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GB/T 37361-2019: Determination of the film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method
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Determination of the film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method
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GB/T 37361-2019
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 37361-2019 (GB/T37361-2019) | | Description (Translated English) | Determination of the film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | G50 | | Classification of International Standard | 87.040 | | Word Count Estimation | 22,295 | | Date of Issue | 2019-03-25 | | Date of Implementation | 2020-02-01 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 37361-2019: Determination of the film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
ICS87.040
G50
National Standards of People's Republic of China
GB/T 37361-2019/ISO /T S19397.2015
Determination of film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method
(ISO /T S19397.2015, Determination ofthefilmthicknessofcoatings
Usinganultrasonicgage, IDT)
Published on.2019-03-25
2020-02-01 implementation
State market supervision and administration
China National Standardization Administration issued
Content
Foreword III
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Principle 3
5 Physical principles of measurement methods and applications 3
6 Equipment and materials 5
6.1 Ultrasonic film thickness measuring device 5
6.2 Coupling agent 5
6.3 Calibration Standard 5
7 Calibration, adjustment and inspection of measuring equipment 5
7.1 Calibration 5
7.2 Adjustment 6
7.3 Checking Adjustments 6
8 Determination step 6
9 Measuring the effect of temperature 6
10 precision 6
10.1 General 6
10.2 Repeatability limit 6
10.3 Reproducibility Limit 7
11 Test report 8
Appendix A (informative appendix) Personnel qualification 9
Appendix B (informative) Precision determination 10
Reference 16
Foreword
This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard uses the translation method equivalent to ISO /T S19397.2015 "Using ultrasonic thickness gauge to determine the film thickness of the coating".
The documents of our country that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents referenced in this standard are as follows.
---GB/T 5206-2015 Terms and definitions of paints and varnishes (ISO 4618.2014, IDT).
This standard has made the following editorial changes.
--- In order to coordinate with the existing paint film thickness measurement standard, the name was changed to "measurement of film thickness ultrasonic thickness gauge method".
This standard was proposed by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Coatings and Pigments Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC5).
This standard was drafted. Jiangsu Lanling Polymer Materials Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Synthetic Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd.
(Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Yutong New Materials Co., Ltd., AVIC Baimu New Material Technology Engineering Co., Ltd., CNOOC Changzhou
Paint Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Guangtian Environmental Protection Coating Co., Ltd., Hebei Chenyang Industry and Trade Group Co., Ltd., China Paint (Deep
Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Baden Fu Industrial Co., Ltd., Shunde District, Foshan City, China Car Tangshan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd., Changzhou Guanghui Chemical Co., Ltd.
Division, Zhejiang Mingquan Industrial Coating Co., Ltd., Dongguan Enfeng Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Baotashan Paint Co., Ltd., Fujian Fu
Special Materials Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this standard. Mu Zhichao, Chen Jiangang, Cao Xiaodong, Wang Chongwu, Li Xin, Gao Jun, Yang Yaliang, Qu Shuai, Fu Chao, Xu Xiaodong, Wang Zhi,
Yang Wentao, Zhao Shaohong, Mao Li'an, Long Fengjia, Wang Yali, Chen Azhi.
Determination of film thickness - Ultrasonic thickness gauge method
1 Scope
This standard specifies a method for determining the film thickness of coatings on metal and non-metal substrates using ultrasonic thickness gauges.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this document.
For the undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
ISO 4618 Paint and varnish terms and definitions (Paintsandvarnishes-Termsanddefinitions)
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions defined by ISO 4618 apply to this document.
3.1
Ultrasonic ultrasonicwave
Sound waves with a frequency higher than the hearing range of the human ear, usually with a frequency higher than 20 kHz.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 3.1.1]
3.2
Longitudinal wave
Compressed wave compressionalwave
The vibration direction of the medium particle is the same as the wave propagation direction.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 2.3.1]
3.3
Echo echo
Ultrasonic pulse reflected to the probe.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 5.5.2]
3.4
Echo height echoheight
Echo amplitude echoamplitude
The echo (3.3) height displayed on the screen.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 5.5.5]
3.5
Ultrasound pulse ultrasonicimpulse
Ultrasonic signal with short duration.
3.6
Ultrasonic sensor ultrasonicsensor
Ultrasonic probe ultrasonicprobe
A device for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves (3.1), mainly using piezoelectric materials.
