HOME   Cart(0)   Quotation   About-Us Policy PDFs Standard-List
www.ChineseStandard.net Database: 189759 (19 Oct 2025)

GB/T 31838.2-2019 English PDF

US$264.00 · In stock
Delivery: <= 3 days. True-PDF full-copy in English will be manually translated and delivered via email.
GB/T 31838.2-2019: Solid insulating materials -- Dielectric and resistive properties -- Part 2: Resistive properties (DC methods) -- Volume resistance and volume resistivity
Status: Valid
Standard IDContents [version]USDSTEP2[PDF] delivered inStandard Title (Description)StatusPDF
GB/T 31838.2-2019English264 Add to Cart 3 days [Need to translate] Solid insulating materials -- Dielectric and resistive properties -- Part 2: Resistive properties (DC methods) -- Volume resistance and volume resistivity Valid GB/T 31838.2-2019

PDF similar to GB/T 31838.2-2019


Standard similar to GB/T 31838.2-2019

GB/T 42733   GB/T 31838.7   GB/T 36289.1   GB/T 31838.8   GB/T 31838.6   GB/T 31838.5   

Basic data

Standard ID GB/T 31838.2-2019 (GB/T31838.2-2019)
Description (Translated English) Solid insulating materials -- Dielectric and resistive properties -- Part 2: Resistive properties (DC methods) -- Volume resistance and volume resistivity
Sector / Industry National Standard (Recommended)
Classification of Chinese Standard K15
Classification of International Standard 29.035.01
Word Count Estimation 14,112
Date of Issue 2019-06-04
Date of Implementation 2020-01-01
Issuing agency(ies) State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

GB/T 31838.2-2019: Solid insulating materials -- Dielectric and resistive properties -- Part 2: Resistive properties (DC methods) -- Volume resistance and volume resistivity


---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Solid insulating materials - Dielectric and resistive properties - Part 2.Resistive properties (DC methods) - Volume resistance and volume resistivity ICS 29.035.01 K15 National Standards of People's Republic of China Replace GB/T 1410-2006 Dielectric and resistance properties of solid insulating materials Part 2.Resistance characteristics (DC method) Volume resistance and volume resistivity 2019-06-04 released 2020-01-01 Implementation State Administration for Market Regulation Issued by China National Standardization Administration

Table of contents

Preface Ⅲ 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Meaning 2 5 Test method 2 6 Test procedure 6 7 Test report 6 8 Repeatability and reproducibility 7 Reference 8

