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GB/T 21005-2007: UV erythema reference action spectrum, standard erythema dose and UV index
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UV erythema reference action spectrum, standard erythema dose and UV index
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 21005-2007 (GB/T21005-2007) | | Description (Translated English) | UV erythema reference action spectrum, standard erythema dose and UV index | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | A47 | | Classification of International Standard | 17.180.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 14,123 | | Date of Issue | 2007-07-27 | | Date of Implementation | 2007-12-01 | | Adopted Standard | ISO 17166-1999, MOD | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Announcement 2007 No.7 (Total No.107) | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This standard specifies the effect of UV erythema reference spectrum, standard erythema dose, band of ultraviolet radiation, UV index, throat dew level and other terms and related content. This standard applies to expression erythema dose measurements and their results, application publishing and UV Index. | GB/T 21005-2007: UV erythema reference action spectrum, standard erythema dose and UV index---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
UV erythema reference action spectrum, standard erytherma dose and UV index
ICS 17.18.20
A47
National Standards of People's Republic of China
GB/T 21005-2007
UV erythema effect reference spectrum, standard erythema dose
And UV index
(ISO 17166..1999/CIES007/E-1998, Erthemareferencaction
SPXTRUMANDSTANDARDRYDTHERMADEMOSE (MOD)
2007-07-27 released
2007--12-01 implementation
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Issued by China National Standardization Management Committee
Foreword
This standard modification adopts the international standard ISO 17166..1999/CIES007/E-1998 "Erythema Effect Reference Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose".
This standard makes appropriate revisions to partially repeated text and individual formulas that are not easily understood in the ISO 17166.1999 text. On hold
On the basis of all terms, definitions and descriptions of ISO 17166.1999, this standard refers to the World Health Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the United
The "UV Index. A Practical Guide" [1] issued jointly by the National Environment Program and the International Non-Nuclear Radiation Protection Commission specifies the UV radiation bands
The wavelength range of the standard, and the calculation method of the ultraviolet index specified in the guideline is included in the provisions of this standard. This standard uses ISO 17166.1999 to
And the wavelength range of the ultraviolet radiation band and the calculation method of the ultraviolet index specified by the International Organization for Standardization are introduced into the national standard system, which is conducive to enhancing our
The international comparability of national ultraviolet radiation measurement data and ultraviolet radiation forecast service products.
The differences between this standard and ISO 17166.1999 are described as follows.
a) Since ISO 17166.1999 is equivalent to the use of CIES007/E-1998, in addition to the ISO preface, the original text also includes
The foreword and introduction of CIE, this part has quite a lot of repetition, and contains some non-technical instructions, accounting for the original text
Nearly 1/3 of the width. It is obviously inappropriate to delete all of them, but if all of them are retained, it will be cumbersome and complies with the compilation of our national standards.
The writing requirements are inconsistent. This standard incorporates all of this content into the introduction to this standard, and deletes duplicates and technical regulations.
Specify irrelevant text.
b) "Erhythmicerececectrum" and "Erhythmicactrum" in the original ISO 17166,
Corresponding to the "UV erythema effect reference spectrum" and "erythema effect spectrum" in this standard. Here, the term "UV erythema effect parameter"
The word "UV" is preceded by the word "UV" in order to clarify the relationship between the effect spectrum and UV radiation.
The standard English title is also titled "UV". In order to better distinguish the two, this standard specifies the "UV erythema effect reference spectrum"
The symbol (Ser(λ)) is capitalized to show that it is different from the “erythema effect spectrum” (Xerer(λ)).
c) This standard gives a total of 11 terms and their definitions, of which 6 are from ISO 17166, and the remaining 5 are from "UV Index. Practical
Guide" [1] introduced.
d) Paragraphs 4 and 5 of ISO 17166 give definitions of terms and further explanation and explanation of relevant terms. These two paragraphs
Not only is there much duplication between each other, but it also does not meet the relevant requirements for the preparation of national standards in my country. To this end, the writing team will
Paragraphs and paragraph 5 are merged to delete redundant text in the original text that overlaps, and those texts in the original text that are not suitable as definitions are said
It is given as a note.
e) The expression of the definition of the minimum erythema dose (MED) in paragraph 4 of the original ISO 17166 (corresponding to 3.4 of this standard) does not conform to me
The narrative requirements in the national standard of the country, so this standard gives a text definition, and the original definition is used as a comment.
