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GB/T 36416.1-2018: Testing machine vocabulary -- Part 1: Material testing machines
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 36416.1-2018 (GB/T36416.1-2018) | | Description (Translated English) | Testing machine vocabulary -- Part 1: Material testing machines | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | N70 | | Classification of International Standard | 19.060 | | Word Count Estimation | 64,643 | | Date of Issue | 2018-06-07 | | Date of Implementation | 2019-01-01 | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Announcement No. 9 of 2018 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 36416.1-2018: Testing machine vocabulary -- Part 1: Material testing machines---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Testing machine vocabulary--Part 1. Material testing machines
ICS 19.060
N70
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Testing machine vocabulary Part 1. Materials testing machine
Published on.2018-06-07
2019-01-01 implementation
State market supervision and administration
China National Standardization Administration issued
Content
Foreword III
1 Scope 1
2 Basic concept 1
3 material testing machine 10
4 Reference and standard measuring instruments and force and deformation testing instruments 19
5 Parts, Accessories and Specimens 25
6 performance parameters 30
Index 45
Foreword
GB/T 36416 "Test Machine Vocabulary" is divided into the following three parts.
--- Part 1. Material testing machine;
--- Part 2. Non-destructive testing equipment;
--- Part 3. Vibration test system and impact test machine.
This part is the first part of GB/T 36416.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part was proposed by the China Machinery Industry Federation.
This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Testing Machine Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC122).
This section drafted by. Kunshan City Innovation and Technology Testing Instrument Co., Ltd., China Machine Testing Equipment Co., Ltd., China Testing and Certification
Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Chenxin Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Xiyi Testing Machine Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Changchun Kexin Testing Instrument Co., Ltd.
the company.
The main drafters of this section. Tao Zecheng, Wang Xuezhi, Yan Zhongxia, Guo Bing, Yan Haixiang, Wang Yixiang, Yang Guang.
Testing machine vocabulary Part 1. Materials testing machine
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 36416 defines material testing machines, force and deformation testing instruments and their main components, components and performance parameters.
Terms and definitions.
This section applies to the preparation of materials testing machine standards and various technical documents, as well as the preparation of relevant textbooks and books and Chinese and foreign literature.
Translation, etc.
Note. The words or words in square brackets [ ] in this section are words or words that can be omitted without confusion.
2 basic concepts
2.1 Material properties
2.1.1
Mechanical properties mechanical properties
Material (metallic or non-metallic) that is related to elastic and inelastic reactions under force or contains stress-strain
The performance of the system. It used to be called mechanical properties.
Note. The main mechanical properties of the material are. elasticity, plasticity, toughness, ductility, strength, hardness, creep, relaxation and fatigue.
2.1.2
Strength strength
The ability of the material to withstand various deformations and damages under external forces.
Note. Strength is the main performance in mechanical properties. Strength indicators are. yield strength, tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, torsional strength, shear strength,
Fatigue strength, creep strength, durability, etc.
2.1.3
Elastic elasticity
The ability of the material to recover from deformation.
2.1.4
Viscoelasticity
Material properties with both elastic solids and viscous liquids.
Viscoelasticity is related to the application speed and temperature of the force.
2.1.5
Elastic deformation
A material that is deformed by force and returns to its original state (without permanent deformation) after the force is removed.
2.1.6
Elastic hysteresis elastichysteresis
A material that is deformed by force and has a strain change that lags behind a stress change when the force is removed.
2.1.7
Modulus of elasticity
Young's modulus Young'smodulus
Under static force, the ratio of the stress below the material's proportional limit to the corresponding strain.
The Young's modulus is a special case of the elastic modulus under normal stress and linear strain, which is expressed by dividing the normal stress σ by the axial strain ε, that is, E = σ/ε.
Note. The elastic modulus is the performance index of the material against elastic deformation, and its product with area is often referred to as “material stiffness” in engineering. Reciprocal of stiffness
Often referred to as "flexibility."
2.1.8
Shear modulus shearmodulus
The shear stress and the shear should become the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain in a linear proportional relationship.
The shear modulus is also referred to as the "shear modulus" and is expressed by dividing the shear stress τ by the shear strain γ, ie. G = τ/γ.