Foreword

GB/T 31838 "Dielectric and Resistance Characteristics of Solid Insulating Materials" currently publishes the following parts. ---Part 1.General Provisions; ---Part 2.Resistance characteristics (DC method) volume resistance and volume resistivity; ---Part 3.Resistance characteristics (DC method) surface resistance and surface resistivity; ---Part 4.Resistance characteristics (DC method) Insulation resistance. This part is Part 2 of GB/T 31838. This section was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part replaces GB/T 1410-2006 "Test Method for Volume Resistivity and Surface Resistance of Solid Insulating Materials", and is in line with GB/T 1410- The main technical changes compared to.2006 are as follows. ---Modified the normative references (see Chapter 2, Chapter 2 of the.2006 edition); --- Deleted the terms "surface resistance", "surface resistivity" and "electrode" (see the.2006 edition of 3.3, 3.4, 3.5); --- Added the term "stray current" (see 3.3); ---Integrate "power supply, accuracy, protection, sample, electrode material, sample handling, conditional treatment", etc. into the "test method" (see Chapter 5, Chapter 5, 6.2, 6.3, Chapter 7~Chapter 10 of the.2006 edition); ---Integrate "measurement methods, test procedures, volume resistivity" into "test procedures" (see Chapter 6,.2006 edition of 6.1, Chapter 11, 12.1); --- Deleted "surface resistance" and "surface resistivity calculation" (see 11.2 and 12.2 of the.2006 edition); --- Modify the "reproducibility" (see Chapter 8,.2006 version 12.3); --- Deleted Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C (Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C in the.2006 edition). The translation method used in this part is equivalent to IEC 62631-3-1.2016 ``Dielectric and Resistance Characteristics of Solid Insulating Materials Part 3-1. Determining resistance characteristics (DC method) General method for volume resistance and volume resistivity". The Chinese documents that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents cited in this section are as follows. ---GB/T 1981.2-2009 Electrical Insulating Paint Part 2.Test Method (IEC 60464-2..2001 and.2006 First Revision, MOD); ---GB/T 1981.3-2009 Electrical Insulation Paint Part 3.General Specification for Thermal Curing Impregnating Paint (IEC 60464-3-2.2001, IDT); ---GB/T 2411-2008 Plastics and hard rubber use a durometer to determine the indentation hardness (Shore hardness) (ISO 868.2003, IDT); ---GB/T 5132.1-2009 Thermosetting resin industrial hard round laminated pipes and rods for electrical use Part 1.General requirements (IEC 61212-1.2006, IDT); ---GB/T 5132.2-2009 Thermosetting resin industrial hard round laminated tubes and rods for electrical use Part 2.Test methods (IEC 61212-2.2006, IDT); ---GB/T 5132.5-2009 Rigid round laminated pipes and rods for the thermosetting resin industry for electrical purposes Part 5.Round laminated molded rods (IEC 61212-3-3..2006, IDT); ---GB/T 6554-2003 Resin-based reactive compounds for electrical insulation Part 2.Test method for electrical coating powder method (IEC 60455-2-2.1984, MOD); ---GB/T 10580-2015 Standard conditions (IEC 60212.2010, IDT) used before and during the test of solid insulating materials; ---GB/T 15022.1-2009 Resin-based active compounds for electrical insulation Part 1.Definitions and general requirements (IEC 60455-1.1998, IDT); ---GB/T 15022.2-2017 Resin-based active compounds for electrical insulation Part 2.Test methods (IEC 60455-2.2015, NEQ); ---GB/T 15022.3-2011 Resin-based active composites for electrical insulation Part 3.Filler-free epoxy resin composites (IEC 60455-3-1.2003, IDT); ---GB/T 15022.4-2009 Resin-based active composites for electrical insulation Part 4.Unsaturated polyester-based impregnating resin (IEC 60455-3-5.2006, MOD); ---GB/T 15022.5-2011 Resin-based active composites for electrical insulation Part 5.Quartz-filled epoxy resin composites (IEC 60455-3-2.2003, MOD). This section has made the following editorial changes. ---Revised the standard name to "Dielectric and Resistance Characteristics of Solid Insulating Materials Part 2.Resistance Characteristics (DC Method) Volume Electrical resistance and volume resistivity". This part was proposed by China Electrical Equipment Industry Association. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Standardization Technical Committee for Evaluation of Electrical Insulation Materials and Insulation Systems (SAC/TC301). Drafting organizations of this section. Suzhou Electrical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yantai Minstar Special Paper Co., Ltd., Mechanic Industry Beijing Institute of Electrical Technology and Economics, Zhejiang Bofei Electric Co., Ltd., Sichuan Dongcai Technology Group Co., Ltd., Suzhou Jufeng Electrical Insulation System Co., Ltd., Suzhou Taihu Electrical New Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai Cable Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi Jiangnan Cable Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, China Electronics Technology Instrument Co., Ltd., Nanjing Zhongchao New Materials Co., Ltd. Company, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, Zhonganda Electric Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi Tongli Electric Co., Ltd. Company, CRRC Yongji Electric Co., Ltd., Shanghai Lanhui Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Anhui Weineng Electric Co., Ltd., Tianjin University, State Grid Hui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Quality Certification Center. The main drafters of this section. Chen Hao, Hu Delin, Liu Yali, Guo Zhenyan, Wang Zhixin, Wu Huajun, Li Jiexia, Xia Yu, Xu Xiaofeng, Chen Juan, Liu Jun, Kong Kai, Guo Rongbin, Yang Peijie, Ji Yonghong, Fu Qiang, Lin Boyang, Xu Kun, Sun Yanlei, Wang Junjun, Wang Yahai, Zhu Yonghua, Dai Tao, Bai Fan, Meng Xianyuan, Yang Fenxiang, Zhao Rui, Xu Qinghua, Huang Xiaoyun, Li Qiangjun, Chai Hongyong, Li Chao, Du Boxue, Qin Shaorui, Peng Qingjun, Zhang Fei, Ji Yu, Huang Di, Zhang Li. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this part are as follows. ---GB/T 1410-2006. Dielectric and resistance properties of solid insulating materials Part 2.Resistance characteristics (DC method) Volume resistance and volume resistivity

