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GB/T 35083.2-2018 English PDF

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GB/T 35083.2-2018: Plain bearings -- Testing of the tribological behaviour of bearing materials -- Part 2: Testing of polymer-based bearing materials
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Basic data

Standard ID GB/T 35083.2-2018 (GB/T35083.2-2018)
Description (Translated English) Plain bearings -- Testing of the tribological behaviour of bearing materials -- Part 2: Testing of polymer-based bearing materials
Sector / Industry National Standard (Recommended)
Classification of Chinese Standard J12
Classification of International Standard 21.100.10
Word Count Estimation 26,242
Date of Issue 2018-05-14
Date of Implementation 2018-12-01
Regulation (derived from) National Standards Announcement No. 6 of 2018
Issuing agency(ies) State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

GB/T 35083.2-2018: Plain bearings -- Testing of the tribological behaviour of bearing materials -- Part 2: Testing of polymer-based bearing materials


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Plain bearings--Testing of the tribological behaviour of bearing materials--Part 2. Testing of polymer-based bearing materials ICS 21.100.10 J12 National Standards of People's Republic of China Tribological properties test of plain bearing materials Part 2. Polymer bearing material testing Part 2. Testingofpolymer-basedbearingmaterials (ISO 7148-2.2012, IDT) Published on.2018-05-14 2018-12-01 implementation State market supervision and administration China National Standardization Administration issued

Content

Foreword I 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 symbols, units and abbreviations 1 4 Characteristics of Tribological Properties Test of Polymer Bearing Materials 2 5 Test method 5 6 test sample 8 7 Test methods and test equipment 14 8 Lubrication 16 9 mark 16 10 Test environment 17 11 Test process 19 12 Test Analysis 19 Appendix A (informative) Test report 21 Reference 23

Foreword

GB/T 35083 "Tribological Bearing Bearing Material Tribological Characteristics Test" consists of the following two parts. ---Part 1. Test of metal bearing materials; --- Part 2. Polymer bearing material test. This part is the second part of GB/T 35083. This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part uses the translation method equivalent to ISO 7148-2.2012 "Sliding bearing bearing material tribological properties test part 2. Polymer Bearing Material Test. The documents of our country that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents referenced in this part are as follows. Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties of plastics -- Part 2 . Test conditions for moulding and extruded plastics (ISO 527-2.1993, IDT) Determination of tensile properties of plastics -- Part 3. Test conditions for sheets and sheets (ISO 527- 3.1993, IDT) ---GB/T 16748-1997 Compression test of sliding bearing metal bearing materials (ISO 4385.1981, IDT) ---GB/T 23893.2009 Classification and marking of thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings (ISO 6691.2000, IDT) This part was proposed by the China Machinery Industry Federation. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Plain Bearings (SAC/TC236). This section is responsible for drafting units. China Machine Productivity Promotion Center, Hefei Bolin New Materials Co., Ltd., Hunan Chongde Industrial Technology Co., Ltd. Limited company. Participated in the drafting of this section. Zhejiang Changsheng Sliding Bearing Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Shuangfei Oilless Bearing Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Zhongzhong Precision Components Co., Ltd., Linan Dongfang Sliding Bearing Co., Ltd., Jiashan Fengcheng Sanfu Bearing Co., Ltd. This part is explained by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Plain Bearings. Tribological properties test of plain bearing materials Part 2. Polymer bearing material testing

