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GB/T 19204-2020 English PDF

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GB/T 19204-2020: General characteristics of liquefied natural gas
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Basic data

Standard ID GB/T 19204-2020 (GB/T19204-2020)
Description (Translated English) General characteristics of liquefied natural gas
Sector / Industry National Standard (Recommended)
Classification of Chinese Standard E24
Classification of International Standard 75.060
Word Count Estimation 18,137
Date of Issue 2020-06-02
Date of Implementation 2020-12-01
Older Standard (superseded by this standard) GB/T 19204-2003
Quoted Standard GB/T 8423.3-2018; GB/T 20368; GB/T 22724; GB/T 24959; GB/T 24962; GB/T 27894.1; GB 50183-2015; ISO 6568
Adopted Standard ISO 16903-2015, MOD
Issuing agency(ies) State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration
Summary This standard specifies the general characteristics of liquefied natural gas, health and safety, and construction materials. This standard can be used as a reference for other standards in the field of liquefied natural gas, as well as for those who design and operate liquefied natural gas facilities.

GB/T 19204-2020: General characteristics of liquefied natural gas

---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
General characteristics of liquefied natural gas ICS 75.060 E24 National Standards of People's Republic of China Replace GB/T 19204-2003 General characteristics of LNG 2020-06-02 released 2020-12-01 implementation State Administration for Market Regulation Issued by the National Standardization Management Committee

Table of contents

Preface Ⅲ 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Abbreviations 2 5 General characteristics of LNG 2 5.1 Overview 2 5.2 General characteristics 2 5.3 Physical properties 4 6 Health and safety 6 6.1 Overview 6 6.2 Being in a low temperature environment 6 6.3 Being in a natural gas environment 7 6.4 Fire prevention and fire fighting 7 6.5 Color 7 6.6 Odor 7 7 Construction materials 8 7.1 Materials used in LNG industry 8 7.2 Temperature stress 9 Reference 10