1 Scope

This part of GB/T 31838 specifies the test method for determining the volume resistance and volume resistivity of solid insulating materials under DC voltage.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this document. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. IEC 60212 Standard conditions for solid insulating materials before and during the test

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document. 3.1 Volume resistance The ratio of the DC voltage applied between the two electrodes in contact with the opposite surface of the insulating medium to the current flowing through the medium at a given time. Note. The unit of volume resistance is expressed in Ω. 3.2 Volume resistivity Under a given time and voltage, the ratio of the DC electric field strength to the current density inside the insulating medium. Note 1.According to IEC 60050-121, "conductivity" is defined as a scalar or tensor, and the product of its electric field strength is the conduction current density; "resistivity" is "conductivity" The reciprocal of the "rate". The volume resistivity is the average value of the amount of anisotropy that may exist in a unit volume at the time of measurement, and it also includes the possibility of anisotropy between electrodes. The resulting polarization phenomenon. Note 2.In practice, the volume resistivity is usually regarded as the volume resistance per unit volume. Note 3.The unit of volume resistivity is expressed in Ω·m. 3.3 Stray current Leakage current caused by grounding or buried metal structures.

4 meaning

Insulating materials are usually used to electrically isolate components in an electrical system or between components and ground. Solid insulating materials also play The role of mechanical support. Therefore, when applying insulating materials, it is expected that they have the highest possible insulation resistance and recognized mechanical properties, Chemical and heat resistance. The volume resistance is part of the insulation resistance of a material. Volume resistivity can be used as an auxiliary method to select suitable insulating materials, which may be significant with changes in measured temperature and humidity Changes, so when selecting materials, you should understand the conditions of use and environment. When a DC voltage is applied to the sample between the two electrodes, the current through the sample will gradually decrease to a stable value. Current anytime The decrease in space may be due to the polarization of the medium and the migration of carriers to the electrode. For materials with volume resistivity less than 1010Ω·m, The current usually reaches a steady state within 1 min. For materials with higher volume resistivity, the current decreases and tends to stabilize. The process may last for a few minutes, hours, days or even weeks. Therefore, for such materials, a longer voltage application time can be used. Note. When the electric field strength is very high, other different phenomena will occur.