1 Scope

This part of GB/T 35083 specifies the tribological tests of plain bearing polymer bearing materials under specific operating conditions, such as load carrying capacity, Test methods for sliding speed and temperature, with or without lubrication. Through the test results, metal-polymer or polymer-polymer friction can be obtained Associated tribological performance data. The purpose of this section is to obtain a polymer shaft for plain bearings without lubrication (dry friction surfaces) and with lubrication (boundary lubrication). The combination of the material and its counterpart material can be repeatedly measured for friction and wear under specified and clearly defined test conditions. Only when all the parameters with influence are the same, the test results can be practical for practical applications. Test conditions deviate from practical application The more the situation, the higher the uncertainty of the application of the test results.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only dated versions apply to this article. Pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document. Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties of plastics -- Part 2 . Test conditions for molded and extruded plastics (Plastics-Determi- nationoftensileproperties-Part 2.Testconditionsformouldingandextrusionplastics) Determination of tensile properties of plastics -- Part 3. Test conditions for films and sheets (Plastics-Determination oftensileproperties-Part 3.Testconditionsforfilmsandsheets) Machining preparation of ISO 2818 plastic samples ISO 4385 sliding bearing metal bearing material compression test (Plainbearings-Compressiontestingofmetalic Bearingmaterials) ISO 6691 Classification and labeling of thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings (Thermoplastic polymers forplainbearings- Classificationanddesignation) 3 symbols, units and abbreviations See Table 1. Table 1 Symbols and units Symbol definition unit A, B, C, D, E Test Method - a sliding distance km Dr dry friction - f Friction factor; that is, the ratio of friction to positive pressure. f=Ff/Fn - Ff friction force N Table 1 (continued) Symbol definition unit Fn positive pressure N Gr grease - Kw Wear factor, volume wear rate associated with positive pressure. Kw=Vw/(Fn×a)=wv/Fn Mm3/(N·km) Lw wire wear amount mm Mf friction torque Nm Oi Lubricant - p specific load (force/actual contact area) MPa Rd,B Compressive strength MPa Rd0.2 specifies non-proportional compression strength MPa So solid lubricant - T Temperature of the sample near the sliding surface when tested under steady state conditions °C Tamb ambient temperature °C Tg glass transition temperature °C Tlim bearing maximum allowable temperature °C Tch test time h U sliding speed m/s VW by measuring the volume change of the material wear amount mm3 W1 line wear rate, w1=lw/a mm/km Wv volume wear rate, wv=Vw/a mm3/km η Lubricant viscosity mPa·s

4 Characteristics of Tribological Properties Test of Polymer Bearing Materials

The polymer has low thermal conductivity and low melting point, so the heat generated by contact friction may cause the polymer to partially melt and cause wear. Illusion. Due to the high thermal expansion of the polymer (up to 10 times higher than steel), the results obtained are misleading because the sample occurs under frictional heat Inflated. Therefore, the effects of thermal expansion (gap change) and thermal conductivity (melting) should be considered when evaluating test results. When possible, try The temperature of both samples in the friction pair should be controlled. The polymer has a glass transition temperature Tg which depends on the chemical structure of the polymer. At this temperature, the physical properties of the polymer The energy and tribological properties may change. The injection molded polymer surface has different properties compared to the turned surface. The sample should be in the same surface state as in the actual application. Test. Reinforcing materials and fillers, such as fibrous structures, can cause strong anisotropy in the polymer material, and the fiber direction will affect its wear resistance. characteristic. In practical applications, the specimen should have the same fiber orientation as the actual application. To avoid viscous slippage, the test equipment should be very stable and not susceptible to vibration. The tribological properties of a polymer depend primarily on the combination of its material composition, ie which part of the material flows and which part remains fixed. test The inspection system should be similar to the actual application. Polymer wear and metal wear processes are different. Not only the friction and wear process of powdery wear debris, but also the smooth or rough Adhesive wear process resulting from transfer of layers. At the same time, there may be furrow wear and melting or plastic deformation. So in any case, grinding The damage cannot be determined by the measurement quality, and the wear condition should be judged after the test (regardless of whether the surface is fine/coarse particles, scratches, flaking, melting Or plastic deformation). Test results for certain polymers are less reproducible and therefore require multiple tests (eg, 6 or more). Sample preparation and pretreatment (eg, finishing, storage, cleaning) have a significant impact on the test results. In some thermoplastics, such as polyamides, the absorption of moisture causes a gradual change in linear dimensions and changes in its mechanical properties. therefore, Environmental parameters should be controlled during the test. Since the polymer is hygroscopic, the wear cannot be determined by measuring the mass. The greater the deviation between the test conditions and the actual application, the greater the uncertainty of the test results (see Figures 1 and 2). a) plain bearing - shaft b) Linear guidance system Figure 1 Simulating true frictional contact a) pin-disc Figure 2 Simulating approximate actual test conditions and model system b) ring-block c) Spherical-V groove d) Thrust load end face rotational friction test. bushing end face - bushing end face e) Thrust load end face rotational friction test. bushing end face - plane Figure 2 (continued)

