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Code for design of pipe racks and pipe sleepers in chemical industry
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GB 51019-2014
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB 51019-2014 (GB51019-2014) | | Description (Translated English) | Code for design of pipe racks and pipe sleepers in chemical industry | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | P72 | | Classification of International Standard | 71.010 | | Word Count Estimation | 134,186 | | Date of Implementation | 5/1/2015 | | Quoted Standard | GB 50007; GB 50009; GB 50010; GB 50017; GB 50046; GB 50160; GB 50191; GB 50453; GB/T 700; GB/T 1591; GB 4053.1; GB 4053.2; GB 4053.3; GB/T 5117; GB/T 5118; GB/T 8923.1; GB/T 8923.2; GB/T 8923.3; GB/T 8923.4; GB 14907; JGJ 94; JGJ 118; QB/T 1925.1; SH/T 30 | | Regulation (derived from) | Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bulletin No. 484 2014 | | Issuing agency(ies) | Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China; General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China | | Summary | This standard applies to chemical and petrochemical engineering pipe racks, pipe pier design. This standard does not apply to the pipeline itself as force structure and other large rivers crossing across the tube frame design. | GB 51019-2014: Code for design of pipe racks and pipe sleepers in chemical industry---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
1 General
1.0.1 This code is formulated in order to implement the national technical and economic policies in the design of pipe racks and pipe piers in chemical and petrochemical engineering, to achieve advanced technology, safety and reliability, economical rationality, and quality assurance.
1.0.2 This code is applicable to the design of pipe racks and pipe piers in chemical and petrochemical engineering. This code does not apply to the design of the pipeline itself as a stressed structure and other large-scale spanning pipe frames across rivers.
1.0.3 The design of pipe racks and pipe piers in chemical engineering shall not only conform to this specification, but also comply with the current relevant national standards.
2 Terms and symbols
2.1 Terminology
2.1.1 pipe support
The general term for various structures supporting overhead pipelines or cable trays.
2.1.2 Pipe sleeper
A pier structure supporting lower pipelines with a height less than or equal to 1m from the ground.
2.1.3 Pipeline
The general term for the process of pipe rack or pipe pier support, public engineering pipeline, etc.
2.1.4 sliding pipe support
The connection between the pipe support and the pipe frame can slide and roll, allowing relative displacement of the pipe frame, including rigid movable pipe frame and flexible movable pipe frame. Also known as the middle pipe rack or the middle movable pipe rack.
2.1.5 rigid pipe support
The movable pipe frame (column) has a relatively high rigidity. When the pipe is displaced, the horizontal displacement of the pipe frame is smaller than the pipe displacement. Therefore, there is a relative displacement between the pipe and the pipe frame, and the pipe frame is a pipe frame that bears the friction generated during the pipe displacement. Also known as rigid pipe frame.
2.1.6 Flexible pipe support flexible pipe support
The rigidity of the movable pipe frame (column) is small. When the pipe is displaced, the horizontal displacement of the pipe frame can meet the needs of the pipe displacement. There is no relative displacement between the pipe and the pipe frame, and the pipe frame can bear the horizontal thrust generated by the displacement of the column top.. Also known as flexible pipe rack.
2.1.7 anchor pipe support
The pipe support and the pipe frame are fixedly connected, no relative displacement is allowed between the pipe and the pipe frame, and the pipe frame bears all the longitudinal and horizontal thrust generated between the sections.
2.1.8 П shaped compensator pipe support П shaped compensator pipe support
It is located in the interval between the two fixed pipe racks in the longitudinal direction of the pipeline, generally in the middle, to support the movable pipe rack of the П-shaped compensator pipe.
2.1.9 Independent pipe rack single-post pipe support
Pipe racks without longitudinal connection members between adjacent pipe racks are called independent pipe racks, which are suitable for pipelines that can span by themselves.
2.1.10 fram pipe support
Vertical connection members, such as longitudinal beams or trusses, are arranged between adjacent pipe racks to form a space structure system called pipe gallery pipe racks, which are mostly installed in the installation area and between installations, and can be single-layer, double-layer, or multi-layer. According to the area and function, it can be divided into the whole plant pipe gallery, the installation pipe gallery, the block pipe gallery, the public works pipe gallery, the furnace front pipe gallery, and the air cooler pipe gallery. Also known as pipe gallery.