2.1.9
Poisson'sratio
The ratio of the transverse strain produced by the axial stress below the material's proportional limit to the corresponding axial strain.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 2.10]
2.1.10
Indentation modulus indentationmodulus
EIT
An estimate of the average isotropic Young's modulus of the sample as calculated by the plane strain indentation modulus.
Note. EIT=(1-ν2)EIT*, where ν is the Poisson's ratio of the material being tested, and EIT* is shown in 2.1.11.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.9]
2.1.11
Plane strain indentation modulus planestrainindentationmodulus
EIT*
The equivalent of the average isotropic plane strain elastic modulus of the material obtained by the indentation test.
Note. EIT* is calculated based on the specific amount of indentation contact stiffness during the process of unloading force. The specific contact mechanics model is applied in the calculation and needs
Knowledge of the machine's frame flexibility and head area function.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.19]
2.1.12
Plasticity
The ability of the material to retain deformation.
2.1.13
Plastic deformation plasticdeformation
Residual deformation (permanent deformation) of the material withstand force.
2.1.14
Ductile ductility
The ability of a material to plastically deform before breaking.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 2.4]
2.1.15
Formability formability
The material is stamped into the desired shape without the ability to break, partially thin or wrinkle.
Note. Rewrite GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.10.
2.1.16
Deflection
When the specimen is subjected to bending deformation, the center of the cross section is displaced in a direction perpendicular to the front axis of the deformation.
2.1.17
Hardness
The ability of a material to resist deformation [elastic deformation and/or plastic deformation], especially permanent deformation caused by indentations or scratches.
Note. Different hardness values can be obtained according to different test methods. According to the type of material, it can usually be divided into.
---Applicable to the hardness test of metal materials. Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness, Knoop hardness, Shore hardness, Richter hardness, Webster hardness, Ba
Hardness and Martens hardness and instrumented indentation hardness at the end of the 20th century;
--- Suitable for non-metallic materials hardness test. Shore hardness, plastic Rockwell hardness, plastic ball indentation hardness, international rubber hardness and so on.
2.1.18
Indentation
The impression produced by the indenter on the surface of the material during the indentation test.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.6]
2.1.19
Indenter area function indenterareafunction
Describe a list or mathematical function of the specific indentation area as a function of the indentation depth. The indentation depth can be obtained directly from the measurement, or
Grounding is specifically calculated based on the indentation results obtained from the standard block.
Note. Two forms of area functions are currently used. projected area Ap and surface area AS.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.13]
2.1.20
Indentation hardness
HIT
For a head with a defined geometry and size, under the specified conditions and within the test cycle, a test force is applied to the material to produce it.
The plastic deformation forms an indentation, a specific unit of magnitude expressed by the average pressure of the indentation.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.7]
2.1.21
Brinellhardness
HBW
The material resists the measurement of the permanent indentation deformation produced by the application of the test force by the cemented carbide ball indenter.
Note 1. HBW=0.102×F/AS, where. F is the test force, the unit is Newton (N); AS is the surface area of permanent indentation, the unit is square mm
(mm2).
Note 2. Assuming that the indentation remains spherical, its surface area is calculated from the average indentation diameter and the diameter of the ball.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.1]
2.1.22
Rockwell hardness
HR
Material resistance generated by the application of a test force by a cemented carbide ball (or steel ball) indenter or a diamond cone indenter corresponding to a certain scale
The unit of measurement for permanent indentation deformation.
Note. HR=(Nh)/S, where N and S are the given Rockwell hardness scale constants, and h is the indentation under the initial test force after applying and removing the main test force.
Depth increment in millimeters (mm).
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.21]
2.1.23
Vickers hardness Vickershardness
HV
The material resists the measurement of the permanent indentation deformation produced by the application of the test force by the diamond square pyramid indenter.
Note 1. HV = 0.102 × F/AS, where. F is the test force, the unit is Newton (N); AS is the surface area of permanent indentation, the unit is square millimeter (mm2).
Note 2. It is assumed that the indentation maintains the ideal geometry of the indenter and its surface area is calculated from the average length of the two diagonals.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.26]
2.1.24
Knoophardness
HK
The material resists the measure of the permanent indentation deformation produced by the application of the test force by the diamond diamond cone indenter.