3.7
Acoustic impedance acousticimpedance
The product of the density of the material and the speed of sound.
3.8
Reflection coefficient
The ratio of the total reflected sound pressure to the incident sound pressure at the reflecting surface.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 3.4.11]
Note. The reflection coefficient R of the wave is calculated by the acoustic impedance (3.7) Z1 and the acoustic impedance (3.7) Z2 of the boundary medium, where 1 is the medium of the incoming sound.
R=
Z2-Z1
Z2 Z1
If the reflection coefficient is negative, change the phase (3.9) of the reflected signal by 180°.
3.9
Phase phase
A position of a complete wave period, expressed as an angle.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 2.2.5]
3.10
Interface
Acoustic impedance (3.7) is the interface of acoustic contact between two different media.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 3.4.1]
3.11
Sound propagation time soundpathtraveltime
The time it takes for the sound wave to travel along the path.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 5.6.3]
3.12
Coupling agent couplant
Coupling film coupling film
A medium applied between the probe and the object to be measured so that the ultrasonic wave can pass smoothly.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 5.3.2]
3.13
A scan shows A-scanpresentation
The ultrasonic signal is displayed, where the X axis is expressed in time and the Y axis is expressed in amplitude.
[EN1330-4.2010, definition 5.5.16]
Note. Ultrasonic film thickness measuring device, in addition to displaying the film thickness value, usually also displays A-scan for checking the echo form and echo sequence.
3.14
Calibration calibration
The first step in a set of operations under specified conditions is to determine the relationship between the magnitude provided by the measurement standard and the corresponding indication.
The quantity and the corresponding value provided by the quantity standard have measurement uncertainty. In the second step, through this information, you can know how to obtain the measurement from the indication value.
Quantity results.
Note 1. Calibration can be expressed in the form of an overview, calibration function, calibration chart, calibration curve or calibration table. In some cases, it can include
Correction of the indication of the degree of certainty, plus correction value or multiplication correction factor.
Note 2. Note that avoiding calibration is confused with calibration and calibration verification of measurement systems that are often referred to as “self-calibration”.
Note 3. Usually, only the first step in the above definition is considered to be calibration.
[ISO /IEC Guide 99.2007, Definition 2.39]
3.15
Measurement system adjustment adjustmentofameasuringsystem
Adjustment adjustment
A series of operations performed on the measurement system so that the measuring instrument gives a specified indication corresponding to the value to be measured.
Note 1. The adjustment type of the measurement system usually includes zero adjustment of the measurement system, offset adjustment and range adjustment (sometimes called “gain adjustment”).
Note 2. Pay attention to avoid confusion between adjustment and calibration of the measurement system (3.14), which is the premise of adjustment.
Note 3. After the measurement system is adjusted, it is usually necessary to recalibrate the measurement system.
[ISO /IEC Guide 99.2007, Definition 3.11]
3.16
Working standard workingstandard
Traceable to national standards.
[EN60731.2007, definition 3.4.1.2]
4 Principle
The method specified in this standard determines the thickness of a single coating by the propagation time of the ultrasonic pulse reflected at the interface of the coating system.
The advantages and disadvantages of this method can be seen from the data obtained from the combination of different coating substrates related to practical use.
5 Physical principles of measurement methods and applications
When measuring the film thickness using ultrasonic waves, longitudinal waves are used because the longitudinal waves are easy to generate and can be coupled to almost every liquid.
As shown in Fig. 1, the ultrasonic sensor (6) is composed of a piezoelectric disk and a "delay block" for generating and receiving sound waves.
The ultrasonic pulse first passes through the delay block and then through the first to third layers, directly to the substrate (1) and even further.
A part of the ultrasonic wave reaching each interface is reflected as a new ultrasonic pulse, and the other part is irradiated by the ultrasonic pulse.
On the 1st floor (4), the ultrasonic sensor will receive the first reflection.
Description.
1---substrate;
2---3rd floor;
3---layer 2;
4---first layer;
5---coupling agent (liquid);
6---ultrasonic sensors (transmitters and receivers);
E---Echo layer, 1, 2, 3.