2.1.11 lower pipe support
The pipe rack with a net distance of 0.5m to 2.5m from the outer edge of the insulation layer of the lowest layer of pipes to the ground.
2.1.12 medium pipe support
The pipe frame with a net distance of 2.5m to 5.0m from the outer edge of the bottom pipe insulation layer to the ground.
2.1.13 Higher pipe support
The pipe frame with a net distance of more than 5.0m from the outer edge of the insulation layer of the lowest layer of pipes to the ground.
2.1.14 cross-over pipe support
When the pipeline needs to cross railways and roads, the pipelines are raised and supported on the high-rise racks on both sides of the railways and roads to form the high-rise racks of П-shaped pipelines.
2.1.15 suspension pipe support
The pipe frame composed of independent pipe frame, inclined slings, horizontal tie rods, steel beams, and end cable stays generally has a spacing of 9m to 12m.
2.1.16 long-arm pipe support
According to the requirements of the allowable span of the pipeline, the independent pipe frame is stretched out of the long arm in the longitudinal direction, and the pipe frame supporting the pipe is installed on it.
2.1.17 special pipe support
The supported pipes have a diameter greater than or equal to 500mm, the number of pipes is less than or equal to 3, and the pipe rack height is greater than 10m.
2.1.18 pipe support with vibration pipes
Vibrating pipes are laid on the pipe rack, and the weight of the vibrating pipes accounts for more than 30% of the total weight of the pipes.
2.1.19 Longitudinal beam pipe support
Along the axial direction of the pipeline, longitudinal beams are arranged between the pipe frame columns, and a certain number of beams are arranged on the longitudinal beams or under the beams according to the allowable spacing of the pipelines to lay pipes with small diameters.
2.1.20 Truss pipe support
Along the axial direction of the pipeline, a truss with a large span is set between the pipe frame columns, and a beam is set (or suspended) on the upper and lower chords according to the distance allowed by the pipeline support to lay the pipeline with a smaller diameter.
2.1.21 Mixture structure pipe support
The bottom beam column is a reinforced concrete structure, and the upper pipe frame is a steel structure, or the horizontal beam column is a reinforced concrete structure, and the vertical steel structure is a pipe frame structure.
2.1.22 Transversal beam in the middle
In the longitudinal connection structure of pipe frames such as longitudinal beams and trusses, the supporting members are set up to support pipes with small diameters.
2.1.23 Anchor pipe support bracing
On the fixed pipe frame, the inter-column support is set up in order to withstand a large horizontal thrust.
2.1.24 pipeline compensator expansion joint
The components installed on the pipeline to absorb the thermal expansion, cold contraction and other displacements of the pipeline.
2.1.25 Compensator elastic reaction force reacting force from expansion joint
After the pipe is heated or contracted by cold, the compensator is compressed or stretched and deformed. Because the compensator has certain elasticity, it will generate deformation force in the opposite direction and transmit it to the fixed pipe support through the pipe.
2.1.26 tie-up coefficient
On the same pipe rack where multiple pipes are installed, the pipes without thermal deformation or the pipes with stable thermal deformation prevent the deformed pipes from pushing the pipe rack, so that the horizontal thrust received by the pipe rack is partially offset. The coefficient representing this pinning effect is called the pinning coefficient.
2.1.27 core area
When the pipe frame foundation is calculated, when the load acts on this area, there will be no zero stress zone between the bottom surface of the pipe frame foundation and the foundation soil.
2.1.28 HSE managementHSE management
Management of the implementation of safety, environment and health activities.
2.1.29 risk identification risk assessment
The whole process of estimating the size of the risk and determining whether the risk is tolerable.
