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HJ 1167-2021: (National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications-Field Observation of Forest Ecosystem)
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(National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications-Field Observation of Forest Ecosystem)
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HJ 1167-2021
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Standard similar to HJ 1167-2021 HJ 1347.1 HJ 1347.2 HJ 1346.1 Basic data | Standard ID | HJ 1167-2021 (HJ1167-2021) | | Description (Translated English) | (National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications-Field Observation of Forest Ecosystem) | | Sector / Industry | Environmental Protection Industry Standard | | Word Count Estimation | 11,137 | | Issuing agency(ies) | Ministry of Ecology and Environment | HJ 1167-2021: (National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications-Field Observation of Forest Ecosystem)
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(National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications-Field Observation of Forest Ecosystem)
National Ecological Environment Standard of the People's Republic of China
National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specification
--Field observation of forest ecosystem
Technical specification for investigation and assessment of national ecological
status
--Field observation of forest ecosystem
This electronic version is the official standard text, which is reviewed and typeset by the Environmental Standards Institute of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
Published on 2021-05-12
2021-08-01 Implementation
Released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment
directory
Foreword...ii
1 Scope...1
2 Normative references...1
3 Terms and Definitions...1
4 General...2
5 Technical process...2
6 Types of forest ecosystems...2
7 Field Observation Plot Selection and Plot Setting...2
8 Field observation index system...3
9 Field observation techniques and methods...4
Appendix A (Normative Appendix) Field Survey Record Form...8
National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specification
--Field observation of forest ecosystem
1 Scope of application
This standard specifies the general rules, technical process, field observation sample plot selection and quadratic setting, field observation of forest ecosystems
Requirements for the indicator system and field observation techniques and methods.
This standard is applicable to the field observation of terrestrial forest and shrub ecosystems in the national and provincial administrative regions. Other geographical areas can refer to this standard.
implement.
2 Normative references
This standard refers to the following documents or clauses thereof. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this standard.
For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this standard.
GB/T 14721 Forestry Resources Classification and Code Forest Types
GB/T 26424 Technical Regulations for the Survey of Forest Resources Planning and Design
GB/T 30363 Technical Specifications for Monitoring Forest Vegetation Condition
GB/T 33027 Long-term positioning observation method of forest ecosystem
GB T 35221 General Principles of Surface Meteorological Observation Specifications
HJ/T 166 Technical Specification for Soil Environment Monitoring
HJ 710.1 Technical Guidelines for Biodiversity Observation Terrestrial Vascular Plants
HJ 1166 National Ecological Status Survey and Evaluation Technical Specifications--Ecosystem Remote Sensing Interpretation and Field Verification
LY/T 2258 Technical Specifications for Modeling Methods of Standing Tree Biomass
LY/T 2259 Technical specification for sample collection for stumbling biomass modeling
SL 276 Hydrological Infrastructure Construction and Technical Equipment Standard
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
3.1
stand
The internal characteristics of the forest (such as tree species composition, canopy level, age, canopy closure, origin, status level or yield, etc.) are basically the same, while
A forest that is distinct from the surrounding forest. Forest stands are often used as the basis for determining forest management measures, and different forest stands need to take different measures.
business measures.
3.2
forest ecosystem
An ecosystem composed of arbor-dominated biological communities and abiotic environments, including coniferous forests, broad-leaved forests, and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests in this standard.
Cross and sparse forests.
3.3
Tally tally
A basic investigation work in forestry investigation, the purpose is to obtain forest stand data and measure the breast height of each tree in the sample plot that meets the measurement standard.
indicators such as diameter.
4 General
Field observations of forest ecosystems should follow the principles of normative, operable, advanced, and economic and technical feasibility.
5 Technical process
This standard formulates the identification of forest ecosystem types, the setting of sample plots, the construction of observation index system, and the definition of field observation techniques and methods.
and other technical processes, as shown in Figure 1.
6 Types of forest ecosystems
According to the ecosystem classification system in HJ 1166, the types of forest ecosystems include coniferous forests, broad-leaved forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, and rarefied forests.
sparse forest.
7 Field observation plot selection and plot setting
7.1 Plot selection
7.1.1 The selection of sample plots should be representative and typical, and avoid the selection of sample plots in areas with unclear ownership and frequent changes.
7.1.2 The field sampling rate is an average of 1 fixed sample plot per 10 000 km2.It is recommended to select the existing sample plot as the fixed sample
Consider representation, economy, feasibility, etc., and make appropriate arrangements according to the actual situation of each region, such as in areas where ecosystem types are staggered and complex.
The number of sample plots can be appropriately increased in the domain, and the number of sample plots can be appropriately reduced in the area with a single type.
7.1.3 For the observation object, if possible, select at least 2 sample plots that can represent the observation object, the surface coverage is relatively uniform,
The sample area is 10,000 m2.
7.1.4 The sample plot should be selected on the flat land with the same ecosystem type or on the slope with relatively uniform gentle slope.
