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WS/T 666-2019: Technical specifications for health risk assessment of ambient air pollution
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WS/T 666-2019: Technical specifications for health risk assessment of ambient air pollution

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Technical specifications for health risk assessment of ambient air pollution ICS 13.040 C 51 WS People's Republic of China Health Industry Standard Technical specifications for health risk assessment of air pollution population 2019-07-22 released 2020-01-01 implementation Published by the National Health Committee of the People's Republic of China

Contents

Foreword ... II 1 Scope ... 1 2 Normative references ... 1 3 Terms and definitions ... 1 4 General ... 3 4.1 Basic principles of evaluation ... 3 4.2 Evaluation process ... 4 4.3 Asking Questions ... 5 4.4 Making a plan ... 5 4.5 Selection method ... 5 4.6 Feedback procedure and next steps ... 5 4.7 Evaluation implementation ... 6 4.8 Evaluation uncertainty sources ... 7 4.9 Risk assessment report ... 8 4.10 Application of assessment results ... 8 5 Health risk assessment based on demographics ... 8 5.1 Workflow ... 8 5.2 Evaluation methods and requirements ... 9 6 Population health risk assessment based on air pollutant toxicity data ... 15 6.1 Workflow ... 15 6.2 Evaluation methods and requirements ... 16 Appendix A (Informative) Evaluation Cases ... 23 Appendix B (Informative) Risk assessment report template ... 27 Appendix C (Normative Appendix) Health Risk Assessment Software ... 31 Appendix D (Informative) Institutions and organizations that provide pollutant toxicity data ... 32 Appendix E (informative) APEX model for calculating atmospheric pollutant concentrations and exposures ... 33

Foreword

This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This standard was drafted. China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Environmental and Health Related Product Safety Institute, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The main drafters of this standard. Xu Dongqun, Han Jingxiu, Chang Junrui, Wang Qin, Meng Congshen, Chen Xi, Liu Jingyi, Li Yawei, Li Chengcheng, Chen Chen, Yang Xiaoyan, Xu Chunyu, Li Na, Liu Ye, Li Yunpu, Zhang Li, Ding Zhen. Technical specifications for health risk assessment of air pollution population

1 Scope

This standard specifies the basic principles, work processes, assessment methods and requirements for assessment of health risks of air pollution, and the application of assessment results. Use and evaluate the reporting framework. Health risk assessment method based on population characteristics data is applicable to available population surveillance data and epidemiological data Under the circumstances, a population health risk assessment based on population exposure characteristics and epidemiological data was conducted. People based on atmospheric toxicity data Group health risk assessment methods are applicable to the lack of population surveillance data and epidemiological data. Sexual health risk assessment. This code is applicable to the health risk assessment of air polluted people at the local, regional and national levels.

2 Normative references

The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this article Pieces. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB 3095 Ambient Air Quality Standard HJ2.2 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment-Atmospheric Environment HJ664 Technical Specification for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location WHO.2016 Health risk assessment of air pollution – general principles. Copenhagen. WHO Regional Office for Europe;.2016 (Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollution-General Principles. Copenhagen, World Health Organization Europe Office, 2016) EPA/630/P-03/001 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guide, US Environmental Protection Agency)