2.2 Symbols
2.2.1 Actions and action effects
F——Standard value of horizontal thrust acting on the beam of fixed pipe frame;
Fb—standard value of elastic reaction force of pipeline compensator;
F′d——the standard value of horizontal force borne by the support between each pillar;
FEk—the standard value of the total horizontal seismic action of the lateral calculation unit of the pipe rack;
Ff—acting on the flexible movable pipe frame, the standard value of the elastic force due to the displacement of the top of the column;
F′f—standard value of rolling bearing pipe horizontal thrust;
Ffi——the elastic reaction force standard value of a single pipe on the i-th flexible movable pipe rack;
Fi——The vertical load standard value of a single pipe;
FL——When there are multiple pipes, the standard value of the total tensile force acting on the longitudinal members in the interval;
FL1——For a single pipe, the standard value of the total tensile force acting on the longitudinal member in the interval;
Fm——acting on the rigid movable pipe frame, the standard value of the friction force due to the displacement of the pipe;
Fmi——Standard value of friction force of a single pipe on the i-th rigid movable pipe support;
Fn——Standard value of internal pressure generated by media such as valves, elbows or blind plates of pipelines;
F′o——Standard value of tensile force borne by a longitudinal beam;
FtAB, FtBA, FtBC, FtCB—the standard values of horizontal forces at corresponding fixed points A, B, and C;
F′to—the standard value of horizontal force acting on the support between columns;
G——representative value of gravity load of transverse calculation unit;
G1 - the standard value of the total vertical load on the beam;
GS—Standard value of icing load for condensate drain valve;
M——Design value of bending moment of calculated section;
qf——Standard value of horizontal thrust uniformly distributed on the beam of flexible movable pipe frame;
Qi—standard value of horizontal seismic action of particle i;
qm——Standard value of horizontal thrust evenly distributed on the beam of rigid movable pipe frame;
qv——Standard value of the vertical line load of the pipe evenly distributed on the beam;
R—design value of bearing capacity of structural members;
RL—design value of longitudinal beam reaction force;
S—design value of internal force combination of structural members;
SEhk—the effect of the standard value of horizontal seismic action;
SEvK—the effect of the standard value of vertical seismic action;
SGE - the effect of the representative value of the gravity load;
Sk - the standard value of snow load acting on the pipeline;
S0——basic snow pressure value;
Stk—the effect of the standard value of the pipeline temperature action;
Vj—standard value of horizontal seismic action on the jth floor;
wk—standard value of pipe lateral wind load acting on the pipe frame;
wL1—standard value of wind load acting on each longitudinal beam;
wL2 — standard value of wind load acting on each truss;
w0——Basic wind pressure value;
wt——Standard value of wind load acting on the vertical bend;
wz—the standard value of wind load acting on each column;
——Standard value of the elastic reaction force of the curved pipe supported on the fixed pipe frame at the end.
2.2.2 Calculation coefficients
Kj—containment coefficient of pipeline horizontal thrust;
α - linear expansion coefficient of steel;
α1——horizontal earthquake influence coefficient corresponding to the basic period T1 of the structure;
γt—subitem coefficient of horizontal thrust acting on pipeline temperature;
γG—subitem coefficient of gravity load;
γEh, γEv—respectively the sub-item coefficients of horizontal and vertical seismic action;
γRE——Seismic adjustment coefficient of bearing capacity;
η——uneven distribution coefficient;
μ—column calculation length coefficient;
μ′—sliding friction coefficient between steel and steel;
μg—coefficient of rolling friction between steel and steel;
μr—pipeline snow distribution coefficient;
μ——wind load shape coefficient;
μ's——the wind load shape coefficient of the vertical bend pipe;
μs1——shape coefficient of longitudinal beam wind load;
μs2——wind load shape coefficient of single truss;
μs3——wind load shape coefficient on the column;
μz—wind load altitude variation coefficient;
φ——the wind-shielding coefficient of the truss;
ψt—combined value coefficient of horizontal thrust acting on pipe temperature.
2.2.3 Geometric features
d——the outer diameter of the pipe (including the insulation layer);
d1——the outer diameter of the condensate discharge pipe (including the insulation layer);
H - the height of the pipe frame column;
H0——calculated length of pipe frame column;
h1——section height of longitudinal beam;
h2 - the height of the truss;
L - beam length;
L1——the distance between the calculated pipe support and the fixed point;
L0——calculated length of inter-column supports and various rods;
Ls - the center distance between nodes;
l - the distance between beams;
ld - 1/2 of the distance between the front and rear adjacent pipe racks;
lh—the height of the vertical bend.
2.2.4 Material index and stress
E - elastic modulus of steel;
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete;
fa——Eigenvalue of foundation bearing capacity after correction of depth and width;
Fay - yield strength of steel.