7.2 Layout of plots
7.2.1 The plots should reflect the changing characteristics of various forest ecosystems with terrain, soil and human environment, etc.
For 2 replicated quadrats, the size of the quadrat is set according to different climate zones and forest types, generally 20 m × 20 m, and the shrub quadrature is 20 m × 20 m.
10m x 10m.
7.2.2 For homogeneous ground sample plots, simple random sampling should be performed in the area instead of the overall distribution.
7.2.3 For non-uniform ground sample plots, stratified sampling should be carried out according to the degree of spatial heterogeneity within the sample plot, requiring relatively uniformity within the stratum, and sampling within the stratum.
Local uniform sampling is carried out within the layer to express the parameters of each layer.
7.2.4 In order to investigate the growth status of forest understory vegetation (species, vegetation height, coverage, biomass, etc.)
Arrange no less than 4 understory vegetation quadrats with an area of not less than 1 m2, and try not to arrange them at the edge of the quadrats.
8 Field observation index system
Field observations of forest ecosystems are mainly carried out for coniferous forests, broad-leaved forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests and sparse forests, including basic conditions,
Forest type, gauge per wood, stand index and understory vegetation. According to different observation contents, different field observation indicators (Table 1) are set.
The measurement time can be combined with the differences between the north and the south and the differences in tree species, and it is carried out in the most vigorous time of the growth period, in principle, from July to September. record of observations
Refer to Table A.1 to Table A.3 in Appendix A for details.
9 Field observation techniques and methods
9.1 Altitude
Can be extracted using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) or measured by GPS.
9.2 Terrain types
Using the observation method, it is divided into plains, hills and mountains, which can be refined and remarked on this basis according to the actual situation. The types are as follows.
a) Plain. flat and open, and the relative height difference is less than 50 m;
b) Hills. there is no obvious vein, the slope is gentle, and the relative height difference is less than 100 m;
c) Mountainous area. the undulations are large, the peaks and valleys are obvious, the elevation is above 500 m, and the relative height difference is above 100 m.
9.3 Slope
The slope can be extracted with a digital elevation model (DEM) or measured with tools such as a compass.
as follows.
a) Grade I is a flat slope. 0°～5°;
b) Grade II is gentle slope. 5°～15°;
c) Grade III is slope. 15°～25°;
d) Grade IV is steep slope. 25°～35°;
e) Grade V is a steep slope. 35°～45°;
f) Grade VI is dangerous slope. above 45°.
9.4 Aspect
The aspect can be extracted using a digital elevation model (DEM) or measured with tools such as a compass. It is divided into eight directions (upper and lower not included).
as follows.
a) North slope. azimuth angle 337°～360°, 0°～22°;
b) Northeast slope. azimuth angle 22°～67°;
c) East slope. azimuth angle 67°～112°;
d) Southeast slope. azimuth angle 112°～157°;
e) South slope. azimuth angle 157°～202°;
f) Southwest slope. azimuth angle 202°～247°;
g) West slope. azimuth angle 247°～292°;
h) Northwest slope. azimuth angle 292°～337°.
9.5 Slope
Using the observation method, the slope positions are divided into six positions. ridge, upslope, mid-slope, downslope, valley, and flat, as follows.
a) Ridge. the dividing line of the mountain range and the range of 15 m vertical height on both sides of it;
b) Uphill. from below the ridge to the uppermost part of the hillside after three equal parts within the valley;
c) Middle slope. the middle slope of three equal parts;
d) Downhill. three equal downhill positions;
e) Valley (or mountain depression). the valley on both sides of the catchment line, if the sample plot is located in a local depression in other parts, it should also be recorded as a valley;
f) Flatlands. Lot of plains or mesas.
9.6 Soil types
According to the soil texture, the soil is divided into three categories. sandy soil, clay soil and loam soil.
It can be refined and remarked on this basis according to the actual situation.
9.7 Humus Thickness
According to the thickness, it is divided into three grades. thick, medium and thin, as follows.
a) Thickness. >5 cm;
b) Medium. 2 to 5 cm;
c) Thin. < 2 cm.
9.8 Microclimate
Relying on the existing observation sites, the rainfall, wind speed/wind direction, radiation, temperature and humidity of the forest ecosystem were observed. Specific according to GB T 35221
And the relevant requirements of GB/T 33027 are implemented.
9.9 Runoff
The forest ecosystem usually conducts river runoff observation, relying on existing hydrological observation stations for observation; if there is no existing fixed station, it is
Select runoff observation points on large and wide river channels, install runoff observation facilities, and try to use automatic observation equipment (current flow meter) for
Observation and hydrological infrastructure construction are carried out in accordance with the relevant requirements of SL 276.
9.10 Coniferous forest
A combination of instrumental measurement and observation was used, and the survey indicators are shown in Table 1.
9.11 Broadleaf forest
A combination of instrumental measurement and observation was used, and the survey indicators are shown in Table 1.