Foreword

This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This standard replaces GB/T 19204-2003 "General Characteristics of Liquefied Natural Gas", compared with GB/T 19204-2003, except for editorial The main technical changes are as follows. ---Modified the normative references (see Chapter 2, Chapter 2 of the.2003 edition); ---Added the terms and definitions of boil-off gas, liquefied petroleum gas, tumbling, boiling liquid expansion, vapor explosion, etc. (see Chapter 3,.2003 edition Chapter 3); --- Added abbreviations such as LPG and QRA (see Chapter 4, Chapter 4 of the.2003 edition); --- Deleted the range of methane and nitrogen content of LNG (see 5.2.1, 5.2.1 in the.2003 edition); ---Modified the density range and density temperature gradient value of LNG (see 5.2.2, 5.2.2 of the.2003 edition); --- Increased the viscosity characteristics of LNG (see 5.2.4); ---Added the steam heating value of the LNG instance and the note to this clause (see Table 1); ---Modified the components of LNG example 1 in Table 1 (see Table 1, Table 1 of the.2003 edition); ---Added 3 domestic LNG example components in Table 1 (see Table 1); ---Related content related to the expansion and diffusion of gas clouds (see 5.3.4, 5.4.2 of the.2003 edition); ---Added the standards to be followed for fire prevention and protection and the types of LNG fire extinguishers (see 6.4); ---Added content about the color of evaporated gas (see 6.5); ---Revised the list of main materials used for direct contact with LNG (see Table 3,.2003 version of Table 3); ---Revised the list of main materials used for not directly contacting LNG (see Table 4, Table 4 of the.2003 edition); ---Modified other materials used in the LNG industry (see 7.1.4, 6.1.3 of the.2003 edition); ---Modified the related content of temperature stress (see 7.2, 6.2 of the.2003 edition); --- Deleted Appendix A and Appendix B (see Appendix A and Appendix B of the.2003 edition). This standard uses the redrafting law to amend and adopt ISO 16903.2015 "Liquids affecting design and material selection in the oil and gas industry" General characteristics of natural gas. The technical differences between this standard and ISO 16903.2015 and the reasons are as follows. --- Regarding normative reference documents, this standard has made adjustments with technical differences to adapt to my country's technical conditions and adjustments. The situation is collectively reflected in Chapter 2 "Normative Reference Documents", and the specific adjustments are as follows. ● Replace NFPA59A with GB/T 20368 (see Chapter 2, 6.4); ● GB/T 22724 replaces EN1473 (see Chapter 2, 6.4); ● Added reference to GB/T 8423.3-2018 (see Chapter 3); ● Added reference to GB/T 24959 (see Chapter 5); ● Added reference to GB/T 24962 (see Chapter 5); ● Added reference to GB/T 50183-2015 (see Chapter 3); ● Added reference to ISO 6568 (see Chapter 5); ● Added reference to GB/T 27894.1 (see Chapter 5). --- Replace the terms and definitions in ISO 16903.2015 with the terms and definitions in the cited national standards; delete the condensate, natural The term of gas condensate (see Chapter 3) to adapt to my country's technical conditions, and consistent with the national standard system. ---The calculation method of LNG density adopts GB/T 24962 instead of ISO 6578 (see Chapter 5) to adapt to my country's technical conditions. And consistent with the national standard system. ---Modified the viscosity range of LNG to 1.0×10-4Pa·s~2.0×10-4Pa·s (see 5.2.4) to adapt to my country's technology condition. This standard has made the following editorial changes. ---The standard name was revised to "General Characteristics of Liquefied Natural Gas". Please note that certain contents of this document may involve patents. The issuing agency of this document is not responsible for identifying these patents. This standard was proposed and managed by the National Petroleum and Natural Gas Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC355). Drafting organizations of this standard. CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., CNOOC Gas and Power Group Co., Ltd., China National Petroleum Corporation Co., Ltd. Natural Gas Sales Branch, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Natural Gas Branch, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Branch Natural Gas Research Institute. The main drafters of this standard. Liu Xiangdong, Hao Yun, Liu Yun, Bi Xiaoxing, Chen Feng, Huang Zhe, Chen Ruiying, Pu Hongbin, Sun Qi, Luo Qin, Zhang Limin, Yi Hualei, Yang Tianyu, Zhou Wei, Jing Yuxiao, Guo Xin, Cui Yuehong, Yang Zejun, Zhang Qian, Hu Dong, Liu Renwei, Ma Chenbo, Zheng Haimin. The previous versions of the standard replaced by this standard are as follows. ---GB/T 19204-2003. General characteristics of LNG

1 Scope

This standard gives the general characteristics, health and safety, and construction materials of LNG. This standard can be used as a reference for other standards in the field of LNG, as well as for personnel who design and operate LNG facilities.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this article Pieces. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB/T 8423.3-2018 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Terminology Part 3.Oil and Gas Surface Engineering GB/T 20368 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) production, storage and shipment GB/T 22724 Design of LNG equipment and installation on land GB/T 24959 General requirements for the temperature measurement system in the cargo hold of a refrigerated light hydrocarbon fluid LNG carrier (GB/T 24959- 2019, ISO 8310.2012, MOD) GB/T 24962 Static measurement and calculation method for frozen hydrocarbon fluids (GB/T 24962-2010, ISO 6578.1991, MOD) GB/T 27894.1 Determination of composition of natural gas by gas chromatography under certain uncertainty. Part 1.Analysis guide (GB/T 27894.1-2011, ISO 6974-1.2000, IDT) GB 50183-2015 Code for fire protection design of petroleum and natural gas engineering ISO 6568 Natural gas-Simple analysis by gaschromatography

3 Terms and definitions

The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 8423.3-2018 and GB 50183-2015 apply to this document. For ease of use, the following Some terms and definitions in GB/T 8423.3-2018 and GB 50183-2015 are listed again. 3.1 liquified natural gas It is mainly composed of methane and may contain a small amount of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen or other components usually present in natural gas. Color low temperature liquid fluid. [GB/T 8423.3-2018, definition 2.1.14] 3.2 Evaporation gas Due to the introduction of external heat and the flash vaporization during pressure changes during the feeding and discharging of the container, the LNG (3.1) gas The gas produced by chemistry. [GB/T 8423.3-2018, definition 5.2.4] 3.3 liquefied petroleum gas Propane, butane and their mixtures are gaseous under normal temperature and pressure, and liquid after being compressed or cooled. [GB/T 50183-2015, definition 2.1.4] 3.4 roll The LNG at different depths in the container (usually a storage tank) undergoes heat and mass transfer due to the difference in temperature and (or) density, resulting in stratification The rapid mixing of the liquid and the sudden release of a large amount of boil-off gas from the LNG container. [GB/T 8423.3-2018, definition 5.2.7] 3.5 Boiling liquid expands vapor explosion The liquefied natural gas near the saturation temperature under a certain pressure, due to the sudden failure of the pressure system, causes the liquid to vaporize and release rapidly. A phenomenon that produces explosive features. [GB/T 8423.3-2018, definition 5.1.6]