2.2.5 Others
g - acceleration of gravity;
Io——the sum of section moment of inertia of all columns of the pipe frame along the longitudinal direction;
I——section moment of inertia of a column in a pipe rack along the longitudinal direction of the pipe;
i——section radius of gyration;
K—total lateral displacement stiffness of the pipe frame of the transverse calculation unit;
n - the number of movable pipe racks between the fixed pipe rack and the compensator;
n' - the number of pipes on the fixed pipe rack;
T - the temperature of the pipeline when it is installed;
T1 - the basic natural vibration period of the longitudinal or transverse calculation unit of the support;
Tmax - the maximum temperature when the main heat pipe is heated;
δ——The displacement of the top of the frame when the unit force acts on the top of the frame;
△——pipe rack top displacement;
△l——The displacement of the main heat pipe at the calculated top surface of the pipe frame.
3 Basic Regulations
3.1 Classification of pipe racks and pipe piers
3.1.1 The classification of pipe racks shall meet the following requirements.
1 According to the structural form, it can be divided into independent pipe racks, pipe rack pipe racks (pipe racks), spanning pipe racks, sling type pipe racks, and long-arm pipe racks.
2 According to the structural form of longitudinal connection, it can be divided into longitudinal beam type pipe frame, truss type pipe frame, sling type pipe frame, etc.
3 It can be divided into fixed pipe racks and movable pipe racks according to the supporting conditions of the pipes on the pipe racks.
4 According to the pipe frame material, it can be divided into reinforced concrete pipe frame, steel structure pipe frame and mixed structure pipe frame.
5 According to the height of the supporting pipeline, it can be divided into low pipe rack, middle pipe rack and high pipe rack.
6 According to the shape of the pipe frame, it can be divided into T-shaped, П-shaped, A-shaped, single-layer, double-layer, multi-layer, and single-frame frame or space frame.
7 Pipe gallery-type pipe rack (pipe gallery) can be divided into installation pipe gallery, block pipe gallery, public engineering pipe gallery, furnace front pipe gallery, and air cooler pipe gallery according to the area and function.
3.1.2 Pipe piers can be divided into fixed pipe piers and movable pipe piers.
3.2 Layout of pipe racks and pipe piers
3.2.1 During the structural layout of pipe racks and pipe piers in the scheme stage, the pipeline discipline should be coordinated with the general plan, waterway, instrumentation, electrical and other disciplines. The situation and the structural professional work together to reasonably determine the structural system of the pipe frame (pipe gallery) and pipe piers, and optimize the structural layout plan.
3.2.2 The layout of pipe racks and pipe piers shall meet the following requirements.
1 When the pipe rack line is arranged, it should be parallel to the red line of the road in the factory area or the installation area, and should be coordinated with the drainage ditch, underground pipeline, cable trench, etc. When it is arranged near buildings (structures), the structural professional should design the pipe frame column foundation reasonably.
2 It is not suitable for main pipe rack lines to pass through the reserved site to be expanded, and the intersection with roads, railways, rivers, etc. should be reduced.
3 When arranging pipe racks in hilly areas, low pipe racks or piers should be used, and landslide areas and flood outlets should be avoided.
4 When low pipe racks are used, the net distance from the outer edge of the insulation layer at the lower part of the pipe to the ground should not be less than 0.5m.
5 Middle pipe frames should be used in areas with frequent pedestrians and traffic, and the net distance from the lowest edge of the structure to the ground should not be less than 2.2m.
6 When the pipe rack crosses the railway or road, it is advisable to use the spanning pipe rack, and it shall comply with the provisions of Article 3.2.6 of this code.
7 High-rise racks should be used in the installation area, and the net distance from the bottom of the structural beam to the ground should meet the requirements for process operation, transportation, maintenance, and fire protection.
8 The support system of the pipe frame shall ensure the overall stability of the structure during earthquakes and the reliable transmission of horizontal force during operation.
3.2.3 The layout of the pipe gallery type pipe rack shall meet the following requirements in addition to the provisions of Article 3.2.2 of this code.
1 When the plane layout is more complicated, it is appropriate to partition, and the corridor columns at the partition can be set as double columns.