f) The exposure period of the minimum erythema dose (MED) in paragraph 4 of the original ISO 17166 (corresponding to 3.4 of this standard)
In terms of separation, it only mentions "the typical time interval is 24h". According to the opinion of our skin experts, this time interval is generally
24h ± 2h, so this standard clearly gives the range of change.
g) The formula (2) of 5.1 in the original ISO 17166 text (corresponding to the formula (8) of this standard) is obviously wrong from a dimensional point of view. I
We have made appropriate revisions while understanding the connotation of the original text.
h) The statement about skin type in the "Note" in 5.3 of the original ISO 17166 original text is "Type I to Type IV". According to my country's skin specialist
According to the opinion of the family, at present, types Ⅰ to Ⅵ are widely used in the world, and this standard has been revised accordingly.
i) In order to make this standard more practical, refer to the World Health Organization, the World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Non-Ionization
The relevant provisions in the "UV Index. A Practical Guide" [1] issued jointly by the Radiation Protection Committee, for UV-A, UV-B and UV-C
The band division standard has been clearly defined, for which this standard adds 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and other three definitions; also refer to this
Practical Guide [1] The current calculation method of UV index and the basis of UV index in the international information about UV radiation
The divided exposure levels have been stipulated, and the two definitions 3.10 and 3.11 and chapters 6 and 7 have been added accordingly.
GB/T 21005-2007
ｊ) In order to facilitate users to better understand the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on human body and its protection, this standard is also given in Appendix A
Related presentations.
Appendix A of this standard is an informative appendix.
This standard was proposed by the China Meteorological Administration.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the China Meteorological Administration.
This standard is drafted by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Beijing Normal University and the PLA General Hospital participated in the drafting.
The main drafters of this standard. Tang Jie, Wang Bingzhong, Zhang Baozhou, Liu Wei.
This standard is issued for the first time.
GB/T 21005-2007
Introduction
In.1998, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) made formal recommendations on the original photobiological effects, dose relationships and measurements --- "Purple
The effect spectrum of erythema caused by external lines in human skin" (published in CIE publication 106/4-1993, reprinted from CIE Journal 6/117-221987)
After careful review and research, CIES007/E-1998 "Erythema Effect Reference Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose" was proposed. The standard covers light
The latest knowledge in the field of biological effects, dose relationship and measurement, but it does not mean that the safety responsibility of human testers and other related
responsibility. After being approved by the national committees of the member states of CIE, CIES2007/E-1998 replaced CIE's original proposal.
The CIE07/E-1998 standard, prepared for the purpose of harmonizing internationally to form a unified definition, is data on light and lighting
The concise documentation of the definition is also a basic data source generally accepted and recognized internationally, and can be introduced into any standard system without amendment. to
Yes, the International Organization for Standardization directly adopted CIES007/E-1998 as the international standard ISO 17166.1999.
The difficulty in measuring the photobiological radiation dose of the skin lies in the ability of ultraviolet radiation to cause erythema in human skin as the wavelength changes.
Significant changes, this change can reach a maximum of 4 orders of magnitude in the wavelength range of 250nm ~ 400nm. Therefore, purple cannot be used
External radiation dose to express the effect of erythema on the skin of the irradiated subject. Such as. receiving 10kJ/m2 of UV-A radiation, except those
No erythema response will be produced in the body with high sensitivity; under unfiltered high-pressure mercury lamp or daylight fluorescent lamp, the same dose of UV
Radiation will form dark red spots on the skin of most individuals with white skin tones. For a long time, photobiologists believed that
Weighted radiation dose to express the degree of exposure [2].
The term minimum erythema dose (MED) was widely used as a measure of erythema radiation, which is inappropriate. Because MED is definitely not
This standard measure, on the contrary, contains the variable factors of the individual's sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Factors affecting the MED include. the light source
Optical properties and radiation measurement properties; exposure quantification, such as increasing rate and range, etc.; skin properties, such as pigmentation, whether they have been photographed before
Shots and anatomical parts, etc.; judgment factors, such as the definition of the end point, the time of judgment reflection after irradiation, and the lighting of the test environment, etc.
In order to avoid further misuse of the word MED and the confusion caused thereby, only the term is reserved for observing humans and other activities
In the study of biological substances, the standard erythema dose (SED) is used as the standard measure of ultraviolet radiation that causes erythema.
