Path:
Home >
GB/T >
Page50 > GB/T 5534-2024
Home >
Standard_List >
GB/T >
Page50 > GB/T 5534-2024
GB/T 5534-2024 PDF English
US$275.00 · In stock · Download in 9 secondsGB/T 5534-2024: Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of saponification value
Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See
step-by-step procedureStatus: Valid
GB/T 5534: Evolution and historical versions
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivery | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 5534-2024 | English | 275 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery
|
Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of saponification value
| Valid |
| GB/T 5534-2008 | English | 160 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery
|
Animal and vegetable fats and oils -- Determination of saponification value
| Valid |
| GB/T 5534-1995 | English | 199 |
Add to Cart
|
3 days
|
Animal and vegetable oils and fats--Determination of saponification value
| Obsolete |
| GB 5534-1985 | English | 199 |
Add to Cart
|
2 days
|
Inspection of vegetable oils--Methods for determination of saponification value
| Obsolete |
Excerpted PDFs (Download full copy in 9 seconds upon purchase)
PDF Preview: GB/T 5534-2024
GB/T 5534-2024: Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of saponification value
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT5534-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 67.040
CCS X 04
GB/T 5534-2024 / ISO 3657.2023
Replacing GB/T 5534-2008
Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils – Determination of
Saponification Value
(ISO 3657.2023, IDT)
Issued on: OCTOBER 26, 2024
Implemented on: MAY 1, 2025
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative References... 4
3 Terms and Definitions... 4
4 Principle... 5
5 Reagents... 5
6 Instruments and Equipment... 6
7 Sampling... 6
8 Preparation of Specimen... 6
9 Operating Procedure... 6
10 Calculation of Results... 7
11 Precision... 8
12 Test Report... 8
Appendix A (Informative) Interlaboratory Test Results... 9
Appendix B (Informative) Calculation of Saponification Values from Fatty Acid
Composition Data... 10
Bibliography... 14
Foreword
This Document was drafted as per the rules specified in GB/T 1.1-2020 Directives for
Standardization – Part 1.Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Standardizing Documents.
This Document replaced GB/T 5534-2008 Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils - Determination
of Saponification Value. Compared with GB/T 5534-2008, the major technical changes of this
Document are as follows besides the structural adjustments and editorial modifications.
--- Add the ethanol concentration, and make accurate concentration of potassium hydroxide-
ethanol solution (see 5.1, 5.2 of this Edition; 5.1 of the 2008 Edition);
--- Add the specifications of the analytical balance and the weighing accuracy of the samples
(see 6.6 of this Edition; 6.6 of the 2008 Edition).
This Document equivalently adopted ISO 3657.2023 Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils -
Determination of Saponification Value.
Please note some contents of this Document may involve patents. The issuing agency of this
Document shall not assume the responsibility to identify these patents.
This Document was proposed by National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration.
This Document shall be under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Grains and
Oils of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 270).
Drafting organizations of this Document. Wuhan Polytechnic University; COFCO Yellowsea
Oils and Grains Industries (Shandong) Co., Ltd.; Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality
Inspection; Wuhan Institute for Food and Cosmetic Control; COFCO Fortune Food Sales &
Distribution Co., Ltd.; and Wuhan Institute of Standardization.
Chief drafting staffs of this Document. Zhou Li, Gao Pan, Wang Jie, Liu Peilian, Jiang
Xiaoming, Yu Lei, Huang Qing, and Zhang Sihong.
The historical editions replaced by this Document are as follows.
--- GB/T 5534-1995 was first-time published in 1995; first-time revised in 2008;
--- It is second-time revised hereby.
Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils – Determination of
Saponification Value
1 Scope
This Document describes the method for determining the saponification value of animal and
vegetable fats and oils. The saponification value is an indicator of determining the content of
free fatty acids and glycerides in oils or fatty acids.
This Document applies to refined animal and vegetable fats and oils, and crude animal and
vegetable oils.
This Document does not apply to products containing inorganic acids unless the inorganic acids
can be determined separately.
The saponification value can also be calculated from fatty acid data obtained by gas
chromatography analysis as shown in Appendix B. For this calculation, it shall be ensured that
the sample is free of impurities or thermal degradation products.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
ISO 661 Animal and vegetable fats and oils – preparation of test sample
NOTE. GB/T 15687-2008 Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Preparation of test sample (ISO
661.2003, IDT)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Saponification value; IS
The number of milligrams for potassium hydroxide that are needed to saponify 1 g of fats and
oils.
