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GBZ17624.4-2019: Electromagnetic compatibility - General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
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GB/Z 17624.4-2019	English	644	Add to Cart	4 days [Need to translate]	Electromagnetic compatibility - General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz	Valid	GB/Z 17624.4-2019

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Basic data

Standard ID	GB/Z 17624.4-2019 (GB/Z17624.4-2019)
Description (Translated English)	Electromagnetic compatibility - General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz
Sector / Industry	National Standard
Classification of Chinese Standard	L06
Classification of International Standard	33.100.10
Word Count Estimation	34,348
Date of Issue	2019-06-04
Date of Implementation	2019-06-04
Issuing agency(ies)	State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

GBZ17624.4-2019: Electromagnetic compatibility - General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz

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GB /Z 17624.4-2019 Electromagnetic compatibility - General - Historical rationale for the limitation of power-frequency conducted harmonic current emissions from equipment, in the frequency range up to 2 kHz ICS 33.100.10 L06 National Standardization Guiding Technical Document of the People's Republic of China Overview of electromagnetic compatibility limited equipment within 2kHz The historical basis of power frequency harmonic current conducted emission 2019-06-04 released 2019-06-04 implementation State Administration for Market Regulation Issued by China National Standardization Administration

Preface Ⅲ 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 2 4 Overview 2 5 Acceptable clauses related to regulatory regulations in the standard 3 6 History of IEC 61000-3-2 and its predecessors 3 7 History of IEC 61000-3-12 and its predecessors 7 7.1 1989~1998 7 7.2 After.1998 7 8 Economic factors considered when formulating IEC 61000-3-2 limits (before the.1995 version and the.2000 amendment text are completed) 7 Appendix A (informative appendix) Compatibility level and compensation factor 9 Appendix B (informative appendix) Comparison of Class A limits and the harmonic spectrum of incandescent lamps with phase-controlled dimmers at 90° firing angle 12 Appendix C (informative appendix) Class C limits (Table 2 in GB 17625.1) and discharge lamps with inductive ballast Comparison of harmonic spectrum 13 Appendix D (informative appendix) Comparison of Class D limits and the harmonic spectrum of single-phase capacitive filter ballasts with conduction angles of 35° and 65°14 Appendix E (informative appendix) IEC 61000-3-2 The economic factors considered when setting limits before the completion of the Millennium Amendment 15 Appendix F (informative appendix) IEC 61000-3-2 revised outline plan 16 Appendix G (informative appendix) Derivation of IEC 61000-3-12 limits 18 Appendix H (Informative Appendix) Reasons for using the concepts of total harmonic distortion and partially weighted harmonic distortion 28 Reference 30 Figure A.1 Distribution of harmonic voltage drops on transformer impedance in a typical system 9 Figure B.1 Comparison of Class A limits and dimmer harmonic spectrum 12 Figure C.1 Comparison of Class C limits and the harmonic spectrum of discharge lamps 13 Figure D.1 Comparison of Class D limits and single-phase 230W capacitor filter ballast harmonic spectrum 14 Figure E.1 Schematic diagram of the total cost compromise concept that meets the compatibility level 15 Figure H.1 Schematic and equivalent circuit diagram of low-voltage system 28 Figure H.2 The relative total distortion weighted value "tdw" as a function of the short-circuit ratio Rsce 29 Table A.1 Compensation factor 10 Table A.2 kp, h subfactor 10 Table G.1 The relative total distortion weight of the connection point x dependent on the access interference load 21 Table G.2 The limits in IEC 61000-3-12 (columns 2 and 4) and the approximate values obtained from equation (G.8) Comparison of (Column 3 and Column 5) 22 Table G.3 Compatibility level 24 Table G.4 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of a single-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 2) 24 Table G.5 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of a balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 3) 25 Table G.6 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of a balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 4) 25 Table G.7 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n single-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 2) 25 Table G.8 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 3) 26 Table G.9 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 4) 26 Table G.10 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n single-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 2) 26 Table G.11 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 3) 27 Table G.12 Maximum harmonic current and harmonic voltage of n balanced three-phase equipment (quoted from IEC 61000-3-12 Table 4) 27 Overview of electromagnetic compatibility limited equipment within 2kHz The historical basis of power frequency harmonic current conducted emission

