspection method
5.3.1 Pay attention to personal protection when collecting on-site quarantine samples and wear protective clothing and other protective equipment. Pay attention to the bees before the colony quarantine
Whether there are abnormal sick and dead bees around the box, then according to the sampling ratio, the bee colony is randomly determined to check (or group by group) for careful inspection.
5.3.2 Open the cover of the beehive and observe the corners of the beehive, the middle of the upper beam and the wall of the beehive, and under the debris of the opened nest or bottom plate.
Surface, observe for the presence of beetles or their larvae. Then grasp the upper corner of the nest frame and shake the spleen, gently shake off half or three-quarters of the bees
Take out the nest frame and observe whether there are beetles or larvae at the bottom of the beehive. Spread paper or wooden boards on a flat ground not far from the beehive.
Place the nest spleen horizontally on top of it, erect the nest frame, tap the nest spleen lightly, and carefully observe the residue that shakes off it. If a bee is found
Small house beetles or other similar beetles, put them in a sterilized jar, affix a label and send them to the laboratory for quarantine and identification.
6 Laboratory identification
6.1 Reagents and materials
6.1.1 Magnifying glass (5~10 times).
6.1.2 Dissecting needles.
6.1.3 Small camel brush.
6.1.4 Slides and cover glasses.
6.1.5 Screen (aperture of 0.250 mm).
6.1.6 30% glycerin solution.
6.2 Apparatus and equipment
6.2.1 Microscope.
6.2.2 Stereo microscope.
6.3 Test procedure
6.3.1 Direct inspection of samples
For samples with high transparency such as honey, royal jelly, etc., first check whether there is a black suspected beetle suspended in the entire sample.
Or other colored dots and particles, directly use a straw to take out for inspection. See 6.4 for inspection methods.
6.3.2 Sample preparation
For uncrystallized samples, stir them evenly. Samples with poor transparency caused by crystallization should be kept in a closed condition.
In a water bath over 60℃, shake thoroughly until the sample is completely melted and mixed, and cool to room temperature for inspection. Weigh the honey sample
For 100 g, add 100 mL of distilled water at 40°C to melt and dilute the honey.
6.3.3 Filtration of samples
The sample is slowly poured through a sieve with an aperture of 0.250 mm, and the retained components are washed twice with distilled water to make the retained components
It is evenly distributed on the filter screen without overlapping.
6.4 Inspection method
Observe the retentate with the naked eye, there are no doubt black or other colored dot particles resembling beetles, and then use 5~10 times
Check with a magnifying glass or stereo microscope. If there is a small beetle, use a dissecting needle or a small camel pen to pick the small beetle and place a drop of glycerin to dissolve it.
Place the liquid on the glass slide and observe under the microscope.
6.5 Morphological identification
6.5.1 Morphological identification of adults
The adult beetle is usually black, sometimes light brown, and its body color increases with age. The shape is oval,
Generally, the body length is 5 mm and the width is 3 mm. The female beetle (5.7 mm ± 0.02 mm) is larger than the male beetle (5.5 mm ± 0.01 mm).
Smaller individuals can pass through the screen of the beehive or the barbed wire of the bottom screen. Use a magnifying glass to observe the hive beetles, which are divided into head, chest and
Three parts of the abdomen. Its tentacles are shrunk under the head, and after stretching out, you can see that there are many small segments at the end, which are dense rod-shaped tentacles (specific
The picture is shown in Figure A.1), the antennae shank section and 3 ends are enlarged. The hive beetle has 3 pairs of feet, the base segment is thick, and the tibia end is enlarged.
The tarsus has villi and its ends are pointed and sharp. The hive beetle has a hard back plate, and the pronotum back plate is wide and long, accounting for about 1/3 of the body length, and the sheath
The wings are wide and do not cover the entire abdomen (the main feature for differential diagnosis from other beetles), with cilia and engraved spots on the surface, and 4 abdominal segments.
6.5.2 Morphological identification of larvae
The small hive beetle larvae are usually 1.2 cm long and 1.6 mm wide. There are many small spikes on the back (see Figure A.3); small hive
The larvae have a relatively large head shell and 3 pairs of feet. The body of the worm is generally milky white, but sometimes it is shallow when crawling in the mucus produced by it.
Brown; small hive beetle larvae can produce mucus, which can repel bees and not flies. Mucus is the appearance of small hive beetles
More obvious markers.
7 Results judgment
7.1 Take the characteristics of adult beetles as the main basis for identification.
7.2 Combining on-site quarantine and laboratory morphological characteristics identification, and conforming to the description of morphological characteristics in 6.5.1, it is determined that the hive beetle has been detected.
It is found that the larvae of the hive beetle can be preliminarily judged as the hive beetle, and the diagnosis cannot be confirmed. It needs to be pupated into adults in the soil for 3 days
Confirmed.