GB/T 21005-2007
UV erythema effect reference spectrum, standard erythema dose
And UV index
1 Scope
This standard specifies the ultraviolet erythema effect reference spectrum, standard erythema dose, ultraviolet radiation band range, ultraviolet index, exposure level, etc.
Language and its related content.
This standard is applicable to the measurement of erythema dose and the expression, application and publication of UV index.
2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through the quotation of this standard. For dated references, all subsequent documents
The amendments (not including errata content) or revisions are not applicable to this standard, however, all parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to study
Is the latest version of these files available? For the cited documents without date, the latest version applies to this standard.
CIE17.4-1987 International Lighting Dictionary
CIE90-1991 Sun (UVB) sunscreen test
CIE98-1992 Personal dosimetry of ultraviolet radiation
CIE103/3-1993 Reference spectrum of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on erythema and pigmentation in different types of human skin (CIE, photo-generation
Physics and Photochemistry Collection)
CIE125-1997 standard erythema dose---A review
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
3.1
Xer(λ)
The relationship between the ability of ultraviolet radiation to cause erythema in human skin and the wavelength.
Note 1.Xer(λ) is usually normalized according to its maximum value, and expressed in the form of graphs and formulas, dimensionless.
Note 2.The erythema effect spectrum (Er) (λ) is the ratio of the minimum amount required by the skin to produce erythema by ultraviolet radiation at a monochromatic wavelength and the corresponding amount of a reference wavelength.
The function of long λ can also be regarded as the spectral erythema efficiency. As a theoretical and experimental research topic, erythema effect spectrum has so far had more than 70
Years of history, CIE first proposed the so-called standard erythema curve as early as 1935 [3]. The erythema effect spectrum specified in this standard is called ultraviolet erythema
The effect reference spectrum (Uverythermaferferencacecentrum, or erhythermferecretrum), denoted as Ser (λ), by
CIE was first proposed in 1987 [4] (see references [5-7]).
3.2
Eer
The integral of the weighted product of the spectral irradiance from a UV radiation source and the erythema effect spectrum on the wavelength.
The unit of Eer is watts per square meter (W/m2), which is expressed by the following formula.
Eer = ∫Eλ·eer(λ)dλ (1)
Or Eer = ∑
Eλ·Xuaner(λ)·Δλ (2)
GB/T 21005-2007
In the formula.
Eλ---Spectral radiance, the unit is watts per square meter nanometer [W/(m2·nm)];
狊er (λ) --- is the erythema effect spectrum normalized by its maximum value;
λ---radiation wavelength, the unit is nanometer (nm).
Note. Eλ here refers to the spectral irradiance of the total ultraviolet radiation. The so-called total ultraviolet radiation is the direct sunlight of the ultraviolet band received on the unit horizontal plane
Sum of sky scattering. The radiation irradiance and exposure in this standard refer to total ultraviolet radiation.
3.3
Her
Time integration of effective radiance of erythema.
The unit of Herr is Joule per square meter (J/m2), which is expressed by the following formula.
In the formula.
Eλ---Spectral radiance, the unit is watts per square meter nanometer [W/(m2·nm)];
狊er (λ) --- normalized erythema effect spectrum according to its maximum value;
λ---radiation wavelength, the unit is nanometer (nm);
Eer---the effective irradiance of erythema in watts per square meter (W/m2).
3.4
MED
After exposure to ultraviolet radiation (24±2)h, the lowest radiation dose that causes erythema on the skin patches.
Note. The minimum erythema dose is a subjective measure of skin redness; it depends on many factors, such as. individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, radiation of the light source
Quantitative characteristics, skin pigmentation, anatomical location, time of exposure and judgment reflection (typical value is 24h), etc. Only reserved for humans and others
Used in animal observation studies.
3.5
Radiation with a wavelength in the range of 100nm to 400nm.
3.6
SED
A standardized measure of ultraviolet radiation that causes erythema in humans.
3.7
Radiation with a wavelength in the range of 315 nm to 400 nm.
3.8
Radiation with a wavelength in the range of 280nm to 315nm.
Note. Appendix A gives a description of the biological effects of UV-B.
GB/T 21005-2007
3.9
Radiation with a wavelength in the range of 100nm to 280nm.
3.10
UVI
The quantitative index of the erythema effective irradiance level of the surface solar ultraviolet radiation.
3.11
The range of UV index divided by the degree of UV radiation damage to unprotected skin [1].