1 Scope

This part of "Electromagnetic Compatibility Review" is a guiding technical document that reviews the conduction and emission of power frequency harmonic currents within 2kHz on the power grid. The source and its impact of the equipment in IEC 61000-3-2.2000 AMD1.2001 and IEC 61000-3-12.2004 The derivation process of the emission limit. The concepts in this section apply to all low-voltage AC power supply systems, but the data only applies to European 230V/400V, 50Hz power supply systems. Note 1.The limits of the revised version of IEC 61000-3-2 and/or IEC 61000-3-12 to be completed in the future will be included in the new version of this section. Note 2.The data in this section is for reference for 220V/380V, 50Hz power supply system.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this article Pieces. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. IEC 61000-2-2..20021) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 2-2.Low-frequency conducted disturbance and low-frequency conduction of environmental public low-voltage power supply system Compatibility level of signal transmission IEC 61000-3-2..20002) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3-2.Limit harmonic current emission limit (equipment input current per phase ≤ 16A) IEC 61000-3-3..1994 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3-3.Limits are for each phase rated current ≤ 16A and unconditional connection Limits on voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker caused by the imported equipment in the public low-voltage power supply system 1) This document also refers to the first edition of IEC 61000-2-2 (1990) "Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 2.Environment Part 2.Public Low Voltage Power Supply System Low Frequency Conduction Disturbance and Signal Transmission Compatibility Level", which was later replaced by the second edition. 2) This document also refers to the first edition of IEC 61000-3-2 (1995) ``Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3.Limits Part 2.Harmonic Current Emissions Limit (equipment input current 16A per phase)" and amendment 1 (1995), which were later replaced by the second edition and amendment 2. 3) There is a consolidated version 2.2, which includes IEC 61000-3-2.2000 and its amendment 1 (2001) and amendment 2 (2004). 4) There is a consolidated version 1.1, which includes IEC 61000-3-3.1994 and its amendment 1 (2001) "Electromagnetic Compatibility Part 3-3.Limits for each Restrictions on voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker caused by equipment with phase rated current ≤ 16A and unconditionally connected in the public low-voltage power supply system. IEC 61000-3-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3-4.Limits for equipment with a rated current greater than 16A in low-voltage power supply Harmonic current emission limit generated in the system IEC 61000-3-6 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3-6.Limits Limits for Distorted Load Emissions in Medium and High Voltage Power Supply Systems Evaluation [Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)-Part 3.Limits-Section6.Assessmentofemission limitsfordistortingloadsinMVandHVpowersystems] IEC 61000-3-11 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3-11.Limits for voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage power supply systems Limit (rated current ≤75A and applicable to conditionally connected equipment) IEC 61000-3-12 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3-12.Limits for devices with input current >16A and ≤75A per phase Prepare the limit of harmonic current generated in low-voltage power supply system IEC 61000-4-13 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-13.Testing and measurement techniques AC power port harmonics, interharmonic waves And power grid signal low frequency immunity test

3 Terms and definitions

The terms and definitions defined by other publications in the IEC 61000 series apply to this document.