4 Abbreviations

5 General characteristics of LNG

5.1 Overview Personnel involved in LNG storage and transportation should be familiar with the characteristics of the liquid and the characteristics of the gas produced. The potential hazards in the process of LNG storage and transportation mainly originate from its three important properties. a) The temperature of LNG is extremely low. Its boiling point is about -160°C under standard atmospheric pressure (also related to its components). At this temperature, its The density of the evaporated gas is higher than the density of the surrounding air. b) A very small amount of LNG liquid can be transformed into a large volume of gas. 1 unit volume of LNG can be converted into about 600 units Volume of gas. c) Similar to other gaseous hydrocarbons, natural gas is flammable. In the atmosphere, the combustible range of the mixture with air is about 5%~15% of natural gas volume fraction. If the evaporation gas accumulates in a confined space, it will cause an explosion and high-pressure shock when it encounters an ignition source. Hit the wave. This standard focuses on the characteristics of LNG and the corresponding hazards. When evaluating the hazards of LNG stations, designers need to consider the site All systems that exist. Usually LNG itself does not bring the highest risk, while other systems, such as LPG refrigerant in liquefaction plants, or regas The high-pressure natural gas output from the chemical station is the main risk of the entire station. 5.2 General characteristics 5.2.1 Composition LNG is a mixture of hydrocarbons with methane as the main component, which contains a small amount of ethane, propane and butane that are usually found in natural gas. Alkane, nitrogen and other components. The physical and thermodynamic properties of methane and other components of natural gas can be found in the relevant reference materials (see reference ) And found in the thermodynamic calculation manual. Although the main component of LNG is methane, it is not appropriate to use pure methane to infer the properties of LNG. After the air is diluted and mixed by the higher temperature air, the temperature of the mixture increases, and the average molar mass increases. The mixture cloud is heavier than the surrounding air, straight To fully mix well below the explosion limit. When the moisture content in the air is large (higher humidity and temperature), the air and cold LNG vapor mix, which will cause the moisture in the air to condense And heat the mixture to make the mixture lighter than the air, causing the mixed gas cloud to float in the air. Overflow, expansion and diffusion of vapor clouds It is a complex subject, usually using computer models to predict, and requires an organization with relevant capabilities to predict. After the overflow occurs, due to the large The condensation of water vapor in the gas will produce "fog" clouds. When this "fog" cloud is visible (daytime and no natural fog), and the relative humidity in the air When high enough, this visible "fog" cloud can be used to show the diffusion of vaporized gas and can be used as a trace of the flammability of the gas and air mixture. Like, this is because the visibility of this "fog" cloud is a function of humidity and ambient temperature, but has nothing to do with natural gas leakage. When a pressure vessel or pipeline leaks, LNG will enter the atmosphere in the form of jets while throttling (expanding) and vaporizing. This process is accompanied by a strong mixing of gas and air. Most LNG initially exists in the gas cloud in the form of aerosol. This gas The sol will eventually further mix with air and evaporate. 5.3.5 Deflagration For natural gas/air clouds, when the volume fraction of natural gas in the air is 5%~15%, it can be ignited and detonated. 5.3.6 Pool fire For LNG fire pools with a diameter greater than 10m, the SEP of the flame is very high, which should be calculated from the measured forward radiation flux and flame area. SEP depends on considering the size of the fire pool, the emission of smoke, and the measurement method. SEP decreases with the increase of the spread. Given For the SEP of the situation, see references. 5.3.7 Development and consequences of pressure waves In an unconstrained mixed cloud cluster, natural gas burns at a low speed and produces a small amplitude of less than 5 × 103 Pa in the gas cloud. Pressure. In highly crowded spaces or restricted areas (such as equipment or densely built spaces), higher pressure may be generated. 5.3.8 Confined space Natural gas cannot be liquefied under pressure at normal temperature, and it is possible to liquefy under a certain pressure below about -80°C. This means Any amount of LNG that is sealed in a closed space, such as between two valves or in a closed container, if allowed to rise, its pressure will be Continue to rise until the closed system is destroyed. Therefore, factories and equipment should be designed with suitable sized vent and/or pressure relief valves. The designer should pay special attention to avoid any possibility of cryogenic liquid being sealed, even a very small amount of cryogenic liquid, including such Details such as the venting of the liquid in the ball valve cavity also need attention. 