5 Test method

5.1 Overview General methods give measurement methods that can be commonly used for various materials. For a specific type of material, the provisions of this section should be used The specific test method. The measurement of volume resistance and volume resistivity should consider the characteristics of the measuring circuit and the specific electrical properties of the material. During the test, the applied test voltage is very high, and care should be taken to prevent electric shock. The polarization effect produced by the applied voltage in the test will affect the next measurement result, so the period of two consecutive measurements should be sufficiently long The time interval to eliminate the polarization effect. Note. For materials with volume resistance not greater than 1012Ω, a time interval of 1h is sufficient. 5.2 Power supply and voltage The applied voltage source should be a stable DC voltage source, which can be provided by a battery or a rectified regulated power supply. For the stability of the power supply, The current change caused by the voltage instability should be small enough without affecting the validity of the measurement. Note 1.The ripple characteristic of the voltage source is of great reference value. When the power supply voltage is 100V, the ripple factor is less than 5×10-5. The test voltage is usually specified as 10V, 100V, 500V, 1000V and 10000V. If there are no special regulations, 100V voltage is recommended. Note 2.Exceeding the specified initial voltage will cause partial discharge, which may cause measurement errors. If the test voltage is lower than 340V during the test in air, Will not cause partial discharge. 5.3 Equipment 5.3.1 Accuracy Any suitable equipment can be used, but the accuracy of the measuring device at least meets the following requirements. ---The resistance is less than 1010Ω, and the measurement error is not more than ±10%; ---The resistance is between 1010Ω and 1014Ω, and the measurement error is not more than ±20%; ---The resistance is higher than 1014Ω, and the measurement error is not more than ±50%. 5.3.2 Protection The insulating material composing the measuring circuit should have characteristics similar to those of the measured material. The following reasons may cause measurement errors. ---The stray current caused by external parasitic voltage is usually unknown in size and has drift characteristics; ---An abnormal shunt of insulation and sample resistance, standard resistors or current measuring devices with unknown and variable resistance values; ---Surface resistance may be an order of magnitude lower than volume resistance. By increasing the insulation resistance of all parts of the measurement circuit as much as possible, the above-mentioned error is approximately corrected. But this approach may lead to The measuring equipment is complicated and heavy, but it is not enough to measure the insulation resistance higher than a few hundred megohms. Can be achieved by using protection technology Appropriate correction. Protection refers to inserting protective conductors in all critical insulation parts to block all stray currents that may cause errors. These protections The conductors are connected together to form a protection system and form a three-electrode system with the measuring terminal. When the wiring is properly connected, all external parasitic voltages The generated stray current is shunted out of the measuring circuit by the protection system, and the insulation resistance from any measuring end to the protection system should be as low as the specific resistance. Many circuit elements are connected in parallel, and the sample resistance only refers to the insulation resistance between the two measuring electrodes. Using this technique can greatly reduce the probability of error. When the voltage (such as electrolytic electromotive force and thermoelectromotive force) existing at the protected terminal and the protected terminal is small, it can be eliminated by compensation. Should pay attention These voltages will not cause significant errors in the measurement process. In the current measurement method, errors may occur due to the parallel connection of the current measurement device with the resistance between the protected terminal and the protection system. For sure To ensure the normal operation of the equipment, first disconnect the power supply and the connection of the sample to perform a measurement. Under these conditions, the equipment is within its sensitivity range. Indicates an infinite resistance. If there are some standard resistors with known resistance values that can be used as references, they can be used to check whether the equipment is operating well. 5.3.3 Electrodes 5.3.3.1 Overview The electrode material used in the test is a kind of material that is easy to be applied to the sample, can be in close contact with the sample surface, and will not be due to its own resistance or test Contamination of the sample surface introduces large errors in conductive materials. Under the test conditions, the electrode material should be corrosion resistant. The electrode should be with the given shape Use with pad electrodes of appropriate size. The simple way is to use two different electrode materials or two different usage methods to judge Whether the electrode material will introduce a large error. Typical electrode materials that can be used are given below. 5.3.3.2 Conductive silver paint Certain high-conductivity industrial silver paints, whether they are air-dried or dried at room temperature, are loose enough and can penetrate moisture so that they can be added Condition the sample after applying the electrode. This feature is particularly suitable for studying the resistance-moisture effect and the change of resistance with temperature. In the guide Before electropaint is used as an electrode material, it should be confirmed that the solvent in the paint does not affect the electrical properties of the sample. Brushing the electrode with a fine brush can The edge of the guard electrode is quite smooth. But for round electrodes, you can first use a compass to draw the outline of the electrode, and then use a brush to paint the inside to obtain Get fine edges. When using a spray gun to spray electrode paint, a clamped template can be used. 5.3.3.3 Evaporated or sprayed metal When it is determined that the material is not affected by ion bombardment, temperature stress or vacuum treatment, the method of evaporation or metal spraying can be used. 5.3.3.4 Liquid electrode Satisfactory results can often be obtained using liquid electrodes. The liquid constituting the upper electrode is framed, for example, with a stainless steel ring, each The lower edge of the ring is cut into sharp edges on the side that does not touch the liquid. Figure 2 shows the device using liquid electrodes, the selected liquid material can be as Gallium, indium, tin, these materials are liquid at room temperature, so they are recommended. The use of mercury is not recommended. 5.3.3.5 Colloidal graphite Colloidal graphite dispersed in water or other suitable media can be used under the same conditions as conductive silver paint. 5.3.3.6 Conductive rubber Conductive rubber can be used as the electrode material. Its advantage is that it can be easily and quickly placed on or removed from the sample. Because just The electrode is placed on the sample during measurement, so it does not interfere with the conditional processing of the sample. The insulation resistance of conductive rubber should be less than 1000Ω. The conductive rubber should be soft enough to ensure that it can be tightly connected with the sample when the appropriate pressure is applied, such as 2kPa (0.2N/cm2) touch. Materials with a Shore hardness of 65 to 85 specified by ISO 868 are suitable as conductive rubbers. Note. When measuring resistivity, the measurement result of conductive rubber as the electrode material is higher than the measurement result of metal electrode (tens to hundreds of percent). 5.3.3.7 Metal foil Metal foil can be pasted on the surface of the sample as an electrode for measuring volume resistance, but it is not suitable for measuring surface resistance. Aluminum and tin foil are popular As a metal foil electrode. Usually a small amount of petrolatum, silicone grease, silicone oil or other suitable materials are used as adhesives to paste them on the sample. All types of adhesives may affect the measurement results and should be used in small amounts as much as possible. The electrode should be pasted under a steady pressure to make it enough to eliminate all wrinkles and drive the excess adhesive to the edge of the metal foil. Wipe off excess adhesive with a clean tissue paper. Pressing with a soft object (such as fingers) can do this well. This technique only applies to tables A specimen with a very smooth surface. Through operation, the thin layer of adhesive can be reduced to 0.0025mm or thinner. 5.4 Calibration The measuring equipment should be calibrated according to the magnitude of the measured volume resistance. Note. The commercial standard resistance has reached 100TΩ. 5.5 Sample 5.5.1 Overview The thickness of the sample should be as same as the product thickness in actual application. If there are no other regulations, it is recommended to use a flat specimen with a length and width greater than or equal to 100mm and a thickness of (1.0±0.5)mm. 5.5.2 Recommended sample size and electrode placement Unless otherwise specified in the relevant product standard, it is recommended to use the sample size given in Table 1. 5.5.3 Preparation of samples The production and shape of the sample should meet the relevant material standards. In the process of moving the sample and preparing the sample, the performance of the material should not be changed. The material should not be damaged. If the surface of the sample is machined on the area in contact with the electrode, the machining method used should be recorded in the test report. Sample Should have a simple geometric shape (such as flat and cylindrical, etc.). If possible, the thickness of the sample should be close to the actual product thickness. 5.5.4 Number of samples The number of measurement samples shall be determined by the relevant product standards. If there is no reference standard, the number of samples should be at least 3. 5.5.5 Conditional treatment and pretreatment of samples The conditional treatment or other forms of pretreatment of the sample should be carried out in accordance with the relevant product standards. If there is no relevant product standard, follow IEC 60212 (standard environmental conditions B), at least 4 days at a room temperature of 23°C and a relative humidity of 50%. 5.6 Test procedures for specific materials For test procedures of specific materials, refer to IEC 60455-2, IEC 60464-2 and IEC 61212-2.If there are regulations for specific materials The test procedure should be used first.