4 overview

The power supply industry intends to use sinusoidal voltage to provide electricity. The user equipment is designed to operate normally in this power supply environment. however, Because the internal impedance of the power supply system is not zero, a non-linear load used by a customer is connected to the grid, resulting in voltage waveform distortion, which can negatively affect its Other customers and the equipment of the power supply system itself. No load or power supply system equipment can completely avoid voltage waveform distortion, although other Our immunity levels (designed in accordance with conventional practice, without deliberately increasing their immunity levels) vary greatly. Based on a large amount of voltage distortion The experience of failure or damage determines the compatibility level of the low-voltage public grid to voltage distortion and is given in IEC 61000-2-2.These ones The corresponding relationship between the compatibility level and other values is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 is taken from Appendix A of IEC 61000-2-2.Compatibility level is in harmonics An acceptable compromise between immunity and reduced emissions. The voltage distortion resistance of the equipment is given in IEC 61000-4-13 Disturbance inspection method. Note. The compatibility level in the first edition of IEC 61000-2-2 applies to this section. The application of harmonic current emission limits to equipment connected to the low-voltage public grid is to make the voltage distortion level at the system level absolute. It is lower than the compatibility level for most of the time, and lower than the planned level for most of the time, as shown in Figure 1. Note 1.The emission level into the medium voltage and high voltage system can be controlled by other methods and procedures, refer to IEC 61000-3-6. Note 2.In some countries, the power supply industry controls the emission value of portable equipment in accordance with IEC 61000-3-2, regardless of whether the common coupling point is at low or medium voltage. Still high pressure. The emission value of the device is represented by current, because the current is basically (not all) independent of the impedance of the power supply system. And equipment production The voltage distortion generated is almost proportional to the impedance of the power supply system, so there is no fixed value. Non-linear absorption of equipment from the power supply system The linear current can be regarded as a sinusoidal current, and the harmonic current injected into the power supply system has the opposite polarity to the actual current absorbed. Note. Refer to IEC 61000-2-2.2002 for the description text of the shaded part in the figure. Figure 1 Schematic diagram considering the compatibility level of disturbance and immunity