5.3.9 Roll During the tumbling process, a large amount of gas may be released from the LNG storage tank in a short time; unless preventive measures are taken or the container is Special design, otherwise the container will be overpressured due to rolling. Two stable layers or units may be formed in the LNG storage tank, which is usually caused by It is caused by insufficient mixing of newly injected LNG with different density. The density of the liquid inside each layer is uniform, but the density of the bottom liquid The degree is greater than the density of the upper liquid. Subsequently, due to the heat input into the storage tank, the heat and mass transfer between the layers, and the evaporation of the liquid surface, each The layer density will reach equilibrium and mix spontaneously. This spontaneous mixing is called tumbling; relative to the pressure in the gas space of the tank, if The bottom liquid is overheated (this is usually the case), and the amount of vaporization will increase while tumbling; sometimes this increase is rapid and large. In the minority In several instances, the pressure rise inside the storage tank is large enough to cause the pressure relief valve to open. Regarding the rollover problem, it was assumed in the early days that when the density of the upper layer is greater than the density of the lower layer, the rollover will occur. Recent studies have shown that this is not the case, but the rapid mixing as mentioned above causes tumbling. Before a potential rollover accident occurs, there are usually Its gasification rate is much lower than normal for a period of time. Therefore, the vaporization rate should be closely monitored to ensure that the liquid does not accumulate heat. If this In doubt, measures should be taken to circulate the bottom liquid to the upper layer to promote mixing. Through good inventory management, rollover can be prevented. the best LNG with different sources and different components should be stored in separate tanks, or should be fully mixed when injected into storage tanks. Peak shaving LNG equipment with high nitrogen content After the storage tank stops feeding, because nitrogen is more likely to flash, it may also cause tumbling. Experience has shown that the best way to prevent this type of roll The method is to keep the nitrogen content of LNG below 1% and closely monitor the gasification rate. Therefore, if there is a possibility of stratification due to different sources of LNG, the density of LNG in the storage tank should be closely monitored. Once found Level, mitigation measures should be taken. 5.3.10 Fast phase transition When two liquids with different temperatures come into contact under certain conditions, shock waves will be generated. When LNG and water contact, the RPT phenomenon will occur. Although no combustion will occur, it will produce a pressure wave similar to an explosion. RPT caused by LNG leaking to the surface is rare. And the impact is limited. A theory consistent with the experimental results can be summarized as follows. When two liquids with a large temperature difference are in direct contact, if the The temperature of the hot liquid is 1.1 times higher than the boiling point of the colder liquid (expressed in Kelvin), the temperature of the latter will rise rapidly, and its surface temperature may exceed Pass the spontaneous nucleation temperature (at this time bubbles are generated in the liquid). In some cases, the superheated liquid will pass through the complex chain reaction mechanism in a short time. It evaporates in the room and generates steam at the rate of the shock wave. For example, the close contact between liquids can be generated by mechanical impact, which is confirmed in experiments where LNG or liquid nitrogen is placed on the water surface. This kind of contact will cause a rapid phase change. Recent research has a deeper understanding of RPT, which can quantify the severity of this phenomenon to determine whether Precautions need to be taken. 5.3.11 Boiling liquid expands vapor explosion Any liquid at or near its boiling temperature under a certain pressure, if it is suddenly released due to a pressure system rupture, it will Will evaporate at a very high rate. This kind of case has already happened, and the violent expansion throws the large parts of the broken container hundreds of meters. BLEVE The possibility of occurrence on the LNG plant is extremely small, one is because the container storing LNG will rupture under low pressure (see reference Offer), and the evaporation rate is very low; second, because LNG is stored and transported in insulated pressure vessels and pipelines, such vessels and pipelines themselves Has a certain fire resistance.