5 Test methods

5.1 Overview This section specifies different test methods, and the following geometric shapes can be used. The test method should be as close as possible to the actual application. 5.2 Test method A. pin-disc test See Figure 3. Figure 3 Test Method A. Pin-Plate Test advantage. ---Basic test of simple samples; --- Tribological properties test; ---Do not increase the sliding area due to wear; --- Comparative analysis of tribological properties of materials; --- Simulated linear guidance system [see Figure 1b)]. Disadvantages. ---The edge of the pin may erase the lubricant; --- Can not be used for the injection molding of fiber reinforced materials; --- Because there is a shrinkage problem, it cannot be used for injection molding discs. 5.3 Test Method B. Ring-Block (Pin) Test See Figure 4. Figure 4 Test Method B. Ring-Block (Pin) Test advantage. ---Basic test of simple samples; --- Tribological properties test; ---Do not increase the sliding area due to wear; --- Comparative analysis of tribological properties of materials; ---With or without lubrication. Disadvantages. --- Can not be used for injection molding of fiber reinforced materials; --- The edge of the block may erase the lubricant; --- Because there is a shrinkage problem, it cannot be used for injection molding discs. 5.4 Test Method C. Plain Bearing - Shaft Test See Figure 5. Figure 5 Test Method C. Sliding Bearing - Shaft Test advantage. --- System simulation is the best; --- Can test actual products or scaled bearings; --- can predict the actual tribological properties; ---With or without lubrication. Disadvantages. --- Long test time (accelerated test may lead to excessive frictional heat); ---The test conditions are difficult to adjust; ---In the case of boundary lubrication, the sliding friction area will increase due to wear. 5.5 Test Method D. Spherical-V-groove test See Figure 6. Figure 6 Test Method D. Spherical-V-groove test advantage. --- can test the polymer-polymer or polymer-metal material combination; ---With or without lubrication (sample with lubricant storage tank); --- Test the effect between polymer and lubricant at the same time; --- Can be used for injection molding samples; ---Sliding friction pair can automatically adjust the centering. Disadvantages. --- Plastic deformation may affect the test results; --- Under the condition of boundary lubrication or dry friction, the sliding friction area will increase due to wear. 5.6 Test Method E. Thrust Load End Face Rotational Friction Test See Figure 7. a) E1. bushing end face - bushing end face Figure 7 Test Method E. Thrust Load End Face Rotational Friction Test b) E2. bushing end face - plane Figure 7 (continued) advantage. ---Basic test of simple samples; --- Can be used for injection molding samples; --- Tribological properties test; --- Comparative analysis of tribological properties of materials; ---Do not increase the sliding area due to wear; ---The two samples can continue to slide; ---With or without lubrication. Disadvantages. --- Plastic deformation may affect the test results; --- The shrinkage of the sliding surface on the injection molded specimen will affect the test results.