5 Acceptable clauses related to regulatory regulations in the standard

The equipment manufacturing industry can accept the requirements in non-mandatory standards. Whether to apply these requirements is determined by the customer or adjusted by each contract. When the standard is cited by technical regulations, the above-mentioned practices are not allowed. For example, if the provisions of a standard are fully applied, it will take multiple times test. The contracting parties may completely or partially cancel these terms (such as calculation or simulation). However, when they are enforced, they are not allowed Allow to deviate from requirements. 7.1 of EN50006 and 5.3.1 of IEC (60)555-25) require testers to use the controller of the device under test to find the worst For IEC (60)555-2, it is also necessary to carry out the above-mentioned tests for each harmonic in turn. Such a test may take a lot of Many days, but there is no guarantee that another tester will not be able to find another harmonic in the worst case, even a single harmonic. The requirement is IEC 61000-3-2.1995 also existed in C.1, and it was not cancelled until IEC 61000-3-2.2000 amendment 1 came out. 5) IEC (60)555-2 was cancelled in.1995 and replaced by IEC 61000-3-2. Note. EN stands for European standards. Standards should not include regulatory requirements, and only need to pay attention to whether products within the scope of this standard meet the procedures required by the standard. 6 History of IEC 61000-3-2 and its predecessors 6.1 Before 1960 Most non-linear loads are TV sets with half-wave rectifiers. Because most TVs contain power connectors with reversible polarity, The DC component is basically eliminated. The number of installations is insufficient to cause major system problems due to harmonic current emission. But there is evidence that In some countries, there is a DC component caused by the random imbalance of connection polarity, which causes corrosion of underground cables. 6.2 1960~1975 Phase-controlled household light dimmers began to be sold on the market. The use of these products produced high-frequency conduction emissions, which caused the wireless spectrum. Protect the attention of the department and take measures including mandatory measures to limit it, and notice that the dimmer will generate harmonic currents, And there is no feasible way to reduce the ratio of harmonic to fundamental current. A system survey carried out across Europe shows that nearly 90% of residential users (mostly powered by overhead low-voltage distribution lines) have electricity The source impedance value is (0.4 jh0.25)Ω. Here h represents the harmonic order, and j is the imaginary unit. This value is included in IEC 60725. And determined that if the dimmer emission is not controlled, the voltage distortion will exceed the acceptable level (later called the compatibility level). Note. There is no direct relationship between the general compatibility level and the emission limit. For further information on this aspect, please refer to Appendix A. The first standard to solve this problem (the standard's own test is not based on any earlier standard) is EN50006. In 1975, it was implemented as a number of national standards including BS5406.1976.This EN standard is the first to consider some technical factors, including voltage waves It also includes the main content of current IEC 61000-3-3 and IEC 61000-3-11.The restrictions on harmonic current emission are. ---It is forbidden to use phase control for heating loads exceeding.200W; ---Apply odd harmonic emission limits; --- Application of even harmonic emission limits for symmetrical and asymmetrical control technology. These limits are expressed as a percentage of the harmonic voltage, generated by the power supply system with an impedance value of (0.4 jh0.25)Ω. However, the actual test The process needs to measure the harmonic current, from which the voltage distortion is calculated. The standard does not contain any explanation about the source of the limit, that is The limits of Class A equipment in IEC 61000-3-2.There is no doubt that this value is in fact shared by experts from the supplier and the manufacturer As a result of discussions, neither party gave priority to determining data strictly according to mathematical rules. However, a study came up with an approximate algorithm, which can be used to determine that many dimming lamps working at different firing angles are in the final At the terminals of the low-voltage transformer fed by the wiring section, the cumulative effect on the voltage distortion level of a power grid (see Appendix A). 6.3 1975~1982 During this period of time, IEC promulgated a more comprehensive standard IEC (60)555-2.1982 "Harmonic Injection into AC Grid". The The standard is still limited to 220(380)V~240(415)V, 50Hz European power grid system. It was approved by CENELEC (European Electrotechnical Commission) in 1987. Will) adopt and serve as EN(60)555-2.It introduces three limits. The initial current limit is the same as EN50006. The limit for products used during the period is 1.5 times, such as hand-held tools; and the limit specifically for TV sets, although the input power is less than The exemption of 165W TV sets makes this limit only applicable to a small number of TV sets. The limit is directly expressed in current, even for TV sets. Note. All IEC standards have been included in the 60000 series and renumbered from January 1,.1998.To indicate that it was repealed or I will not reprint it later, add the prefix "6xxx" and put it in parentheses, so there is "IEC (60)555-2". Although the standard contains an appendix that claims to be the source of the interpretation of the original current limit, in fact it did not do so, only quoted The voltage distortion limit included in EN50006 is included without explanation. 