6 Test procedure

6.1 Overview Samples should be prepared in accordance with the number specified in the relevant product standard. If there is no relevant product standard, at least 3 samples should be required for each test. Before adding electrodes, measure the thickness of the material at least at 5 different points. The accuracy requirements for sample thickness and electrode size should be ±1%. 6.2 Measurement of volume resistance Before the measurement, the sample should be in a stable dielectric state. For this reason, connect the sample and the electrode through the measuring device to gradually increase the current Measure the sensitivity of the device while observing the change of the short-circuit current until the short-circuit current reaches a constant value. If there are no other regulations, The volume resistance reading is performed after applying the voltage for 1 min. Before the measurement, the sample should be placed in the test environment for at least 24h. Unless the sample enters a stable state again, repeated measurements are not allowed. If you compare the influence of the DC pressurization time on the measurement result, you should start timing while applying the specified DC voltage, unless otherwise specified. Otherwise, after applying voltage, read at the following measuring time points. 1min, 2min, 5min, 10min, 50min and 100min If the same result is obtained from two measurements, the test should be ended.

Tips & Frequently Asked Questions:

Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of GB/T 31838.2-2019_English be delivered?

Answer: Upon your order, we will start to translate GB/T 31838.2-2019_English as soon as possible, and keep you informed of the progress. The lead time is typically 1 ~ 3 working days. The lengthier the document the longer the lead time.

Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of GB/T 31838.2-2019_English with my colleagues?

Answer: Yes. The purchased PDF of GB/T 31838.2-2019_English will be deemed to be sold to your employer/organization who actually pays for it, including your colleagues and your employer's intranet.

Question 3: Does the price include tax/VAT?

Answer: Yes. Our tax invoice, downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, includes all tax/VAT and complies with 100+ countries' tax regulations (tax exempted in 100+ countries) -- See Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs): List of DTAs signed between Singapore and 100+ countries

Question 4: Do you accept my currency other than USD?

Answer: Yes. If you need your currency to be printed on the invoice, please write an email to [email protected]. In 2 working-hours, we will create a special link for you to pay in any currencies. Otherwise, follow the normal steps: Add to Cart -- Checkout -- Select your currency to pay.