4 Principle
The test sample was saponified by using an excess of potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution
under reflux boiling conditions, and then the excessive potassium hydroxide was titrated with
a hydrochloric acid standard titration solution.
5 Reagents
Unless otherwise specified, all reagents used in this Document are of analytical reagents; and
the used water is distilled water or demineralized water of equivalent purity.
5.1 Ethanol. Volume fraction φ = 95%.
5.2 Potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution. c(KOH) = 0.5 mol/L.
The potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution is colorless or pale yellow. A stable colorless
solution can be obtained by any of the following methods.
a) Reflux 1 L of ethanol (5.1) with 8 g of potassium hydroxide and 5 g of aluminum granules
for 1 h; then immediately distill. Dissolve the required amount of potassium hydroxide
(approximately 35 g) in the distillate. Let stand for several days; then pour the clear
supernatant from the precipitated potassium carbonate into a brown glass bottle.
b) Add 4 g of aluminum tert-butoxide to 1 L of ethanol and allow the mixture to stand for
several days. Pour off the supernatant and dissolve the required amount of potassium
hydroxide in it. Let it stand for several days, then pour the clear supernatant from the
precipitated potassium carbonate into a brown glass bottle.
5.3 Hydrochloric acid standard solution. c(HCl) = 0.5 mol/L.
5.4 Alkali blue 6B solution. ρ = 2.5 g/100 mL ethanol solution (5.1).
5.5 Phenolphthalein solution. ρ = 0.1 g/100 mL ethanol solution (5.1).
Phenolphthalein is classified as a carcinogenic, teratogenic, or reproductively toxic (CMR)
substance and should only be used when no alternative is available.
5.6 Boiling promoters.
6 Instruments and Equipment
Common laboratory instruments, especially the following shall be used.
6.1 Erlenmeyer flask. 250 mL capacity, made of alkali-resistant glass, with a ground glass neck.
6.2 Reflux condenser. Equipped with a ground glass connector for connection to the
Erlenmeyer flask (6.1).
6.3 Heating device. Such as a water bath, hot plate, or other suitable device; open flame heating
is prohibited.
6.4 Burette. 50 mL capacity, with a minimum graduation of 0.1 mL, or an automatic burette.
6.5 Pipette. 25 mL capacity, or an automatic pipette.
6.6 Analytical balance. Minimum graduation of 0.0001 g, weighing accuracy of 0.001 g.
7 Sampling
Sampling is not a specific content of this Document; ISO 5555 is recommended.
It is crucial that the samples received by the laboratory are representative and have not been
damaged or altered during transportation or storage period.
8 Preparation of Specimen
Perform according to the provisions of ISO 661.
If insoluble impurities are present in the specimen, mix thoroughly, filter, and note this in the
test report.
9 Operating Procedure
9.1 Weighing
Weigh approximately 2 g of the sample (Clause 8) into an Erlenmeyer flask (6.1), accurate to
0.005 g
Based on a saponification value (by KOH) of 170 mg/g to 200 mg/g and the 2 g of sample size,
for samples with different saponification values, the sample size should be varied as needed to
ensure that approximately half of the potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution is neutralized.
Recommended sample sizes are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 -- Sample sizes
9.2 Determination
9.2.1 Pipette (6.5) 25.0 mL of potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution (5.2) to the specimen; and
add some boiling promoters (5.6). Connect the reflux condenser (6.2) to the Erlenmeyer flask;
and place the Erlenmeyer flask on a heating device (6.3) to slowly boil; shake occasionally;
maintaining boiling for 60 min. For samples with high melting points and difficult
saponification, boil for 2 h.
9.2.2 Add 0.5 mL to 1 mL of indicator (5.4 or 5.5) to the hot solution; and titrate with
hydrochloric acid standard solution (5.3) until the indicator color just disappears. If the solution
color is dark, phenolphthalein (5.5) shall not be used as an indicator.
9.3 Blank test
Following the requirements of 9.2, without adding a sample, a blank determination was
performed using 25.0 mL of potassium hydroxide-ethanol solution (5.2).
10 Calculation of Results
The saponification value IS was calculated according to Formula (1).
Where.
V0 – volume of hydrochloric acid standard solution (5.3) consumed in the blank test, in mL;
V1 - volume of hydrochloric acid standard solution (5.3) consumed in the specimen test, in mL;
c - actual concentration of the hydrochloric acid standard solution (5.3), in mol/L;
m - mass of the specimen (9.1), in g.
For repeatability meeting the requirements of 11.2, the arithmetic mean of two tests shall be
taken as the test result.
Estimated saponification value (by KOH) Sample size/g
Results shall be expressed as integers, by KOH, and in mg/g.