6.4 1982~1995 Three profound changes occurred during this period. Whether in the commercial field or in the household field, switching power supplies have been continuously promoted and For use, Europe will introduce mandatory regulations for the electromagnetic compatibility characteristics of electronic products, and put forward "product quality" requirements for European public power grids. The early EN50006 and IEC (60)555-2 do not apply to special equipment, but there is no relevant definition in the above standards, only "Office machinery" is cited as an example in EN50006.It is not clear whether these standards apply to office computers. In Europe Since people classify computers as household appliances, this problem has been solved, so the early current limit has been applied (but CISPR14/EN55014 has not been used for high-frequency electromagnetic emission of office computers). However, with the single The large-scale use of corresponding consumer electronics products. The large current pulses generated when these products are used almost at the same time make the peak of the power supply voltage obvious. Flat, switching power supply units can provide technical advantages (higher benefit, lighter weight, smaller size), but high current pulses occur almost simultaneously, Will cause significant distortion of the power supply voltage waveform (those non-switching power supply products with transformer feeding have lower emission, this is because the transformer The series impedance of the rectifier causes the rectifier to have a larger conduction angle). Therefore, the follow-up development of IEC (60)555-2 is full of controversy. It has been suggested that although the power supply industry continues to promote IEC 61000-3-2 Development, but the related equipment manufacturing industry rarely adopts this standard. But we should see the fact that the equipment production industry is In a very diversified industry, different sub-industries have different characteristics when considering the issue of harmonic current emission. However, the power supply industry There is very little diversity in priority, mainly due to different infrastructures in different countries. IEC 61000-3-2.1995 introduced many new features. The most notable is the "electronic and electrical equipment up to 16A input current per phase It is connected to the public low-voltage power distribution system. "(However, "special equipment" as defined in the standard enjoys exemptions from some requirements). Therefore, these standards include some requirements and limits. These requirements and limits can be applied to different types of products. It can be divided into The next four categories, like the previous standards, are only valid for the European region. Note. It is not yet known whether the 220V~240V, 50Hz power supply system in other countries is sufficiently similar to the standards applied in Europe; at the same time, it needs to be pointed out that the "Extended operation" makes these standards unreliable for other voltage and frequency systems. Different distribution system configurations affect the equivalent power impedance and The propagation of harmonic currents in the system. Category A belongs to the general category and applies to some products that cannot be clearly included in other categories. This type of limit is derived from the original voltage in 1975 Limit, and theoretically assumed power supply impedance and harmonic frequency. This limit is related to the current emission of the dimmer on the incandescent lamp, see Appendix B. Class B belongs to a specific category and is suitable for portable tools, but it is assumed to be only suitable for a short period of time (a few minutes). Its limit It is 1.5 times the Class A limit. As for the 1.5 times factor, it is purely instructive, although for the 3rd harmonic, one unit happens to satisfy the 3rd order. Devices with harmonic limits (3.45A) occupies almost all the allowable part (0.25) of the compatibility level (5%) that can be allocated to the low-voltage power grid. Note. See Appendix A for an explanation of the "allowable compatibility level". Class C is applicable to lighting equipment and needs to be carefully defined. Its limits are quite strict, some of them or similar values are the most It was first used in IEC 60082, but it is now cancelled. See Appendix C. Class D was originally applied to products that obtain pulsed current from a power source, the pulse is located in a specified envelope centered on the peak of the current waveform Inside. The conduction angle of the rectifier of a typical high-efficiency online DC power supply unit is 35°. Low-order odd orders emitted by a group of such products Harmonic currents are superimposed almost arithmetically. If it is a single-phase power supply, its voltage waveform is flattened. Class D was originally intended to be used in DC power supply units, Whether it is external or internal; but after a lot of research (including the effect of using peak-flattened sine waves to power the rectifier), Class D is set The rectifier conduction angle is about 65° (with some tentative adjustments) to include other products. See Appendix D. The Class D limit is proportional to the active power, so it is expressed in milliamperes per watt (mA/W). At 600W power, Class D limit surface The above is consistent with the Class A limit of (fixed current value), but due to rounding errors, the two types of limits are equal for each harmonic when the power is significantly different. Initially caused some confusion. It may be concluded that when these limits are applied, the expected impact on the power system will not exceed the compatible water level. level. Detailed explanation can be found in references [12] and [13]. At the same time, because the impact of many such products on the power supply network can be accepted, people also believe that the Class D limit should have a lower bound, low Those in the lower realm will not apply. The lower bound was initially set at 75W, and it was reduced to 50W after 4 years. However, people did not realize that this is A clause that cannot be implemented as stated. As a result, those who believed in this clause were disappointed that the clause was not implemented. Note. There is no clear basis to calculate the four-year cycle, because the IEC standard is voluntary and can be implemented or not implemented at any time. In addition, the IEC standard The quasi-only amendments can only be made through the voting process starting in the same period. For clauses that may come into effect many years later, the various national committees cannot be sure of their votes. Unfortunately, in order to meet the Class D limit, the 65° conduction angle makes the low efficiency of the power supply unit quite unacceptable. Radiation, or need to introduce an inductor, or an active power factor correction loop, but this adds to the cost. Therefore, this is by far the most controversial request. The introduction of this requirement is based on the following statistical data, that is, the upper The daily change of the level and the 5th harmonic level related to TV watching habits. In the past ten years, in several European countries The rate of rise is about 1%, although the measurement data obtained are not all at the same time. The background level brought by other interference sources Some locations are 3%, and the compatibility level of the 5th harmonic is 5%. Therefore, if the rise r...

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