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GB/T 31254-2014: Safety of machinery -- Safety specification for the design of fixed ladders
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Safety of machinery -- Safety specification for the design of fixed ladders
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GB/T 31254-2014
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 31254-2014 (GB/T31254-2014) | | Description (Translated English) | Safety of machinery -- Safety specification for the design of fixed ladders | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J09 | | Classification of International Standard | 13.110 | | Word Count Estimation | 21,246 | | Date of Issue | 12/5/2014 | | Date of Implementation | 7/1/2015 | | Quoted Standard | GB/T 8013.1-2007; GB/T 12467; GB/T 13912; GB/T 15706-2012; GB 17888.2; GB 17888.3-2008; GB 17888.4-2008; GB/T 17889.2; GB/T 19355; GB/T 22086; GB 24537-2009; GB 24542-2009; GB 24544-2009; GB/T 31255-2014; ISO 12944 | | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement of Newly Approved National Standards 2014 No. 27 | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This standard specifies a fixed ladders and safe use of platform-specific, safety cages, security doors and other safety and technical conditions. This standard applies to machines used to enter the fixed installation fixed ladders. | GB/T 31254-2014: Safety of machinery -- Safety specification for the design of fixed ladders---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Safety of machinery -- Safety specification for the design of fixed ladders
ICS 13.110
J09
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Safety design specification for mechanical safety fixed straight ladders
Published on.2014-12-05
2015-07-01 Implementation
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Released by the Standardization Administration of China
directory
Preface III
Introduction IV
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Materials 5
5 Performance Requirements 6
6 Safety gate 16
7 Verification of safety requirements 16
Safety design specification for mechanical safety fixed straight ladders
1 Scope
This standard specifies the safety technical conditions for fixed straight ladders and related platforms, safety cages and safety doors for safe use.
This standard applies to fixed ladders used as fixed facilities for entering machinery.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this article
pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 8013.1-2007 Anodized films and organic polymer films of aluminum and aluminum alloys - Part 1.Anodized films
GB/T 12467 (all parts) Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials
GB/T 13912 Technical requirements and test methods for hot-dip galvanized coating of metal-clad steel products
GB/T 15706-2012 General Principles of Mechanical Safety Design Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction
GB 17888.2 Machinery Safe Access to Machinery Fixtures Part 2.Working Platforms and Channels
GB 17888.3-2008 Fixed installations for machinery safe access to machinery - Part 3.Stairs, ladders and guardrails
GB 17888.4-2008 Fixed facilities for machinery safe access to machinery - Part 4.Fixed ladders
GB/T 17889.2 Ladders - Part 2.Requirements, tests and marking
GB/T 19355 Guide for zinc and aluminium cladding for corrosion protection of steel structures
GB/T 22086 Recommended process for arc welding of aluminum and aluminum alloys
GB 24537-2009 Self-locking device with flexible guide rail for fall protection
GB 24542-2009 Self-locking device with rigid guide rail for fall protection
GB 24544-2009 Fall Protection Speed Difference Automatic Controller
GB/T 31255-2014 Safety design specification for mechanical safety industrial stairs, working platforms and passages
ISO 12944 (all parts) Corrosion protection of painted and varnished steel structures, protective coating systems (Paints and varnishes-
Corrosionprotectionofsteelstructuresbyprotectivepaintsystems)
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 15706-2012 and GB 17888.4-2008 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
safetycage
A combined frame used to limit the risk of a person falling from a vertical ladder, see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Note. Rewrite GB 17888.4-2008, definition 3.6.1.
3.2
column stiles
A member used to support rungs, treads or cross braces of supporting legs on a fixed straight ladder.
4.2 Connection
Connections between components shall be selected in a proven and durable manner to withstand specified loads or calculated loads. The traditional connection method is thread-tight
Firmware and Soldering; if the conventional method is chosen, the corresponding criteria shall be met.
4.3 Welding
Welding should meet corresponding standards, for example, aluminum alloy arc welding should meet GB/T 22086, and metal material fusion welding should meet GB/T 12467.