Figure 1 Ultrasonic method
The ultrasonic pulse is recorded after being received by the ultrasonic sensor. In three separate layers, the duration between the ultrasonic pulses
The acoustic path propagation time Ti (i = 1, 2, 3). The amplitude or echo height of the ultrasonic pulse reflected at each interface depends on the respective
Reflection coefficient. If the speed of sound in each layer is known, the film thickness can be calculated using the propagation time. For each layer, calculate according to equation (1).
v=
Td
T/2
(1)
In the formula.
v --- sound speed;
Td --- dry film thickness;
T --- sound path propagation time (back and forth) in this layer.
In order to be able to use the naked eye to resolve echoes with shorter acoustic propagation time intervals (for example, the propagation time in a coating with a thickness of 20 μm is
20ns), the ultrasonic pulse should be at least as short. To this end, the ultrasonic frequency should be high (at least the reciprocal of half of the propagation time), or
A-scan should be generated at a lower frequency by digital signal processing. See Figure 2 for an example of A-scan.
When the coatings are too thin, the echoes generated by the layers will fuse with each other. In this case, the evaluation is performed by the A-scan display.
The method is no longer applicable.
180°. If this is ignored, a relative time delay of half wavelength may occur.
The premise that the amplitude of the signal formed by the ultrasonic pulse on the two-layer interface is sufficiently high is.
---High enough reflection coefficient or different acoustic impedance Z;
--- There is a clear intersection between the materials.
Otherwise, the reflection may become too weak to detect. This can also happen on curved workpieces, due to geometrical reasons, not
Some parts of the sound wave can be transmitted back to the sensor from the interface at the same time.
Description.
T --- sound transmission time of layers 1, 2, and 3;
E --- Echo layer 1,2,3.
Figure 2 Example of A-scan display
6 Equipment and materials
6.1 Ultrasonic film thickness measuring device
Device with ultrasonic sensor and measuring components (see Figure 1).
The ultrasonic sensor is used to send and receive ultrasonic pulses, and the measuring component is used to determine the corresponding film thickness according to the propagation time.
Note. Ultrasonic sensors used to measure the film thickness of the coating produce ultrasonic signals (longitudinal waves) that propagate in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece and the coating.
In the schematic diagram of Figure 1, the acoustic propagation of the surface with a slope is only used to illustrate the generation of sound waves.
6.2 Coupling agent
The acoustic contact between the probe and the sample is fully coupled. Usually a liquid (such as water or oil) or a gel coupling agent is used.
6.3 Calibration standards
In order to check the function of the measuring device, the working standard should be used.
In order to check the measurement method and adjust the device before use, a working measurement standard should be used, which is in the film thickness, coating system,
The thickness of the substrate and each coating should be consistent with the object to be tested.
7 Calibration, adjustment and inspection of measuring equipment
7.1 Calibration
Calibrate the equipment according to the information provided by the manufacturer.
Note. The measurement time is mainly used to measure the propagation time of the signal. If necessary, the propagation can be checked by the calibration standard of the specified thickness and the known speed of sound.
time.
7.2 Adjustment
Adjust the equipment according to the information provided by the manufacturer.
When adjusting the sound speed input, it is recommended to use the sample with the minimum and maximum film thickness to measure these sound speeds. Use ultrasonic film thickness measurement
The device measures the propagation time and the speed of sound of the ultrasonic pulse, calculates the film thickness according to formula (1), and the thickness of the coating in the same measurement area can also be used.
A method of determination.
The propagation time was determined repeatedly for each sample, and each sample was averaged.
When selecting a test sample for measuring the speed of sound, the thinner the thickness of the test sample, the shorter the sound propagation time, and the propagation time.
And thickness to determine the speed of sound is less accurate.
The calculation should pay attention to the data unit used by the input device manufacturer. If using the international unit for calculation, the data should be carried out.
Conversion.
7.3 Checking adjustments
After the equipment is started, if the coating system or substrate of the target to be tested changes, use the working standard to check the measuring equipment before recording the data.
Adjustment.
All equipment parameters should always be set according to the information provided by the manufacturer.
After adjustment, the device settings that affect the ultrasonic signal must not be changed. Another adjustment should be made when changing the probe or changing the device settings.
8 Determination steps
Operate the device according to the information provided by the manufacturer.
Note. Appendix A gives a description of the qualifications of the operator.