Appendix A
(Informative)
Epidemic characteristics of hive beetle and description of hive beetle morphology
A.1 Epidemiological characteristics of small beetle disease in hive
Hive beetles have long existed in many countries in Africa. These countries are South Africa, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Namibia, Angola, Central Africa, Senegal, Ghana, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Liberia
Bia, Tanzania, Eritrea and Guinea-Bissau. From Old Calabar (Nigeria) on the west coast of Africa for the first time in 1867
Sampled, sent to London for identification and named in Latin-Aethina tumida Murray. For the first time in Florida, USA in May.1996
The state discovered that the small hive beetle introduced to the United States originated from the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, and the small hive beetle has become the American apiculture industry.
The number one killer. It was discovered for the first time in Manitoba, Canada in August.2002.
Small hive beetles have been discovered in the area one after another. Beetle beetles were also found in Richmond, northwest of Sydney, Australia in October.2002.Portuguese
In Portugal, larvae and eggs of hive beetles were found in imported queen bees in.2004.In August.2012, Cuba first reported the discovery of small hive beetles.
On September 18,.2014, the Italian Ministry of Health made an emergency report to OIE, from September 5 to September 17, Calabria District (Calabria)
Two cases of beetle beetle disease occurred in the hive. The susceptible animals involved included 47 boxes of bees, of which 7 boxes became ill and 3 boxes were destroyed. Hive beetle
The trade of bee products that can be transported or contaminated by flying and invaded bee colonies spreads quickly everywhere.
A.2 Life history of hive beetle
Hive beetles are transmitted by eggs, and their life history is. egg-larva-pupae-adult. Contaminated the hive spleen of the hive beetle,
Bee eggs, honey, and pollen are the sources of infection.
The body color of the adult beetle is light brown to black. The older the month, the darker the body color. The body is elliptical, and the body length is about that of a worker bee.
The body width is 2/3 of the body length. The eggs laid by the females are irregularly clumped and spread all over the hives, usually in empty nest houses and small cracks in the hives.
In the crevice, after 2 d~3 d (at least 1 d, at most 6 d), white larvae hatch, and the larvae feed on pollen and honey. Where do they crawl?
It destroys the bee eggs and nests wherever it is, and this destruction period lasts from 10 d to 16 d, until the larvae are fully mature. After the larva is fully mature,
Then followed the light to climb into the soil outside the beehive and began to pupate. The pupal stage is usually 4 weeks and can fluctuate between 15 days and 60 days. Just emerging
The adult worms start looking for mates and parasitic beehive females, and they will be fully sexually mature and lay eggs after 1 week of emergence. A hive
The small beetle from egg to adult, about 38 d to 8l d. The specific time varies with the surrounding environment temperature, soil moisture and other factors.
Variety. In the right environment, the hive beetle can reproduce more than 5 generations per year.
A.3 Morphological characteristics of small beetles
A.3.1 Egg phase
The eggs of the hive beetle (see Figure A.2) are bean-shaped, pearly white, usually 1.4 mm long and 0.26 mm wide. The eggs and worker bee eggs
Similar, but smaller than worker bee eggs, only 2/3 of worker bee eggs. The eggs are irregular in bunches, and one female hive beetle will live a lifetime
To lay 1,000 eggs, an average of about 13 per day. Eggs are generally laid in the gaps between the spleen in the hive, the bottom of the hive, or the spleen-protecting worker
Few larval spleens and powder honey spleens. Eggs hatch in 3 to 6 days.
A.3.2 Larva
The larvae of the hive beetle (see Figure A.3) are milky white. The larval stage is 10 to 16 d, 13.3 d in the hive, and 3 d in the soil.
Most larvae mature in 10 to 14 days. Individuals that mature late are smaller and develop into smaller adults. Most of them are entering the soil.
Died before pupation. When the larva is fully grown, it is 1.2 cm long and more than 0.15 cm in diameter. The larva is usually covered with a slimy shell.
There are 3 pairs of feet and a small ridge on the back. Mature larvae leave the hive and enter the soil from 7 to 10 in the evening, and 9 o'clock is the peak of migration.
A.3.3 Pupa
After leaving the hive, the mature small beetle larvae enter the soil for 3 days and then pupate, and the pupal stage is 8 days. The pupal stage of female beetles is shorter than that of males.
The early pupae are white and then gradually turn brown. Dry soil is not conducive to pupation. In moist soil, the pupation rate of small beetles is lower.
92% ~98%.
A.3.4 Adult
The hive beetle (see Figure A.1) is usually black, sometimes light brown, and its body color gets darker with age. general
The body length is 5 mm, the width is 3 mm, and the female is larger than the male. When the beehive is opened for detection, the adults usually remove the cover from the beehive in order to avoid the sun.
The board or comb spleen escapes quickly and hides in the corner of the hive. Smaller individuals can pass through the gauze of the beehive transport box or the iron wire of the bottom screen
network. The adult beetle is easily confused with other beetles of the beetle of the sylvestris family. They are often assisted by their different colonies.
Identify. The antennae of the hive beetle are very characteristic, often retracted under the head, if stretched out, you can see many small sections at the end.
Rod tentacles. The newly hatched adults are very active and can fly within 1 d~2 d.
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