4.4 Surface treatment
4.4.1 General requirements
Ensure that there are no sharp ends or sharp edges that could cut the user or impede access, and that accessible edges, corners and protrusions should be dehaired
Thorn, for example. chamfering or rounding.
4.4.2 Protection
Depending on the location and climatic conditions of the steel ladder, an appropriate protective surface treatment should be carried out in accordance with Table 2.When appropriate, the selection of protective measures
The selection should meet GB/T 13912, GB/T 19355 or ISO 12944.
Note. The use of rivets on ladders is not recommended due to the possible embrittlement caused by the hot-dip galvanizing process (see GB/T 13912).
If it is necessary to protect aluminum components, its anode components should meet the requirements of GB/T 8013.1-2007.
5 Performance requirements
5.1 General requirements
Fixed straight ladders should usually be designed with double columns or single columns, but it is usually not recommended to use single column fixed straight ladders. Special cases
(such as continuous ladders with changing inclinations or there is not enough space to provide two columns), fixed straight ladders can also use a single column.
To ensure the safety of the user under normal conditions of use, assembly points, hinges, anchor points, support points and mounting points should have sufficient rigidity
and stability.
5.2 Strength requirements
Ladder components should meet the requirements of Chapter 4 in GB/T 17889.2 and GB 17888.4-2008.
5.3 Column
5.3.1 Performance
The column should be designed to withstand the force generated by two people each weighing 100kg climbing 6m on a fixed ladder. during the climb
, the deflection of the column in any direction should not be greater than 2mm.
5.3.2 Design
For double-column straight ladders, the two columns should be parallel, and for the entire part where the rungs are installed, the length tolerance of each 3m is less than or equal to
to 10mm. The net width x between the columns measured from the inner surface should be between 300mm and 600mm, and 400mm should be selected. used for
The installation dimensions of the straight ladder entering the platform are shown in Figure 5.Before choosing a shorter distance, it should be checked whether it is possible to find a more favorable position for the ladder,
This allows a clear width of 400mm or more.
5.3.3 Extension of uprights
In order to facilitate climbing out, the column should be extended upwards, its angle should be the same as that of the ladder, and its height should at least play a protective role. if there is a side
Steps, the column should be fully extended so that the top rung is at least 1680mm higher than the platform. The end of the column part should be firmly fixed [see fig.
7a)]. The extension of the column should not affect the clear width of the platform entrance and exit.
When it is necessary to pass through the extension of the upright in order to reach the platform from the step of the ladder, the extension of the upright should spread out from the plane of the platform
Open to ensure that a clear width of 600mm~700mm can be provided between the handrails on the plane of the handrails (see Figure 4). Fix the ladder on the chimney, its standing
The column and extension should be terminated below 300mm from the top of the chimney to ensure that it is not affected by the flue gas. If access to the top of the chimney is required, then
Consideration should be given to providing platforms or other means of safe access.
5.3.4 Joints for uprights
If more than one section of ladder is required, the uprights should be connected by suitable means. If bolts or rivets are used, at least
The outside of the column should be countersunk or cupped.
5.4 Running stick
5.4.1 Sections
The tread bar should be able to withstand a load of 150kg evenly distributed within 100mm of the center of the tread bar, and the deflection should not be greater than 2mm.
The diameter of the treadmill shall be at least 20mm, or the horizontal depth of the walking surface of the polygonal or U-shaped treadmill shall be at least 20mm.
For easy grip, the maximum dimension of the cross-section of the tread bar should not exceed 35mm.
5.5.2 Safety cage
5.5.2.1 Dimensions
The bottom parts of the safety cage, such as the bottom hoop, should start at a distance of 2200mm~3000mm from the starting surface. in the selected
Below the cage on the entry face, the safety cage shall have no elements that impede access to the front area of the ladder. In the arrival area, the safety cage shall extend to
The height of the guardrail in the reach zone (see Figure 1).
In the arrival area, the net distance on the inner surface of the cage measured along the horizontal axis of the ladder rungs should be between 500mm and 700mm.
The clear distance in the safety cage hoop (see D in Figure 3 for the rectangular cage) should be between 650mm and 800mm.