6 Health and safety

6.1 Overview The following recommendations provide guidelines for personnel involved in the operation of LNG facilities, but they cannot replace the requirements of relevant national regulations. 6.2 Being in a low temperature environment 6.2.1 Low temperature risk warning The low temperature associated with LNG will have various effects on the exposed parts of the body; if it is not appropriate for the human body in a low temperature environment If the land is protected, its agility and other abilities will be adversely affected. 6.2.2 Operation and cold burns When the skin comes into contact with liquid LNG, it can cause skin blistering similar to burns. The gas produced by LNG vaporization Low temperature can also cause cold burns. If exposed to this cold gas, even for a short time, it is not enough to affect the skin of the face and hands. Skin, but fragile tissues like eyes can still be injured. The unprotected parts of the human body should not come into contact with LNG without protection. Cold pipes and containers, this extremely cold metal will stick to the skin and flesh, and tear the skin and flesh if it is removed forcefully. 6.2.3 Frostbite Severe or prolonged exposure to cold vapor and gas can cause frostbite. Usually there is local pain to give an early warning of frostbite, but there are Sometimes I don’t feel the pain. 6.2.4 The effect of cold on the lungs Breathing in extremely cold atmosphere for a long time can damage the lungs; short-term exposure can cause respiratory discomfort. 6.2.5 Hypothermia Low temperatures below 10°C have the risk of hypothermia. For people who are obviously affected by low temperature, they should quickly get out of cold areas. Remove and bathe with warm water to restore body temperature. The water temperature should be 40℃~42℃. Dry heat should not be used to raise body temperature. 6.2.6 Recommended protective clothing When shipping LNG, if it can be reasonably foreseen that it will be exposed to the LNG environment, use a suitable face shield or safety goggles Mirror to protect the eyes. When touching any equipment or device that is or may have been in contact with cold liquid or gas, you should always wear it Leather gloves. The gloves should be loose so that they can be quickly taken off if cold liquid is accidentally splashed on the inside or surface of the gloves. Even wear Gloves can only hold or touch the equipment for a short time. Protective clothing or similar clothing should be tight-fitting, preferably without pockets or curled edges, and pants should be worn on the outside of shoes or boots. Ruofang The protective clothing is attached to low-temperature liquid or vapor, and the wearer should ventilate the clothing before entering the confined space or approaching the fire source. operating It should be understood that. protective clothing only plays a certain protective role when LNG splashes occasionally, and contact with LNG should be avoided as much as possible. 6.3 Being in a natural gas environment 6.3.1 Toxicity LNG and natural gas are non-toxic. 6.3.2 Choking Natural gas can be suffocating. The volume fraction of oxygen in the air is usually 20.9%, and the volume fraction of oxygen in the atmosphere is less than 18% Sometimes, it may cause suffocation. When the air contains high concentration of natural gas, it will cause nausea and dizziness due to lack of oxygen. However once from the exposed ring Withdrawal from the environment, the symptoms will disappear quickly. Before entering a place where natural gas may exist, the oxygen and hydrocarbon content should be measured there. Even if the oxygen content is high enough that it will not cause suffocation, special equipment should be used for flammability testing before entering. 6.4 Fire prevention and fire fighting When shipping LNG, it is recommended to prepare a dry powder (preferably potassium carbonate) fire extinguisher. Personnel related to the shipment of LNG should be used dry powder Training of fire extinguishers to extinguish liquid fires. High expansion foam or foam glass blocks can be used to cover the LNG pool fire, thereby greatly reducing its Radiation effect. The supply of water should be guaranteed for cooling, or for foam generation when equipped with equipment. But it should not be done with water Direct fire extinguishing of LNG. The design of fire protection and fire protection should comply with GB/T 22724 or GB/T 20368, and other international standards Or national standards. The fire extinguisher should be of dry powder type. 6.5 Color Evaporation gas is colorless. But when it is released into the atmosphere, it will form a white cloud due to the condensation of moisture in the air. 6.6 Odor The vapor is odorless.

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