2 Longitudinal longitudinal beams or trusses shall be arranged longitudinally, and frame beams and intermediate beams shall be arranged horizontally according to the requirements of the supporting span of the pipeline (Fig. 3.2.3-1).
3 The arrangement of expansion joints shall meet the following requirements.
1) The all-steel structure or the longitudinal beam and truss adopt steel structure, and the expansion joint spacing should not be greater than 120m when the column adopts reinforced concrete structure;
2) The expansion joint spacing of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures should not be greater than 70m;
3) The expansion joint spacing of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures should not be greater than 35m;
4) The position of the expansion joint should be compatible with the position of the П-type compensator, the position of the fixed pipe frame, and the maximum expansion and contraction of the structural expansion joint.
4 The arrangement of longitudinal column support of pipe gallery type pipe rack shall meet the following requirements.
1) When the overall layout of the pipeline П-shaped compensator (Figure 9.2.5) is neat and single, the setting of the temperature section should be compatible with the pipeline П-shaped compensator, and the position of the support between the columns should be consistent with the position of the fixed pipe rack;
2) When the arrangement of fixed pipe racks is scattered and complicated, the temperature section can be reasonably divided according to the setting of fixed pipe racks, and longitudinal inter-column supports should be set in the middle of each temperature section;
3) When the overall layout of the pipeline compensator is complicated, the temperature section can be reasonably divided according to the setting of the fixed pipe rack, and longitudinal inter-column supports can be set near both ends of each temperature section.
5 The longitudinal column spacing of the longitudinal beam type pipe frame should be 6m~9m. When the column distance is greater than 9m, horizontal supports can be set on the upper flanges of the longitudinal beams on both sides (Figure 3.2.3-1, Figure 3.2.3-2). In special cases, the longitudinal column spacing can be based on the actual needs of the professional layout of the pipeline, and is not limited by the modulus.
Figure 3.2.3-1 Triangular horizontal support
1-frame beam; 2-longitudinal beam; 3-triangular horizontal support; 5-pipe frame column; 6-intermediate beam
6 The longitudinal column spacing of truss-type pipe frame should be 12m~24m, and the basic column spacing should be 18m. The upper chord of the truss should be equipped with cross-shaped horizontal supports, and the lower chord can also be provided with cross-shaped horizontal supports in the section of the beams on the left and right sides of the pipe frame column distance. The supporting rods can be designed as tie rods.
7.According to the allowable span of the pipeline, the support points of the larger pipeline should be arranged on the transverse frame beam of the pipe gallery.
Figure 3.2.3-2 Cross-shaped horizontal support
1-frame beam; 2-longitudinal beam; 4-cross-shaped horizontal support; 5-pipe frame column; 6-intermediate beam
3.2.4 The vertical column spacing of the sling-type pipe frame should be 9m~12m, the basic column spacing should be 9m, and the intermediate suspension beams should be arranged at 1/3 column spacing.
3.2.5 When the pipeline has a certain slope along the longitudinal direction, the elevation of the pipe rack shall be adjusted according to the following requirements.
1 Reinforced concrete pipe frame and mixed structure pipe frame, the embedment depth of the pipe frame foundation can be adjusted.
2 The area shall be divided according to the longitudinal distance and the height difference of the pipeline, and the column height in the same area shall be consistent. The height of the pipe support can be adjusted, and a shaped pipe frame with a uniform column height can be selected.
3 For the steel structure pipe frame, the net distance between the bottom plate of the column foot and the ground can be set as 150mm ~ 450mm, and the height of the short column of the reinforced concrete foundation exposed to the ground can be adjusted so that the height of the upper steel structure column is consistent.
3.2.6 The clearance of the pipe frame across roads and railways and the distance between the outer edge of the pipe frame and the roadside shall meet the following requirements.
1 The passage clearance of the largest equipment on the road shall be considered in the factory area. The outside of the factory area shall comply with the requirements of the transportation authority.
2 When crossing the road, the minimum clearance from the center of the road surface to the lower edge of the pipe frame structure shall meet the following requirements.
1) The road in the factory area should not be less than 5.0m;
2) The maintenance road and fire protection road in the device should not be less than 4.5m.
3 When crossing the railway, the pipes from the rail top to the lower edge of the truss shall not be less than 6.0m for combustible gas, liquefied hydrocarbons and combustible liquids, and shall not be less than 5.5m for other pipes.