4 Reference spectrum of ultraviolet erythema effect
In the wavelength range of 250 nm to 400 nm, the function expression of the reference spectrum Ser (λ) of the ultraviolet erythema effect is as follows.
Ser(λ) = 1.0 For 250nm≤λ≤298nm (5)
Ser(λ) = 100.094 (298-λ) For 298nm< λ≤328nm (6)
Ser(λ)=100.015 (140-λ) for 328 nm< λ≤400 nm (7)
In the formula.
λ---radiation wavelength, the unit is nanometer (nm).
5 Standard erythema dose
A standard erythema dose (SED) effective exposure to erythema is 100J/m2, expressed as Φ.
When the standard erythema dose is used as a unit to express the effective erythema exposure in a certain period of time, it is converted according to the following formula.
A = Her/Φ (8)
In the formula.
Herr --- effective exposure to erythema, the unit is Joule per square meter (J/m2);
A---The effective exposure amount of erythema expressed in units of standard erythema dose, the unit is the standard erythema dose (SED).
Note. According to photobiology, many photobiological processes have an end effect and change with wavelength. Therefore, the word "erythema" in the standard erythema dose (SED),
It is clearly expressed that this amount is the exposure dose with a clear biological effect [8].
Φ is used as the conversion equivalent when the standard erythema dose is used to express the effective erythema radiation exposure, its value is artificially specified, and there is no one most "correct"
Magnitude. However, SED cannot be understood as the MED of some special types of skin to avoid confusion of the concepts and definitions of MED and SED. Such as.
1 SED is equivalent to 100J/m2 effective exposure to erythema. When the skin changes from type I to type VI, its MED can be expected to be between 150J/m2 and
Between 600J/m2, that is, between 1.5SED and 6.0SED [9].
6 UV index
The ultraviolet index (UVindex) is a quantified index indicating the level of erythema effective irradiance of the surface solar ultraviolet radiation.
Calculation [1].
IUV = 犽er∫
400nm
250nm
Eλ·Ser(λ)dλ (9)
In the formula.
IUV---UV index, dimensionless;
Yer-constant, its value is equal to 40m2/W [or 1/25 (mW/m2)];
Eλ-the spectral irradiance of surface solar ultraviolet radiation, the unit is watts per square meter nanometer [W/(m2·nm)];
λ---radiation wavelength, the unit is nanometer (nm);
GB/T 21005-2007
The reference spectrum of the ultraviolet erythema effect specified by Ser(λ)---Equations (5)-(7), and its band range corresponds to the upper and lower integration limits in Equation (9).
The UV index calculated by equation (9) is rounded and expressed as an integer. In practical applications, the UV index can be used 5min ~
The average value of 10min reports its instantaneous value and daily maximum value. Clouds have an important effect on the transmission of ultraviolet radiation through the atmosphere.
It is the "clear sky" or "cloudless" UV index.
7 Exposure level
The division of exposure level is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Exposure level
Exposure level UV index range
Low ≤ 2
Middle 3～5
6～7 high
Very high 8-10
Extreme ≥11
Note. Please refer to Appendix A for the description of solar ultraviolet radiation damage to human body and its protection.
GB/T 21005-2007
Appendix A
(Informative appendix)
The harm of ultraviolet radiation to human body and its protection
A. 1 Solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface
Due to the absorption of various gas components (ozone, water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere, all UV-C and
Ninety percent of UV-B radiation is blocked in the upper layer of the atmosphere and cannot reach the surface, while UV-A radiation is less affected by atmospheric absorption. because
The ultraviolet radiation that can reach the surface is mainly UV-A, including a small amount of UV-B radiation, and the addition of the two accounts for only the entire surface.
A very small part of the solar radiation energy is about 4% to 6%.
Under natural conditions, the main factors that affect the surface solar ultraviolet irradiance are. the altitude angle of the sun, the ozone content in the atmosphere, the sky clouds
Conditions, altitude, and surface albedo.
The change of the solar altitude angle changes the path of solar radiation through the atmosphere. When the solar altitude angle is 90° (that is, the zenith direction),
The atmospheric path length is the shortest, the vertical component of direct solar radiation is the largest, and the atmosphere has the least effect on reducing ultraviolet radiation, so it reaches the surface of the purple
The external radiation is the strongest. In the low latitudes of the equator and its vicinity, the solar altitude angle is greater than that of the high latitudes, so the sun in the low latitudes
The ultraviolet irradiance is higher than that in high latitude areas. When the geographic location is determined, the solar UV irradiance is related to the season and the time of day. noon
At this time, the solar altitude angle is the largest, so the ultraviolet radiation at noon is the strongest, and the ultraviolet radiation at other times is correspondingly weaker. Also due to the sun
The change of altitude angle is strong in summer and weak in other seasons.