11 Precision
11.1 Interlaboratory test
In 2000, the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) organized interlaboratory test
involving 22 laboratories (see Appendix A). Each sample was tested twice; and statistical
results were provided (evaluated according to ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2). The statistical
results are shown in Table A.1.
11.2 Repeatability
In the same laboratory, by the same operator using the same equipment and the same test
method, the absolute difference between two independent tests of the same test subject
conducted within a short period of time shall not exceed 5% of the repeatability limit r shown
in Table A.1.
11.3 Reproducibility
In different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment and the same test
method, the absolute difference between two independent tests of conducted the same test
subject shall not exceed 5% of the reproducibility limit R shown in Table A.1.
12 Test Report
The test report shall include.
a) All relevant information required for the test sample;
b) If the sampling method is known, indicate it;
c) Whether filtration is required for the test sample;
d) The used test method document, such as GB/T 5534-2024;
e) A description of the used indicator (5.4 or 5.5);
f) Any details not specifically stated in this Document or considered optional, and all
operational details that may affect the results;
g) The determination results, and if repeatability tests were performed, the final results shall
be listed.
Appendix A
(Informative)
Interlaboratory Test Results
An international joint test was conducted on 5 samples by 22 laboratories in 8 countries.
--- A. Coconut oil;
--- B. Palm oil;
--- C. Rapeseed oil;
--- D. Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil;
--- E. A mixture of 60% A and 40% D.
In 2000, the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) organized the joint test and performed
a statistical analysis of the data accuracy according to ISO 5725-2.The results are shown in
Table A.1.
Table A.1 -- Statistical analysis of test results
The number of laboratories retained
after removing outliers, n
Parameters Rapeseed oil Palm oil Coconut oil
60% coconut oil+40%
medium-chain triglyceride
oil
Medium-chain triglyceride
oil
The number of participating
laboratories, N
The number of independent test results
for each sample from all laboratories, z
Average value𝐼S̅(by KOH)/(mg/g)
Repeatability standard deviation, sr
Repeatability coefficient of variation
CVr /%
Repeatability limit r
Reproducibility standard deviation, SR
Reproducibility coefficient of variation
CVR /%
Reproducibility limit R
Appendix B
(Informative)
Calculation of Saponification Values from Fatty Acid
Composition Data
B.1 Overview
The Formulas in B.3~B.6 provide a mathematical method for calculating the saponification
values of oils and their constituent acylglycerols from a given fatty acid composition of fatty
acids, fatty acid methyl esters, or other fatty acid esters.
Therefore, the given Formulas are well-suited for computer use. B.7 provides an example that
can be calculated manually.
The determination of fatty acid methyl esters shall be performed according to ISO 12966-2,
ISO 12966-3, and ISO 12966-4.
B.2 Symbols
CF(i). Carbon number of the ith fatty acid or fatty acid ester;
CT(i). Carbon number of the ith triglyceride;
i. Specific fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or triglyceride;
ISC. Calculated saponification value;
k. Integer constant of fatty acid derivative;
𝑀ഥ. Average relative molecular mass of all fatty acids in the specimen;
MCH2.Relative molecular mass of CH2 (14.026 7);
MH2.Relative molecular mass of H2 (2.015 9)
MHCOOH. Relative molecular mass of HCOOH (46.025 5)
MF(i). Relative molecular mass of the ith fatty acid or fatty acid ester;
MT(i). Relative molecular mass of the ith triacylglycerol;
nF(i). The number of double bonds in the ith fatty acid or fatty acid ester;
nT(i). The number of double bonds in the ith triacylglycerol;
wF(i). Mass fraction of the ith fatty acid or fatty acid ester;
wT(i). Mass fraction of the ith triacylglycerol;
wU. Mass fraction of unsaponifiable matter;
xF(i). Mole fraction of the ith fatty acid or fatty acid ester;
xT(i). Mole fraction of the ith triacylglycerol.
B.3 Calculation of the relative molecular mass of fatty acids or fatty acid esters
Where.
k = 0, representing an acid;
k = 1, representing a methyl ester;
k = 2, representing an ethyl ester;
k = 3, representing a propyl ester;
k = 4, representing a butyl ester.
Or, applicable to the relative molecular mass of the acid given by the user.
B.4 Calculation of the relative molecular mass of triacylglycerols
B.5 Calculation of the average relative molecular mass of triacylglycerols
Equal to.
Equal to.
B.6 Calculation of saponification value
According to the definition of saponification value, for triacylglycerols.