3 terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document. 3.1 Exposure Human exposure to air pollutants through the respiratory tract. 3.2 Population characteristics Including the characteristics of population exposure, demographic characteristics, and health effects of air pollution exposure on the population. 3.3 Health risk Also known as the degree of danger, that is, under certain exposure conditions, an air pollutant can cause human health hazards, toxic effects, and disease The probability of illness or even death, or the expected frequency of adverse effects from exposure to atmospheric pollutants. 3.4 Health risk assessment; HRA The process of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessment of the harmful health effects of atmospheric pollutants on specific populations according to certain criteria. 3.5 Hazard identification Through a thorough analysis of epidemiological and toxicological research data, it is determined whether atmospheric pollutants will produce healthy health under certain exposure conditions. Characteristics of health hazards and harmful effects. 3.6 Exposure-response assessment An assessment of the relationship between a population's exposure to atmospheric pollutants and the incidence or severity of certain health effects. 3.7 Exposure assessment Characteristics of exposure to specific pollutants (including exposure concentration, time, frequency, etc.) and characteristics of the exposed population (including population age, sex Specific, susceptibility, etc.). 3.8 Risk characterization According to certain principles and quantitative calculation methods, the response probability or expected hazard course to the health effects of exposed people caused by an air pollutant Degrees of probability for estimation and prediction. 3.9 Cut-off value Baseline levels of air pollutant concentrations set in conducting health risk assessments. 3.10 Reference concentration; RfC People (including sensitive subpopulations) are exposed to a certain type of air pollutants throughout their lives and are expected to have a risk of non-carcinogenic or non-mutagenic harmful effects Low to undetectable concentrations. 3.11 Hazard quotient HQ The ratio of the human body's intake of air pollutants through the inhalation route to the reference concentration. 3.12 Hazard index; HI After experiencing different types of microenvironments, such as indoor, outdoor, work environment, and living environment, the population is exposed to various microenvironments. The exposure route is the sum of the hazards of exposure to a single non-carcinogenic atmospheric pollutant. 3.13 Inhalation unit risk; IUR Exposure to a specific concentration of atmospheric carcinogens through the respiratory tract continuously increases the risk of cancer throughout the life cycle. 3.14 Excess carcinogenic risk The probability that a population will be exposed to a carcinogenic effect pollutant, causing a carcinogenic disease or injury. 3.15 Screening concentration Under certain conditions, a certain air pollutant with carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic effects is calculated according to a specific carcinogenic risk or hazard The corresponding concentration obtained. 3.16 Relative risk; RR The ratio of the incidence of the same health effect in two different exposure situations, that is, the ratio of the risk of the exposed group to the risk of the control group. 3.17 Meta-analysis A statistical method for quantitatively combining the results of multiple related studies to obtain an average result representative of those studies. 3.18 Life expectancy It refers to the number of years that a person of an age is expected to survive, and is the main indicator for evaluating the health status of residents. 3.19 Burden of disease Illness, disability and premature death are stressing socioeconomic and health as a whole. 3.20 Years of life lost; YLL Refers to years of life lost due to early death. 3.21 Years lost due to disability; YLD Years of loss of healthy life due to disability and disability. 3.22 Disability adjusted life year; DALY Refers to the total number of healthy life years lost from onset to death, including years of life lost due to early death and disability caused by disease Lost years of healthy life. 3.23 Uncertainty In the process of health risk assessment, due to the lack of human knowledge, assessment methods and available data, the assessment results are biased. 3.24 Acceptable risk level Risks of adverse or harmful health effects to exposed populations are at acceptable levels, including acceptable carcinogenic risk of carcinogens in the atmosphere Risk levels and acceptable hazards for non-carcinogens.

