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Castings -- Radiographic testing
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Radiographic testing for steel castings
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Methods of radiographic testing and classification of radiographs for steel castings
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Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 5677-2018 (GB/T5677-2018) | | Description (Translated English) | Castings -- Radiographic testing | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 30,381 | | Date of Issue | 2018-09-17 | | Date of Implementation | 2019-04-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 5677-2007 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 5677-2018: Castings -- Radiographic testing
---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
Castings - Radiographic testing
ICS 77.040.20
J31
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Replace GB/T 5677-2007
Casting radiographic inspection
Published on.2018-09-17
Implementation of.2019-04-01
State market supervision and administration
China National Standardization Administration issued
Content
Foreword I
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Ordering Information 2
5 radiography technology grade 2
6 General 3
7 ray transillumination technology 5
8 Negative film evaluation 19
9 Test records and reports 19
Appendix A (informative) Structural changes in this standard compared to ISO 4993.2015 20
Appendix B (Normative Appendix) Optical Densitometer Periodic Verification Method 21
Appendix C (informative) Radiation Inspection Operation Guide 22
Appendix D (informative) Determination of the minimum number of transilluminations of ring castings 23
Appendix E (Normative Appendix) Calculation of the focus size 27
Foreword
This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 5677-2007 "Carbon radiographic inspection", compared with GB/T 5677-2007, the main changes are as follows.
--- Change the standard name to "casting radiographic inspection";
--- Revised the scope of application of the standard, increased the variety of metal materials and various casting processes (see Chapter 1);
--- Added terms and definitions (see Chapter 3);
---Modified ordering instructions (see Chapter 4, Chapter 3 of the.2007 edition);
--- Increased radiographic grading (see Chapter 5);
--- Added general rules (see Chapter 6);
--- Added radiographic technology (see Chapter 7);
--- Increased film evaluation (see Chapter 8);
--- Added Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E.
This standard uses the redrafting method to modify the use of ISO 4993.2015 "steel casting radiographic inspection".
This standard has more structural adjustments than ISO 4993.2015. Appendix A lists this standard and ISO 4993.2015.
The chapter number is compared to the list.
The technical differences between this standard and ISO 4993.2015 and their reasons are as follows.
---About the normative reference documents, this standard has made technical adjustments to adapt to China's technical conditions, adjustments
The situation is reflected in Chapter 2, “Regulatory Citations”, and the specific adjustments are as follows.
● Replace ISO 19232.1 and ISO 19232.2 with GB/T 23901.1 and GB/T 23901.2;
● Replace ISO 5576 with GB/T 12604.2;
● Replace ISO 11699-1 and ISO 11699-2 with GB/T 19348.1 and GB/T 19348.2;
● Replace ISO 9712 with GB/T 9445;
● Replace ISO 5580 with GB/T 19802;
● Added 6 additional reference documents;
--- Revised scope, ordering instructions, process documents, maximum area of one transillumination, selection of film and intensifying screen, use of image quality meter;
--- Added some terms and definitions, radiographic grading, equipment and equipment, exposure, exposure curve, film quality, film storage
Stock, film evaluation, test records and reports, Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E;
--- Removed the acceptance criteria in ISO 4993.2015.
This standard also made the following editorial changes.
--- Change the standard name to "casting radiographic inspection".
This standard is proposed and managed by the National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC54).
This standard is drafted by. Shenyang Foundry Research Institute Co., Ltd.
Participated in the drafting of this standard. Anhui Yingliu Group Huoshan Foundry Co., Ltd., Wuhu Yongyu Automobile Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai Airlines
Tian Precision Machinery Research Institute, China Railway Baoqiao Group Co., Ltd., CITIC Daika Co., Ltd., Tianrui Group Foundry Co., Ltd., Qingdao Sanhe
Shan Precision Casting Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this standard. Li Xingjie, Zhang Zhen, Wang Zhaohui, Liu Jiahe, Zheng Zhixun, Li Laiping, Wang Hanchao, Chen Hui, Ye Shizhong, Dong Yanlu,
Alateng, Liu Jun, Zhang Haixun, Li Mingbo, Mu Jianping.
The previous versions of the standards replaced by this standard are.
---GB/T 5677-1985, GB/T 5677-2007.
Casting radiographic inspection
1 Scope
This standard specifies the ordering instructions for the inspection of castings by X-ray and gamma radiographic film methods, radiographic grading, general rules, ray
Transillumination technology, film evaluation, test records and reports.
This standard applies to steel, copper and copper alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys and castings produced by various casting methods.
The radiographic inspection of the parts can also be used for the radiographic inspection of other metal material castings.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this article.
Pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing personnel qualification and certification (GB/T 9445-2015, ISO 9712.2012, IDT)
GB/T 11533 standard logarithmic visual acuity chart
GB/T 12604.2 Non-destructive testing term radiographic inspection (GB/T 12604.2-2005, ISO 5576.1997, IDT)
GB 18871 Basic standards for ionizing radiation protection and radiation source safety
Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1. Classification of industrial radiographic film systems
(GB/T 19348.1-2014, ISO 11699-1.2008, MOD)
GB/T 19348.2 Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 2. Controlling film processing by reference method
(GB/T 19348.2-2003, ISO 11699-2.1998, IDT)
GB/T 19802 Minimum requirements for non-destructive testing of industrial radiographic viewing lamps (GB/T 19802-2005, ISO 5580.1985,
IDT)
Non-destructive testing - Radiographic film quality - Part 1 . Determination of image quality index of linear image quality
(GB/T 23901.1-2009, ISO 19232-1.2004, IDT)
GB/T 23901.2 Non-destructive testing - Radiographic image quality - Part 2. Determination of image quality index
(GB/T 23901.2-2009, ISO 19232-2.2004, IDT)
GB/T 23910 Non-destructive testing metal sensitization screen for radiographic inspection
GBZ 98 Health Standards for Radiation Workers
GBZ 117 industrial X-ray inspection radiation protection requirements
GBZ 132 industrial gamma ray detection radiation protection standard
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions as defined in GB/T 12604.2 apply to this document.