Apply some coupling agent to the coating and measure its film thickness. Place the sensor vertically on the coating and press it to make the film of the coupling agent change.
Keep it as thin as possible. Keep the probe in the measurement position until a stable measurement is displayed.
9 Measuring the effect of temperature
Most probes have a temperature range of -20 ° C to 60 ° C. However, it is recommended to perform ultrasonic film in the range of common ambient temperatures.
Thickness measurement to maintain the test object during measurement, couplant and probe at equilibrium temperature. Delay block or test object in the probe
The temperature gradient in the temperature causes uncontrollable changes in the speed of sound and fluctuations that affect the measurement results.
In all materials, the speed of sound is more or less related to temperature.
Note. For polymers, the negative temperature coefficient usually varies from 0.1% to 0.3% per degree Celsius.
In order to minimize errors due to temperature changes, measurements should be made under constant temperature conditions. Adjustments and subsequent measurements
The amount should be carried out at the same temperature. In the case of measuring long-term interruption and changes in ambient temperature, the adjustment should be checked.
10 precision
10.1 General
See Appendix B for more information on precision determination.
10.2 Repetitive limits
Repeatability limit (r) refers to two test results when using this test method under repetitive conditions (each test result is valid for 3 times)
The absolute difference of the measured value is expected to be lower than its value. In this case, the test result is the same operator, in the same
The laboratory, according to the specified test method, the test material obtained in a short time interval is obtained. The repeatability limit of this standard is met.
(r) Calculated by probability value 95%, the corresponding values are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1 Repeatability limit (r) of each sample is in microns
Sample coating thickness repeatability (r)
Spruce veneer plywood 100 4
Polished spruce 100 6
Beech veneer plywood 100 6
Polished eucalyptus 100 6
Aluminum 22 3
Aluminum 44 4
Carbon fiber composite 22 3
Carbon fiber composite 44 3
PP (polypropylene) 22 4
PP (polypropylene) 44 4
SMC (sheet molding compound) 22 5
SMC (sheet molding compound) 44 9
Steel 22 3
Steel 44 4
Table 2 Repeatability limits (r) for the product group in microns
Sample coating thickness repeatability limit (r)
Wood sample 100 5
Metal (aluminum and steel) 22 3
Metal (aluminum and steel) 44 4
10.3 Reproducibility limits
Reproducibility limit (R) refers to two independent test results when using this test method under reproducibility conditions (each test result is 2
The absolute difference of the average of the second effective measurements is expected to be lower than its value. In this case, the test results are caused by different operations.
According to the specified test method, the shift operation is performed for several consecutive days, and the same test material is obtained. The reproducibility limit conforms to this standard.
(R) is calculated with a probability value of 95%, and the corresponding values are listed in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3 Reproducibility limits (R) for each sample are in microns
Sample coating thickness reproducibility (R)
Spruce veneer plywood 100 13
Polished spruce 100 20
Beech veneer plywood 100 13
Polished eucalyptus 100 11
Aluminum 22 5
Aluminum 44 7
Carbon fiber composite 22 4
Carbon fiber composite 44 8
PP (polypropylene) 22 5
PP (polypropylene) 44 12
SMC (sheet molding compound) 22 10
SMC (sheet molding compound) 44 14
Steel 22 6
Steel 44 13
Table 4 Reproducibility limits (R) of the product group are in microns
Sample coating thickness reproducibility (R)
Wood sample 100 17
Metal (aluminum and steel) 22 6
Metal (aluminum and steel) 44 11
11 test report
The test report shall include at least the following.
a) identify all the necessary details necessary for the test product;
b) indicate the standard number;
c) test results;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) any anomalies that occur during the measurement;
f) Test date.
Appendix A
(informative appendix)
Personnel qualification
The operator who performs ultrasonic thickness measurement according to this standard shall introduce the physical principle and measurement process of the method to the operator.
And before the test should have the operating experience under the guidance of this type of personnel.
For untested coating systems, the operator should be provided with information about the product and the material to be tested. In order to reliably set up the device,
To understand the physical principles of ultrasound and a detailed understanding of the metrology process. Know the most common ultrasound thickness due to the similarity of metrology work.
Degree measurement methods are helpful (see references).