Note 1. HK=0.102×F/Ap, where. F is the test force, the unit is Newton (N); Ap is the projected area of permanent indentation, the unit is square mm
(mm2).
Note 2. Assuming that the indentation maintains the ideal geometry of the indenter, the projected area is calculated from the length of the long diagonal.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.17].
2.1.25
Shore hardness
HS
Freely drop the surface of the impact specimen from the specified height with a diamond punch of a prescribed shape, with the first rebound height of the punch and the falling of the punch
The ratio of heights is a measure of the hardness of the material.
Note. HS=K×h/h0, where. K is the Shore hardness coefficient; h is the first rebound height of the punch, the unit is mm (mm); h0 is the height of the punch drop,
The unit is millimeter (mm).
2.1.26
Leebhardness
HL
Impacting the specimen surface with a specified mass of impact body at a certain speed under the action of the spring force, with the punch at 1 mm from the surface of the specimen
The ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity is a measure of the hardness of the material.
Note 1. HL=1000×VR/VA, where. VR is the rebound velocity of the impact body, the unit is meters per second (m/s); VA is the impact velocity of the impact body, the unit is meter per
Seconds (m/s).
Note 2. Rewrite GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.27.
2.1.27
Martenshardness
HM
The material resists plastic deformation and elastic deformation caused by the application of the test force by the diamond pyramid (positive quadrilateral pyramid or regular triangular pyramid)
The unit of measure of the shape.
Note 1. HM=F/AS(h), where. F is the test force, the unit is Newton (N); AS (h) is the surface area after the indenter zero contact, the unit is square milli
Meter (mm2).
Note 2. The surface area of the indenter is calculated based on the indentation depth and the area of the indenter.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.18].
2.1.28
Websterhardness Websterhardness
HW
Pressing a steel needle of a predetermined shape into the surface of the sample to form an indentation under the action of a predetermined spring force, and indicating the material hardness by the depth of the indentation
The unit of measure for degrees.
Note. HW=L/0.01, where. L is the length of the needle extension, the unit is millimeter (mm); 0.01 is the scale constant, the unit is millimeter (mm).
2.1.29
Barcolhardness
Hba
Pressing a specified shape of the needle into the surface of the sample to form an indentation under the specified test force, and indicating the hardness of the material by the depth of the indentation
Unit of measure.
Note. Hba=100-l/0.076, where. l is the indentation depth in millimeters (mm); 0.076 is the scale constant in millimeters (mm).
2.1.30
Shore hardness
HA (or HD)
Pressing a steel press pin of a predetermined shape into the surface of the sample under a predetermined spring force to closely fit the surface of the test piece to the surface of the sample
The extension of the needle relative to the plane of the foot to indicate the unit of measure of the hardness of the material.
Note 1. HA (or HD) = 100-l/0.025, where. l is the length of the needle extension, the unit is millimeter (mm); 0.025 is the scale constant, the unit is mm
(mm).
Note 2. HA indicates Shore A hardness, HD indicates D Shore hardness, and Type B, C, D0, Type 0 and Type 00 Shore hardness.
2.1.31
Plastic ball indentation hardness plasticsbalindentationhardness
HB
Under the action of the initial test force F0 and the main test force F1, the steel ball indenter of the specified diameter is pressed into the surface of the plastic sample to form an indentation.
The unit of measurement of the hardness of the plastic expressed as the average pressure of the indentation after the total test force F (F = F0 F1) is maintained for a predetermined period of time.
Note 1. HB = 0.21 × F/AS, where. F is the total test force, the unit is Newton (N); AS is the surface area of permanent indentation, the unit is square mm
(mm2).
Note 2. When calculating the permanent indentation surface area based on the indentation depth measured under the total test force, the hardness tester frame under the total test force is subtracted from the indentation depth.
The amount of deformation.
2.1.32
Plastic Rockwell hardness plasticsRockwelhardness
HR
Under the action of the initial test force F0 and the main test force F1, the steel ball indenter of the specified diameter is pressed into the surface of the plastic sample to form an indentation.