For diacylglycerols, factor 3 is replaced by 2; for fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, factor 3 is
replaced by 1.
B.7 Examples
B.7.1 Fatty acid methyl ester composition of samples
Samples using the following methyl ester compositions. 16.0 (10.6% mass fraction), 18.0 (4.2%
mass fraction), 18.1 (22.7% mass fraction), 18.2 (54.5% mass fraction), 18.3 (8.0% mass
fraction).
B.7.2 Calculation of the relative molecular mass of methyl esters (k = 1)
Some relative molecular masses are shown below.
Palmitic acid. 270.45;
Stearic acid. 298.51;
Oleic acid. 296.49;
Linoleic acid. 294.47;
Linolenic acid. 292.46.
B.7.3 Calculation of the relative molecular mass of triacylglycerol (k = 1)
The relative molecular mass of triacylglycerol (TAG) is the sum of the masses of the three fatty
acid methyl esters minus the mass of four hydrogen atoms (4.0318).
For a 16.0 triglyceride ratio, the result is 270.45 + 270.45 + 270.45 − 4.0318 = 807.32.
For an 18.0 triglyceride ratio, the result is 298.51 + 298.51 + 298.51 − 4.0318 = 891.50.
For an 18.1 triglyceride ratio, the result is 296.49 + 296.49 + 296.49 − 4.0318 = 885.44.
For an 18.2 triglyceride ratio, the result is 294.47 + 294.47 + 294.47 − 4.0318 = 879.38.
For an 18.3 triglyceride ratio, the result is 292.46 + 292.46 + 292.46 − 4.0318 = 873.35.
B.7.4 Calculation of average relative molecular mass
In manual calculations, to save workload, it is assumed that Wx(0) = WR(0), which is equivalent
to the mass fraction of triacylglycerols being the same as the mass fraction of fatty acid methyl
esters.
The average relative molecular mass of all triacylglycerols is.
B.7.5 Calculation of saponification value
NOTE. Results are expressed as positive numbers.
B.8 Correction for free fatty acids, partial glycerol, and unsaponifiable matters
For free fatty acids and partial glycerol, their appropriate relative molecular masses and
saponification values are calculated by Formulas B.3~B.6.Their total relative molecular mass
and saponification reaction are calculated by mass conservation for a given ratio of free fatty
acids to glycerol.
Bibliography
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
Tips & Frequently Asked Questions
Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of GB/T 5534-2024 be delivered?
Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of GB/T 5534-2024 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice.
Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of GB/T 5534-2024_English with my colleagues?
Answer: Yes. The purchased PDF of GB/T 5534-2024_English will be deemed to be sold to your employer/organization who actually paid for it, including your colleagues and your employer's intranet.
Question 3: Does the price include tax/VAT?
Answer: Yes. Our tax invoice, downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, includes all tax/VAT and complies with 100+ countries' tax regulations (tax exempted in 100+ countries) -- See Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs):
List of DTAs signed between Singapore and 100+ countriesQuestion 4: Do you accept my currency other than USD?
Answer: Yes.
www.ChineseStandard.us -- GB/T 5534-2024 -- Click this link and select your country/currency to pay, the exact amount in your currency will be printed on the invoice. Full PDF will also be downloaded/emailed in 9 seconds.
Question 5: Should I purchase the latest version GB/T 5534-2024?
Answer: Yes. Unless special scenarios such as technical constraints or academic study, you should always prioritize to purchase the latest version GB/T 5534-2024 even if the enforcement date is in future. Complying with the latest version means that, by default, it also complies with all the earlier versions, technically.
How to buy and download a true PDF of English version of GB/T 5534-2024?
A step-by-step guide to download PDF of GB/T 5534-2024_English
Step 1: Visit website https://www.ChineseStandard.net (Pay in USD), or https://www.ChineseStandard.us (Pay in any currencies such as Euro, KRW, JPY, AUD).
Step 2: Search keyword "GB/T 5534-2024".
Step 3: Click "Add to Cart". If multiple PDFs are required, repeat steps 2 and 3 to add up to 12 PDFs to cart.
Step 4: Select payment option (Via payment agents Stripe or PayPal).
Step 5: Customize Tax Invoice -- Fill up your email etc.
Step 6: Click "Checkout".
Step 7: Make payment by credit card, PayPal, Google Pay etc. After the payment is completed and in 9 seconds, you will receive 2 emails attached with the purchased PDFs and PDF-invoice, respectively.
Step 8: Optional -- Go to download PDF.
Step 9: Optional -- Click Open/Download PDF to download PDFs and invoice.
See screenshots for above steps: Steps 1~3 Steps 4~6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9