9.12 Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest
A combination of instrumental measurement and observation was used, and the survey indicators are shown in Table 1.
9.13 Sparse Forest
A combination of instrumental measurement and observation was used, and the survey indicators are shown in Table 1.
9.14 Species
Common tree species names and codes can be implemented by referring to the relevant requirements of GB/T 26424 and GB/T 14721.
9.15 DBH
In the tree plot, select trees with a diameter of more than 5 cm at breast height for measurement, and use a caliper to measure the diameter at 1.3 m from the ground.
Trees within the quadrat were inspected for each wood. In the case of dry-shaped irregular trees, the diameters in two directions should be measured vertically, and the average value should be taken. at 1.3 m
The following forks should be regarded as two trees and measured separately. For details, please refer to the relevant requirements of HJ 710.1.
9.16 Tree height
The tree height is mainly measured with an altimeter to obtain the absolute height of all trees in the plot. Areas with high forest coverage are allowed to use height estimation.
estimating tree height.
9.17 Tree age
The age of an individual tree is usually determined using growth cones, instead of measuring each tree, select a representative tree to measure,
Draw the growth curve, the same tree species can use the growth curve to judge the age of the tree.
9.18 Crown
The average of the east-west and north-south canopy projection widths is usually measured.
9.19 Biomass
9.19.1 The aboveground biomass observation of forest ecosystem is divided into the observation of standing trees and the lower part of the canopy, and the sum of the biomass of the standing trees and the lower part of the canopy is the sample.
cube biomass, as follows.
a) Aboveground biomass observation of standing trees. measure all trees in the plot to obtain ground observation data such as tree height and DBH, etc.
Calculated according to the allometric growth equation, the sampling and equation calculation methods are specifically implemented in accordance with the relevant requirements of LY/T 2258 and LY/T 2259.
The total value of the standing tree biomass was calculated and divided by the area of the sample to obtain the standing tree biomass of 1 m2 area,
b) Biomass observation in the lower part of the canopy (underforest). in the plot, randomly select no less than 4 areas, and collect all the aboveground areas respectively.
Vegetation, weigh the fresh weight, take no less than 5% of the sample, dry it at 105 °C to constant weight and weigh the dry weight to obtain the water content of the plant, and then obtain the
The measured aboveground biomass was obtained, the total biomass was calculated and divided by the area of the plot, as the biomass per unit area of the lower part of the canopy. irrigation under the canopy
The biomass observation method of wood layer (including rattan) is based on the observation method of forest biomass.
9.19.2 The underground biomass of forest ecosystem is calculated according to the ratio of root to shoot. The sampling and equation calculation methods are based on LY/T 2258 and LY/T 2258.
LY/T 2259 related requirements are implemented.
9.20 Origin of stand
The forest is divided into natural forest and artificial forest, and the judgment is made according to whether there are traces of artificial seeding in the growth state of the stand, as follows.
a) Natural forests. forests and trees formed by natural seeding or sprouting;
b) Plantation forests. forests and trees formed by artificial live broadcast or aircraft seeding.
9.21 Dominant tree species
In the sample plot or forest stand, the tree species with obvious dominant position in any aspect of quantity, number of trees or stock volume shall be designated as the sample plot.
Or the dominant tree species of the stand, the investigation method is implemented according to the relevant requirements of GB/T 30363.
9.22 Forest age/average age
The age class and age group of arbor forest are determined according to the average age of dominant tree species (group), the age class of bamboo forest is determined according to bamboo degree, and economic forest is divided into
There are four production stages. pre-production, primary production, high production and declining production, which are specifically implemented in accordance with the relevant requirements of GB/T 26424.
9.23 mean diameter at breast height
The basic index that reflects the stand thickness, the diameter corresponding to the stand average breast height section is the stand average DBH.
9.24 average high
According to the height of trees with an average diameter in the sample plot, it was taken as the average height of trees in the sample plot.
9.25 Canopy closure
During the canopy cover survey, several points can be randomly distributed every 3-5 m in the forest, and the presence or absence of canopy coverage is observed at each point.
The canopy coverage was calculated by the ratio of the points covered by the canopy to the total points. Closed forests above 0.70 (including 0.70) are dense forests, and 0.20 to 0.69 are moderate
Canopy closed, 0.20 (excluding 0.20) is a sparse forest.
9.26 Leaf Area Index
The leaf area index instrument was used to measure, and then the mean leaf area index of the quadrat was calculated. The sampling points are equally spaced along the two diagonal diagonals of the plot
Distance distribution, the interval between two points does not exceed 5 m, and each diagonal line is observed at least 8 times.
9.27 Number of understory vegetation species
Using the counting method, the number of shrub and herb species in the plot was calculated.
9.28 Understory vegetation height
The average height of understory vegetation within a quadratic can be measured using a scaled ruler.
9.29 Understory coverage
The understory coverage was calculated according to the proportion of the land area covered by understory vegetation in the quadrature.
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