6 test sample

6.1 Data Requirements For a series of tests of the same material, the specimens should be from the same batch, with the same post-treatment condition and finished friction surface. Machine plus Work and injection molded specimens may produce different test results because the crystalline properties may vary with surface depth. They should be Experiment separately. When considering the repeatability of the test results, the organization of the pair of materials is the most essential factor, the following information is also required. a) Specifications and composition of the material, including details of the filler or reinforcing fibers (see ISO 6691 or GB/T 23893) Regulation); b) manufacturing method; c) organizational structure, such as density, grain size; d) mechanical properties of the material, such as Shore hardness, specified non-proportional compressive strength Rd0.2 (see ISO 4385), compressive strength Rd,B; e) treatment status, such as moisture content; f) surface condition and surface roughness Ra, such as injection molding, machining (as specified in ISO 2818), machining, grinding, polishing, Polishing, milling. 6.2 Polymer-based plain bearing material (pl) These materials can be molded, injection molded or by cutting a length of round bar or tube or by machining the entire semi-finished product. The material is made either by shear injection molding or rolling (composite) sheets. If the fiber reinforced polymer material is tested, the fibers in the test should remain consistent with the direction in the final product, such as parallel or perpendicular to Sliding surface. 6.3 Dual material All metal or polymer based materials can be used as a dual piece material. The choice of materials should be the same as the actual application. In technical applications All systems are possible, such as aluminum gearboxes with injection molded gears and polyoxymethylene (POM) shafts. The material of the pair should be The same sliding friction pair, such as a rotating polyacetal disc or ball, is placed on a fixed aluminum pin or aluminum V-groove. In this case Next, the opposite combination, that is, the polyoxymethylene pin placed on the aluminum disc, may result in an error in the evaluation of the test results. 6.4 Sample size 6.4.1 Overview The following dimensions are recommended for the sample. Otherwise, the test results may not be comparable due to the effects of transfer film and heat loss. 6.4.2 Disc The disc should preferably be of the following size. ---Outer diameter. 110mm; ---Inner diameter. 60mm; --- Radius of the sliding track. (51.5 ± 0.2) mm; --- Height. 10mm. The basic form of the disc is the same as the ring of the thrust deep groove ball bearing on the shaft side. 6.4.3 Ring The ring should preferably have an outer diameter of 40 mm and a width not less than the width of the test piece. 6.4.4 Pin For injection molding materials, the pin should preferably be 3 mm in diameter. For fiber reinforced materials, larger diameters should be preferred. If a pin with a diameter greater than 7 mm is used, the radius of the sliding track should be reduced or the diameter of the disk should be increased. Certain measures should be taken to stop The pin rotates. The free length of the pin should not exceed 2 mm. Due to its size, it can be stretched according to the standards specified in ISO 527-3 or ISO 527-2 A test rod was used to make a polymer pin having a diameter of 3 mm. This can correlate the wear test with the tensile strength test results. 6.4.5 Test block The basic size of the test block should preferably be 10mm × 10mm × 20mm. If there is no suitable large part of this size, the test block can Use an exception of 10mm height. The surface roughness of the test block is determined according to the machining conditions, such as milling or turning. Friction surface of test block The radius should be at least 1.001 times the radius of the ring. If the maximum radius exceeds 1.003 times the radius of the ring (line contact), the running-in time will pass Long (see 11.1). 6.4.6 Spherical The spherical diameter should preferably be 12.7mm, and the thermoplastic material can be injection molded (see Figure 8). Metal spherical surface can be purchased from the market Buy (ball bearing ball or ball). The unit is mm Description. 1---a hexagonal step having a cylindrical hole; 2---Injection port position. Figure 8 Example of injection molding sphere 6.4.7 V-groove The V-shaped groove should preferably be of the following specific shape. If it is injection molded, the V-groove sample should have a uniform wall thickness (2mm) and The metal support base is not deformed (see Figure 9). Alternatively, the cut plane can be loaded into a special fixture (see Figure 10). The unit is mm Description. 1---metal skeleton; 2---opening position. Figure 9 Example of injection molding V-groove Description. 1---metal base; 2---machined plane. Figure 10 Example of a machining plane inserted into a metal base 6.4.8 Plain bearings Sliding bearings can be machined or injection molded. Depending on the test equipment used, sliding bearings with different inner diameters can be used, inner diameter dimensions It should be preferred to use 20mm, 5mm or 1mm, the latter for special occasions with a width/diameter ratio of 0.75 or 1. Diameter, bearing clearance, wall thickness and the type of bearing used (sleeve or bushing) should be indicated in the test report. Smaller plain bearing There are flanges to mount it on the base (see Figure 11). The area of the sliding surface should be located in the cylindrical portion of the plain bearing. Description. 1---flange; 2---sliding surface. Figure 11 Example of an injection molded sliding bearing with internal bore steps and chamfers 6.4.9 Axis The shaft radial runout tolerance for the test shall not exceed 1 μm and the roundness tolerance shall not exceed 5 μm. On any test equipment, the test should be guaranteed After the sample (test bushing and shaft) is installed, the angular deviation is not more than 0.05° without loading. Selection of shaft diameter (such as bearing clearance) The thermal expansion of the bushing should be fully considered (the thermal expansion has the risk of causing the inner hole to close and seizure), and the thermal expansion of the bushing depends on the wall thickness and operation. Temperature and material properties. In order to avoid the sleeve being seized, the diameter gap (in the cooling state) may be 0.3% to 1% of the shaft diameter. 6.4.10 Bushing The bushing can be machined or injection molded. The basic dimensions of the preferred bushing are shown in Figure 12. The unit is mm Figure 12 bushing size 6.4.11 Tablet The plate can be machined or injection molded. The preferred basic dimensions of the panel are shown in Figure 13. The unit is mm t=2mm~5mm. Figure 13 Tablet size 6.5 Sample preparation The sample preparation is suitable for bearing materials and dual piece materials. Before the test, the cutting fluid and other residues that may be used to prepare the sample material should be cleaned to avoid affecting the sliding characteristics. After cleaning, the sliding surfaces of the specimens that will contact each other should not be touched by hand or any other tool. The cleaning process should be carried out as follows. --- Brush loose particles from the sample. The sample is then immersed in three high-purity solvents compatible with the type of test material. (The maximum volume content of impurities is 0.0005%) in the solution. Suitable solvents are. dipropanol, ethanol, acetone, fluorocarbon, some Some aqueous solutions or cyclohexylamine and the like. In any case, the compatibility of the plastic material and the solvent should be guaranteed. Cleanup process data and The selected solvent should be recorded in the test report. --- The sample should be dried in a dry box at a maximum temperature of 60 °C. --- Samples of polymer materials (such as polyamide) that are susceptible to humidity should be in a standard environment (23 ° C and 50% humidity) prior to testing. Pretreatment was carried out for 24 h. ---Cannot be cleaned in some cases, such as thermoplastic amorphous materials that are incompatible with solvents, or contain lubricants or porous fibers Dimensional polymer material. They should be machined under dry conditions (without cutting fluid) or injection molding without release agents. hand The sliding surface should not be touched.