Appendix B
(informative appendix)
Precision determination
B.1 Summary of information on rotation tests between laboratories
Perform a rotation test between laboratories to determine the precision of film thickness measurement using an ultrasonic film thickness measuring device. Five units participated
This rotation test.
B.2 sample
For the rotation test, an aqueous standard dispersion was applied to ten different substrates (see Table B.1). The dispersion was repeated
Apply to some of the substrates to achieve a higher film thickness.
Five test samples were prepared for each type of substrate for each film thickness.
The film thickness of the wood sample is 100 μm.
For other types of substrates, test samples with film thicknesses of 22 μm and 44 μm were prepared.
In order to perform the basic calibration, it is necessary to prepare additional calibration plates with the same parameters and cross-sectional areas for the beam splitting microscope.
In order to directly compare the measurement of the film thickness by microscopy/ultrasonic method, it is also necessary to prepare some other cross-sectional areas for the beam splitting microscope.
Test board.
Table B.1 Corresponding film thicknesses on substrates and substrates used in the rotation test
Nominal film thickness/μm
Spruce veneer plywood 100
Polished spruce 100
Elm veneer plywood 100
Polished eucalyptus 100
Aluminum 22
Aluminum 44
Tree root wood 44
Carbon fiber composite 22
Carbon fiber composite 44
PP (polypropylene) 22
PP (polypropylene) 44
SMC (sheet molding compound) 22
SMC (sheet molding compound) 44
Steel 22
Steel 44
B.3 Ultrasonic film thickness measuring device
5 different ultrasonic film thickness measuring devices with frequency range greater than.200MHz for rotation test. Frequency below.200MHz
The equipment is not suitable for all substrates.
All equipment must be calibrated according to the information provided by the manufacturer prior to measurement.
B.4 Repeat measurement
Three measurements were taken for each sample.
Mark 3 measurement points on each sample.
B.5 Evaluation
B.5.1 General
The measurement results were evaluated according to ISO 5725-2 and ISO /T R22971.
The test sample root wood was identified as an anomalous material and was therefore ignored in the calculation of ultrasonic accuracy.
The repeatability and reproducibility of each substrate and film thickness were calculated separately (see Table 1 and Table 3).
Since the various wood types and the repeatability and reproducibility of aluminum and steel are similar, a simplified test group is formed and they are calculated
Repetitive and reproducible.
B.5.2 Repeatability
Figures B.1, B.2 and B.3 show the plots for each set of samples.
--- Wood samples with a film thickness of 100 μm (see Figure B.1);
--- Aluminum, carbon fiber composites, PP, SMC and steel samples, film thickness of 22μm (see Figure B.2) and 44μm (see Figure B.3).
Description.
Y --- film thickness, μm;
X --- substrate;
1 --- spruce veneer plywood;
2 --- polished spruce;
3 --- eucalyptus veneer plywood;
4 --- polished eucalyptus;
□ --- average value;
--- Confidence interval of mean ± 0.95;
---Minimum Maximum.
Figure B.1 Repeatability of wood samples with a film thickness of 100 μm
Description.
Y --- film thickness, μm;
X --- substrate;
1 --- aluminum;
2 --- carbon fiber composite;
3 ---PP (polypropylene);
4 ---SMC (sheet molding compound);
5 --- steel;
□ --- average value;
--- mean ± 0.95 confidence interval;
---Minimum Maximum.
Figure B.2 Repeatability of other samples with a film thickness of 22 μm
Description.
Y --- film thickness, μm;
X --- substrate;
1 --- aluminum;
2 --- carbon fiber composite;
3 ---PP (polypropylene);
4 ---SMC (sheet molding compound);
5 --- steel;
□ --- average value;
--- mean ± 0.95 confidence interval;
---Minimum Maximum.
Figure B.3 Repeatability of other samples with a film thickness of 44 μm
The repeatability limit (r) for each sample (see Table 1) is calculated based on 3 measurements for each substrate and each film thickness.
The repeatability limits (r) for wood and metal product groups (see Table 2) are basically consistent with the repeatability values of individual tests.
B.5.3 Reproducibility limits
The reproducibility limit (R) of each sample was calculated from all measured film thickness values (see Table 3).
Compared with the results of a single sample, the reproducibility limit (R) of the wood and metal sample sets (see Table 4) is more variable.
B.5.4 Influencing factors
The calculation of repeatability ...
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