Safety cages are available. The distance from the tread bar to the safety cage (see B in Figure 4) should be between 650mm and 800mm. in no safety
In the case of a cage, the distance between the axis of the ladder and the surrounding structure (see A in Figure 4) should be between 325mm and 400mm.
The distance between the two hoops should not exceed 1500mm, and the distance between the two vertical members on the cage should not exceed 300mm. hoop
The angle to the vertical member of the cage shall be a right angle. The vertical members of the safety cage should be fixed in the hoop and be equally spaced.
For the spacing of safety cage components, the design should be such that the empty area does not exceed 0.4m2 in any case (see Figure 1).
Not required if structures on the front and sides of the ladder (walls, machine parts, etc.) provide a similar level of protection (eg provide similar dimensions)
Safety cage (see Figure 4).
5.5.2.2 Fastening of hoops and straps
Hoops and straps shall be secured by rivets, bolts or welding. If bolts or rivets are used, they should be countersunk or cup head type and removed from the hoop
or the inner surface of the belt is inserted. If necessary to prevent deformation, the assembly of the hoop and strap should be secure (see Figure 9).
5.5.3 Fall Protection Systems
If equipped with a fall protection system, it should meet the requirements of GB 24544-2009.
If equipped with rail-type fall arrester, it should meet GB 24537-2009 or GB 24542-2009.
5.6 Protection against unauthorized entry
Consideration should be given to providing appropriate safety guards, such as locking devices, to ensure that only authorized and trained and fully equipped operators have access.
5.7 Platform
5.7.1 General requirements
When the climbing height H is less than or equal to 10000mm [Fig. 10a)], one ladder is sufficient. When H is greater than 10000mm,
More than one ladder should be provided, at this time the height h of a single ladder should be less than or equal to 6000mm to adapt to the climbing height. Stair height
h should be staggered and rest platforms should be provided between each ladder [Figure 10b)].
If there are several steps, the height h of the steps between the starting surface and the nearest rest platform or between consecutive rest platforms should not exceed
6000mm.
NOTE. Design issues may arise when ladders mounted on chimneys provide a platform. If it is not feasible to provide a platform, if the ladder is equipped with a fall protection system, then
Continuous ladder lengths may be used (see 5.5.3).
Platforms dedicated to resting platforms should be at least 700mm x 700mm (see Figure 11).
A mid-level or mid-plane may also be used as a resting platform. The platform should be properly protected according to GB 17888.3-2008.
The working platform should meet GB 17888.2.The clear width and length of the working platform should be determined according to the intended use of the platform.
5.8.2 Installation of uprights
Anchor points and their connections shall satisfy Table 1.The anchor points should be able to withstand a pull-out load of 0.5kN perpendicular to the structural plane and at each
3kN vertical load applied to the column.
The connectors should be as close as possible to give the ladder sufficient stiffness to limit lateral movement between the connectors to within 10mm. column
The fixing should be fixed with a connector or bracket that can withstand the applied load and limit the movement of the column at the fixed point (see GB 17888.4-2008).
The connector should be long enough to be at least.200mm from the front of the rung and at least 150mm from any discontinuity.
When the ladder is fixed to a continuous vertical high building or container, the differential expansion of the fixed point should be considered, which needs to be maintained between adjacent ladder frames.
Leave a gap, and there are fixed points on the ladder frames on both sides of the gap.
6 Security doors
Potentially hazardous areas, such as the gap between the handrail at the top of the ladder and the handrail on the arrival side, should be protected by a full depth self-closing valve.
The safety gate shall be designed so that it is easy to open and close automatically, for example using a spring or by the effect of gravity. Safety doors should be closed slowly and safely.
Safety doors should be designed to swing open only on the platform.
The design of the safety gate should also provide the same level of protection as any adjacent safety protection on the arrival surface, such as at least including GB 17888.3-2008
Handrails, transoms and skirting boards as specified in 3.2.
Chains should not be used in place of safety gates.
NOTE. Figure 12 shows an example of a typical self-closing safety door.
7 Verification of safety requirements
For verification of the safety requirements for ladders and all fall protection devices, as well as anchor points, see Chapter 5 of GB 17888.4-2008.
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