7 Test methods and test equipment

7.1 Overview In order to provide a simulation of various practical applications to manufacturers or users of polymeric materials for plain bearings, different test methods are available. Standardized. This section specifies the test method according to the following classification. ---Basic test of simple samples. --- Simulation test of simple samples. --- Physical product or trial of scaling down the product. The purpose of this section is to perform only specific simulations that are basic or selective. Testing of physical products, allowing the use of physical products as A sample, such as a plain bearing made of a thermoplastic material in actual size. 7.2 Test Method A. Pin-Plate Test The test shall be carried out using a pin in accordance with 6.4.4 and a disc in accordance with 6.4.2. The shaft supporting the disc should be mounted in a precision rolling bearing that eliminates play. The electric drive should be able to be steplessly regulated. Or should be able to pass The oscillation is run to obtain a curved translational motion. The specimen holder shall have appropriate bending strength and be fitted with a gap-free, low-friction guide structure. The loading system should be able to meet the requirements of constant load, continuous loading or step-by-step loading. The variables to be measured are the friction factor, the wear rate, and the temperature at the specified position of the sample. It is recommended to install a thermocouple on the pin. measure temperature The location should be stated in the test report. The friction factor is obtained by measuring the friction. Wear is a linear body that measures the wear of the material on the pin The product is determined (continuous interval measurement). At the end of the test, the size of the disc and the pin should be measured to confirm the wear of the transfer film or disc. Determine the amount of wear. The measuring point of the temperature sensor on the disc should be consistent with the sliding trajectory radius of the pin and should be able to measure the overall temperature of the disc (average temperature degree). The measured substantially stable temperature is approximately proportional to the heat generated by the friction and can be used as a means of monitoring temperature characteristics. For tests requiring a fixed sliding surface temperature, the temperature of the disc should be controlled. 7.3 Test Method B. Ring-Block Test The ring-block test shall use a preformed (fitted) test block conforming to 6.4.5 and a ring conforming to 6.4.3. Stepless speed regulation on the drive shaft Install adiabatic rings with a radial circle that does not exceed 25 μm. The test block should be placed on a self-adjusting base that can be loaded continuously or step by step. Test system The system should be equipped with a measuring instrument that can continuously measure the friction factor, the test block line wear and the ring temperature. The ring temperature measurement point is located on both sides of the test block sliding direction, and the ring temperature is taken as the average value of the temperature measured by the two thermocouples. Constant temperature The repeatability of the measurement results is essential. Therefore, in a simple test device without temperature control device control, only comparative tests can be performed. Test. The test to determine the material properties (certification test) shall be carried out by means of a calibrated over-temperature ring or test shaft with a heated or cooled liquid stream. 7.4 Test M...

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