When the total test force F (F=F0 F1) is maintained for a specified time and the main test force F1 is removed, the residual indentation measured only under the action of F0
Depth h is a measure of the hardness of the plastic.
Note 1. HR=130-h/0.002, where. h is the residual indentation depth in millimeters (mm); 0.002 is the scale constant in millimeters (mm).
Note 2. Plastic Rockwell hardness. E, L, M, R, S and V scales.
2.1.33
International rubber hardness internationalrubberhardnessdegree
IRHD
Pressing the ball of the specified diameter into the rubber under the action of the contact force Fc and the pressing force Fi (or under the action of the spring force Fs)
The surface of the sample, after the total test force Ft is maintained for a predetermined period of time, the difference between the indentation depth of the needle under the total test force Ft and the contact force Fc
(or the indentation depth l under the action of the spring force F) is a measure of the hardness of the rubber.
Note. The penetration depth of the needle is a function of the international rubber hardness, ie l=f(IRHD). For fully elastic isotropic materials, international rubber hardness values and bombs
The modulus of elasticity has the following relationship. F/E=0.0038r0.65×l1.35, where F is the pressing force in Newtons (N); E is the modulus of elasticity in megapascals.
Card (MPa); r is the ball nose radius of the needle, in millimeters (mm); l is the incremental penetration depth, for the static weight method N, H and L scale, depth increment Δl
= 0.01 mm; for the static weight method M scale, Δl = 0.002 mm; for the portable international rubber hardness tester (spring force method), Δl = 0.02 mm.
2.1.34
[static] creep [static]creep
When the material is subjected to a constant force at a specified temperature, its plastic deformation increases with time.
2.1.35
Dynamic creep
When the material is subjected to periodic or randomly changing forces at a specified temperature, the same force (the same direction, the same magnitude of force) corresponds to the plastic
The phenomenon of sexual deformation increases with time.
2.1.36
[stress] relaxation [stress]relaxation
The phenomenon that the stress experienced by the material decreases with time after the force is maintained under the specified constant total strain.
2.1.37
Fatigue fatigue
The phenomenon of local cumulative damage caused by periodic or randomly changing stress or strain, and failure after a certain number of cycles.
According to the stress and strain of the material and the number of cycles when the damage is reached, fatigue can be divided into high cycle fatigue and low cycle fatigue.
According to working temperature, environmental conditions and force mode, it can be divided into high temperature fatigue, thermal fatigue, corrosion fatigue and contact fatigue.
2.1.38
Fatigue fracture fatiguefracture
The fracture of the material due to fatigue.
Note. Regardless of the plasticity of the material, there is generally no significant plastic deformation during fatigue fracture, and it occurs suddenly, even if the material is subjected to much less stress.
Fatigue fracture is also caused by the specified residual elongation stress.
2.1.39
Fracture toughness fracturetoughness
A general term for crack propagation resistance under quasi-static single loading conditions.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 6.3.8]
2.1.40
Material processability
The material is adapted to the performance of the manufacturing process.
2.1.41
Wear abrasion
Under the action of friction, the friction surface size of the object is reduced and the mass is lost. The amount of size reduction or mass loss is called
"L".
2.2 Test methods
2.2.1
Mechanical test
Test for determining mechanical properties.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 2.8]
Note. Mechanical tests mainly include. tensile, compression, bending, shearing, torsion, hardness, creep, relaxation, permanent strength, impact, fracture toughness and fatigue test.
2.2.2
Uniaxial test
The test category is divided according to the mechanical test of the tensile force, pressure or torque applied to the specimen in one axial direction.
Uniaxial tests typically include. tensile, compression, torsion, creep, relaxation, and endurance strength tests.
2.2.3
Tensile test
The test is performed by tensile stretching of the sample, typically to break to determine one or more tensile properties.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 3.18]
2.2.4
Compression test
A test for compressing (or breaking) a sample by pressure to determine one or more compressive properties.
2.2.5
Bend test bendtest
The specimen was subjected to bending plastic deformation until the test of the specified bending angle was reached.
Note. The test specimen is considered to have passed the bending test due to the absence of visible crack defects on the tensile surface.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.1]
2.2.6
Shear test sheartest
A test is performed by applying a shear force to the sample to determine one or more shear properties before fracture.