Ozone is the most absorbing component of ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, and the change of ozone content in the atmosphere can significantly change the amount of ozone reaching the surface
UV irradiance. Figure A. 1 gives the different solar altitude angles and the total amount of different ozone columns (ie the total amount of ozone in the gas column per unit area, single
The position is in the unit of Dobson, denoted as DU), the change of the ultraviolet spectrum irradiance near the UV-B band can reflect the sun
The effect of changes in altitude angle and atmospheric ozone content on surface ultraviolet irradiance.
Figure A. 1 The effect of solar altitude and total ozone on the surface ultraviolet irradiance
Clouds (and particulate matter in the atmosphere, etc.) can weaken the ultraviolet irradiance to the surface, so the clearest weather has the strongest ultraviolet radiation. but
Yes, due to scattering, thin clouds have less blocking effect on UV radiation, and cumulus clouds in the sky can cause the sky to scatter UV radiation
Degrees enhanced. Figure A. 2 gives the whole-day variation of the ultraviolet spectral irradiance at a wavelength of 305 nm under sunny and cloudy conditions, showing the cloud pairs
The weakening effect of solar ultraviolet radiation.
The surface UV irradiance also changes significantly with altitude. For every 1 km increase in altitude, the UV irradiance increases by 10% to 12%.
In areas with strong surface reflection, the surface UV irradiance will increase due to surface reflection and atmospheric re-scattering
Strong. The reflectance of fresh snow on ultraviolet radiation can be as high as 80%, the reflectivity of sand is about 15%, and the reflectivity of sea surface waves is about
At 25%, the reflectivity of grassland, soil and general water bodies is generally less than 10%.
GB/T 21005-2007
Figure A. 2 The influence of clouds on the surface UV irradiance
A. 2 Biological effects of ultraviolet radiation and UQ-B
The harm of ultraviolet radiation to the human body stems from the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation. This biological effect has a strong, non-linear wavelength phase
The reference spectrum of ultraviolet erythema effect is used to express the erythema effect and radiant energy of ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range of 250 nm to 400 nm.
The nonlinear relationship between the quantities varies with wavelength.
Figure A. In Fig. 3, figure a) shows the ultraviolet spectral irradiance of the surface and upper atmosphere in the band of 290 nm to 400 nm, and figure b) is purple.
The external erythema effect reference spectrum, Figure c) is the (surface) UV spectral irradiance weighted by the UV erythema effect reference spectrum. From Figure c) can be obvious
It can be seen that the erythema effect of solar ultraviolet radiation is mainly derived from UV-B radiation, and the contribution of UV-A radiation is very small.
Figure A. 3 Reference spectrum of solar ultraviolet spectrum and ultraviolet erythema effect
GB/T 21005-2007
A. 3 UV radiation damage to human body and its protection
The human body receives a small amount of ultraviolet radiation, which can help the synthesis of vitamin D in the body, which is beneficial to the human body. But accept an excess of purple
External radiation can cause harm to the human body, and its main manifestations are. short-term excessive exposure causes skin burns, and long-term excessive exposure may cause skin
Slackness, aging, even lumps, and canceration; long-term excessive exposure may also cause opacity of the vitreous body of the eye and cataracts;
Reduced immunity of the human body.
The degree of damage of ultraviolet radiation to human skin is not only related to ultraviolet irradiance, but also related to human skin type.
The skin is generally divided into six categories, see Table A for details. 1.Different types respond differently to ultraviolet radiation, with type I skin being the most sensitive and type VI skin being the most sensitive
Insensitive, it is generally believed that the skin of the yellow race belongs to type Ⅱ to type Ⅳ.
Table A. 1 Skin type and its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation
Skin type characteristicsNatural skin color burns and tans
Lack of melanin
White is easily burned and hardly tanned
White is easily burned and sometimes tanned
Medium amount of melanin
Beige is sometimes burned and easily tanned
Medium brown is rarely burned and easily tanned
With melanin protective layer
Tea brown has almost no burns, natural brown
Black has almost no burns, natural black
The general prote...
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