4 General

4.1 Basic principles of evaluation 4.1.1 The problem is clear Issues to be addressed in health risk assessment of air pollution should be clearly identified. 4.1.2 Population data is preferred When there is crowd data, it is preferred to use crowd data. In the selection of health effects, the principle of most sensitive effects should be followed, and the most sensitive Critical health effect endpoints; when population data are not available, air pollutant concentration and toxicity data can be used for health risk assessment. 4.1.3 Scientific and reasonable The evaluation method should be consistent with the current scientific level and be reasonable, accurate, versatile and effective. 4.1.4 Operability There are available data sources and data that meets quality requirements. Have appropriate assessment tools or software. 4.1.5 Process transparency Risk assessment methods, assumptions, and default values used should be clearly documented, described and described using diagrams, tables, or equations that are easy to understand Show. 4.1.6 complete results The description of the risk assessment results should be comprehensive, clear and concise, including the overall advantages of the assessment, the uncertainty of the results and the conclusions Limitation. 4.2 Evaluation process The health risk assessment process for air pollution population is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Health risk assessment process for air pollution population 4.3 Asking Questions Before carrying out the health risk assessment of air pollution population, determine that the risk assessment solution The problem is resolved, and the solution of the problem can reflect the interests of the affected people. 4.4 Make a plan 4.4.1 Determine the scope of the assessment Identify at-risk target populations and whether you need to consider subgroups of the target population, such as certain specific age groups (children or older people), People who are susceptible to specific diseases, specific occupations, or specific socioeconomic groups, etc., to determine the target population and geographical scope of the assessment. 4.4.2 Determine the health impacts and health outcomes of concern Such as death, hospitalization, onset of a specific illness, or loss of work, etc., and determine to assess acute or chronic effects. 4.4.3 Identification of air pollutants to be evaluated Accurately describe exposure. If you use air quality data obtained from direct measurements, you need to clearly identify the type of monitoring data, such as urban background points, Traffic emission points or fixed industrial measurement points. If a model is used to assess exposure, the population and geographic scope of the exposure need to be clearly identified. 4.5 Selection method 4.5.1 Identifying Data Resources According to the selected methods and tools, determine whether there are data resources required for the health risk assessment of air polluted people, and whether they are consistent Data that meets quality requirements. 4.5.2 Determine spatial and temporal resolution Determine the spatial and temporal resolution of air pollution and health-related data required by the chosen methods and tools. Spatial resolution is city Specific locations, cities, specific regions, or nationwide; time resolution is hourly, daily, or yearly, or at specific events Before, during, after. 4.5.3 Determine the scope of the assessment population Determine the range of people with specific health outcomes caused by air pollution and baseline statistics that can collect health outcomes Comparison of adverse health effects or changes caused by air pollution or changes in air quality observed in specific health outcomes District related data. 4.5.4 Selection method According to the availability of data resources and specific assessment scenarios, an appropriate air pollution health risk assessment method is selected. If available Population exposure and health effects data, or exposure-response relationship coefficients obtained through population epidemiological studies, population-based data Risk assessment; if population data are not available, but air pollutant concentration and toxicity data are available, then based on air pollutant toxicity Data on population health risk assessments. 4.6 Feedback procedures and next steps If the availability of data resources meets the requirements based on the questions raised and the methods and tools chosen, air pollution can continue Group health risk assessment. If the availability of data resources does not meet the requirements, you need to improve your data collection, or choose a different tool, or ask a new question. If If none of the above three methods can be solved, then the health risk assessment of the air pollution population will be terminated. See Figure 2 for the selection sequence and feedback procedure when developing a health risk assessment plan for air pollution populations. Plus (excessive risk, ER), the three can be converted by formula. Assessment results usually use attributable excess deaths or Number of excess cases/incidences, years of life lost (YLL), disability-adjusted life years, DALY) or changes in life expectancy due to exposure to atmospheric pollution Indicator report. Population health risk assessment based on atmospheric pollutant concentration and toxicity data requires the use of respiratory exposure risk factors or non- Reference concentration of carcinogens. Use specific calculation formulas to estimate the carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks of atmospheric pollutants. Evaluation results are usually used Carcinogenic risk or harm quotient report. No matter which method is used for health risk assessment, the results need to be analyzed with uncertainty analysis to clearly express the key Discovery is the nature and extent of risk, and its advantages and limitations. Risk characterization is the integration of the previous three parts of information, including information about risk Complete information and general conclusions useful to decision makers. 4.8 Sources of uncertainty in the assessment 4.8.1 Mixed air pollution Although great progress has been made in assessing the health risks of people with air pollution, since air pollutants are a complex mixture, The health effects of single pollutants observed in the atmosphere may be (or partly) attributable to other pollutants in the mixture, all of which create uncertain Qualitative. 4.8.2 Baseline disease burden The number of deaths or illnesses may be uncertain for various reasons, especially when data from multiple regions are combined, Will bring uncertainty. In addition, there are uncertainties in predicting future population size and deaths. 4.8.3 Exposure Level Because ground monitoring stations cannot cover a complete geographic area, you need to rely on a model to estimate exposure, which is based on a set of assumptions, Therefore, the estimated exposure cannot be completely consistent with the actual air pollutant concentration; even if the ground monitoring can cover the whole area, the population is exposed to water ...