2.2.7
Torsion test torsiontest
A test is performed by applying a torque to the sample to determine one or more torsional properties before fracture.
2.2.8
Creep test creeptest
A test for measuring the creep deformation amount of a sample with time under a prescribed temperature and a constant force or a constant stress.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 3.4]
2.2.9
Relaxation test
A test for measuring the decrease in stress of a sample with time under the conditions of a specified temperature and a constant initial deformation or displacement.
2.2.10
Endurance strength test stress-rupturestrengthtest
Creep rupture strength test creeprupturestrengthtest
A test for measuring the maximum stress at which the sample reaches a specified time without breaking at a specified temperature.
Note. Durable strength is the strength performance of a material against creep rupture.
2.2.11
Impact test
A test for measuring the toughness of a material during impact crushing using a notched or pre-cracked sample to measure the toughness of the material.
2.2.12
Charpy impact test Charpyimpacttest
The impact test of the energy absorbed by the pendulum when the specimen supported by the two anvils was broken was measured.
Note. Rewrite GB/T 10623-2008, definition 6.1.4.
2.2.13
Eriksen Cupping Test Erichsencuppingtest
Using a punch with a spherical end to punch a sample clamped in the pad and the die to form a cup, until a
Strip penetration crack test.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.7]
2.2.14
Lug test earingtest
A test of the height of each lug at the mouth of the cup was measured by punching a wafer sample taken from a thin metal plate or strip into a cylindrical cup.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.5]
2.2.15
Metal tube bending test bendtestoftube
A straight pipe of full section is bent around a groove of a specified radius until the bending angle reaches the test specified in the relevant product standard.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.2]
2.2.16
Metal tube flare test drift-expandingtestoftube
Extend one end of the pipe section specimen with a conical top core until the maximum outer diameter of the enlarged end meets the test specified in the relevant product standard.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.4]
2.2.17
Metal tube flattening test flatteningtestoftube
Applying a force to the end of the specimen or tube of a specified length perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube until the pressure is applied under the force
The distance between the plates is tested to the relevant product standard.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.8]
2.2.18
Metal tube crimping test flangingtestoftube
At the end of the specimen, a bead is formed on a plane perpendicular to the axis of the tube until the outer diameter of the crimped edge reaches the test of the relevant standard.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.9]
2.2.19
Formability test formabilitytest
Using a forming method similar to the actual forming process, the sample is stamped and formed using a mold of standard shape and size until crack generation occurs.
A test for comparing the formability of a material with the forming limit determined by the test.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.11]
2.2.20
Tube ring flare test ringexpandingtestoftube
Extend the pipe ring cut from the pipe end with a conical top core until the fracture or the extension of the sample reaches the relevant product standard
test.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.14]
2.2.21
Wire torsion test torsiontestofwire
Clamp the two ends of the specimen and apply a tensioning force. The specified gauge length is maintained between the two collets, and the collet at one end rotates around the axis of the specimen.
Test of the number of torsion, section characteristics, and torsion condition of the sample when it is torsionally fractured.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.16]
2.2.22
Wire one-way twist test simpletorsiontestofwire
A test to rotate a sample in one direction about its own axis.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.16.1]
2.2.23
Wire reverse torsion test reversetorsiontestofwire
Rotate the sample 360° in one direction around its own axis as a twist to a predetermined number of times, and then rotate 360° in the opposite direction as a
Twist to the same number of tests.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.16.2]
2.2.24
Wire winding test wrappingtestofwire
The wire sample is tightly wound on the mandrel that meets the diameter specified by the relevant standard, and the number of turns is determined to detect cracking, cracking, etc.
Test of defect status.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 4.17]
2.2.25
Indentation test
Test using an indentation hardness machine, using a specified force during the test, and a specified shape under the specified conditions and within the test cycle
The ram is pressed into the surface of the material to determine specific parameters of the material.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.10]
2.2.26
Indentation hardness test indentationhardnesstest
An indentation test using a durometer to measure the hardness of the material.
[GB/T 10623-2008, definition 5.8]
2.2.27
Fatigue test
The fatigue life or the fatigue of a given life is determined by applyi...
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