4 When the pipeline is laid parallel to the railway or road, the distance from the outer edge of the pipe frame to the outer edge of the railway track should not be less than 3.0m, and the distance from the outer edge of the road should not be less than 1.0m.
3.2.7 The clear distance between the outer edge of the pipeline and the overhead transmission line shall meet the following requirements.
1 When the voltage level is below 3kV, it should not be less than 1.5m.
2 When the voltage level is 3kV～10kV, it should not be less than 3.0m.
3 When the voltage level is 35kV ~ 110kV, it should not be less than 4.0m.
3.2.8 The layout of pipe racks shall take into account the needs of electrical and instrument cable bridge laying, as well as the reserved positions for production expansion. The electrical and instrument cable bridges in the pipe gallery type pipe rack in the installation area should be arranged on the uppermost layer of the pipe gallery, and can be arranged along one side or both sides of the longitudinal direction.
3.2.9 When the maintenance passage is set up in the middle layer of the pipe gallery, the clearance between the layers should not be less than 2.2m, and railings should be set on both sides.
3.3 Structure selection
3.3.1 The pipe frame should adopt steel structure or reinforced concrete structure, and the pipe pier should adopt reinforced concrete structure or concrete structure.
3.3.2 The type selection of the pipe frame structure shall meet the following requirements.
1 The steel structure, reinforced concrete structure or other structural forms should be determined after a comprehensive technical and economic comparison based on project scale, construction conditions, construction period, fire protection and corrosion protection requirements, and reconstruction and expansion.
2 The steel structure is suitable for the pipe frame with complex shape and high possibility of expansion and reconstruction; the pipe frame with simple shape and little possibility of reconstruction (expansion) can adopt prefabricated reinforced concrete structure or reinforced concrete structure.
3 The pipe racks in the installation area of large and medium-sized enterprises should adopt steel structure pipe gallery type pipe racks, or according to the actual situation, the bottom layer should adopt reinforced concrete structure, and the above ground layer should adopt steel structure mixed structure pipe racks.
4 When the pipes are dense and the pipe diameter is mainly less than 100mm, and the distance between the pipe racks needs to be increased to meet the space requirements of the site, the pipe gallery type pipe racks can be used.
5 For pipe racks between devices or leading to the flare system, special pipe racks may be used when the supported pipe diameter is greater than or equal to 500mm, the number of pipes is less than or equal to 3, and the height of the independent pipe rack is greater than 10m.
6 When the pipe diameter is less than 150mm and the number is not large, reinforced concrete longitudinal long-arm pipe frame can be used, and steel beams should be set on the cantilever.
7 The fixed pipe frame shall adopt rigid pipe frame. Independent pipe frames can be used for smaller horizontal thrusts, combined space system structures, four-column frames, or space structures in the form of "A" in the vertical direction should be used for larger ones, and steel column supports should be used for combined structures.
8 When the height of the movable pipe rack is greater than 6m and the displacement of the pipeline is small, it should be designed according to the flexible pipe rack.
3.3.3 The selection of joint connection form of steel pipe frame structure shall meet the following requirements.
1 For the pipe gallery type pipe frame, the beam-beam and beam-column joint connections can be welded, and the installation bolts can be temporarily fixed during construction before welding; the main components such as beams and columns can also be prefabricated in the factory, and Node connections assembled with high-strength bolts.
2.The connection between the beam and the column can be in the form of a semi-rigid connection between the high-strength bolts and the extended end plate.
3 Depending on the location, the connection between the upper and lower chords of the truss and the column can be rigid or hinged, and the sliding joint at the pipe compensator can be connected by a gusset plate. When steel pipes are used for the web members, direct welded joints without connecting plates can also be used.
4 If necessary, support stiffeners shall be provided on the support beam web for large pipeline support nodes.
5 The column foot joints should be rigidly fixed or hinged.
3.3.4 For the pipe frame supporting the vibrating pipe, the pipe should be provided with vibration-damping supports, and the pipe frame structure should adopt rigid pipe frame.
3.3.5 The fixed pipe racks meeting one of the following conditions shall adopt four-column cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame structure pipe racks, supported space steel frame structure pipe racks or pipe piers.
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