3.1
Nominal thickness nominalthickness
The nominal wall thickness of the base metal, regardless of deviation.
3.2
Transillumination thickness penetratedthickness
The nominal thickness of the base metal in the direction of ray transillumination. In multi-wall transillumination, the penetration thickness is the sum of the nominal thicknesses of the layers of material passing through.
3.3
Workpiece to film distance object-to-filmdistance
The distance from the surface of the object to be inspected on the source side of the beam to the film along the center line of the beam.
3.4
Ray source size sourcesize
The effective focus size of the source.
3.5
Focal length source-to-filmdistance
The distance from the source of the radiation along the centerline of the beam to the film.
3.6
Source-to-objectdistance
The distance from the source of the radiation along the centerline of the beam to the surface of the workpiece being inspected on the side of the source.
4 Ordering Information
4.1 Relevant information such as ray technology level, test site and acceptance criteria should be indicated in the inquiry and contract.
4.2 The complex structure casting area that cannot be detected by ray inspection shall be determined by both parties before the ray inspection; if other non-destructive inspection is used
The method of measurement must be agreed upon by both parties. Planar defects can be combined with other non-destructive testing methods with appropriate ray inspection, additional non-destructive testing
It needs to be agreed upon by both parties.
4.3 For castings that do not require radiographic inspection, they shall not be judged as unqualified due to the failure of the subsequent radiographic test results. At the same time, the initial shot
After the line inspection and acceptance, the re-inspection is carried out. If the method of re-inspection is different from the original contract, or the thickness of the casting is reduced by 50% or
Upper, castings should not be judged according to the results of the re-inspection.
5 radiographic grading
5.1 Radiography technology is divided into two levels.
---A level. basic technology;
--- Level B. Optimization technology.
The selection of radiographic technology grades shall comply with the relevant standards, design drawings and technical conditions. In the absence of special requirements, generally should be selected
Use A-level technology. Class B technology should be used when Class A technology cannot meet the test requirements.
5.2 When the transillumination conditions specified by the B-class technology (such as the distance from the source to the workpiece) cannot be achieved, the agreement may also be used by the parties to the contract.
Transmitting conditions specified by the technical level. At this point, the loss of sensitivity can be achieved by increasing the minimum blackness of the film to 3.0 or using a higher level of film.
Compensation, if the sensitivity after compensation reaches the B-level technology, it can be regarded as B-level condition detection.
6 General
6.1 Testing personnel
6.1.1 The testing personnel shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 9445 or other relevant standards, and hold the qualification certificates issued by the corresponding assessment agencies for testing.
The qualifications of the personnel shall be unanimously recognized.
6.1.2 The health of the testing personnel shall comply with the provisions of GBZ 98. Training should be carried out before radiation, and radiation workers should be trained.
Certificate.
6.1.3 The uncorrected or corrected near (distance) visual acuity and far (distance) visual acuity of the test personnel shall not be less than 5.0 (decimal record value is 1.0), annually
Vision should be checked once and the test method should meet the requirements of GB/T 11533.
6.2 Equipment and equipment
6.2.1 Ray device
6.2.1.1 X-rays are produced by X-ray machines or accelerators.
6.2.1.2 γ-rays are produced by Co60, Ir192, Se75, Yb169, Tm170 sources, etc.
6.2.2 Densitometer
6.2.2.1 The maximum measurable value of the density meter shall not be less than 4.5, and the measurement accuracy error shall not exceed ±0.05.
6.2.2.2 The density meter should be checked before the first use and should be checked at least every 6 months. The verification method can be carried out according to the provisions of Appendix B.
The record should be filled in afterwards.
6.2.3 Standard density sheet
The standard density sheet should include at least 8 blackness benchmarks (high, medium, and low), covering a range of 0.3 to 4.5 black degrees, and should be metered at least every two years.
The department checks once.
6.2.4 Viewing light
The main performance of the viewing light should meet the requirements of GB/T 19802.
6.2.5 Film
6.2.5.1 The film system category shall be consistent with GB/T 19348.1, ie C1~C6, C1 is the highest level, C6 is the lowest level, film system
The characteristic indicators are shown in Table 1.
6.2.5.2 The fog of the film in use shall not be higher than 0.35 when using Class A technology, and not higher than 0.25 when using Class B technology.
6.2.5.3 Film processing methods, equipment and chemicals shall be pre-exposed by the film manufacturer in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 19348.2.
Film test strips are tested and controlled. Films exceeding the specified expiration date shall not be used, and film storage temperature and relative humidity shall be controlled separately.
At 5 ° C ~ 25 ° C and 30% ~ 60%, and should be protected from any ionizing radiation.
Table 1 Main characteristics of industrial radiographic film systems
Film system
category
Gradient minimum (Gmin) granular maximum (σD)max
(gradient/granularity)
Minimum value (G/σD) min
D=2.0 D=4.0 D=2.0 D=2.0
C1 4.5 7.5 0.018 300
Table 1 (continued)
Film system
category
Gradient minimum (Gmin) granular maximum (σD)max
(gradient/granularity)
Minimum value (G/σD) min
D=2.0 D=4.0 D=2.0 D=2.0
C2 4.3 7.4 0.020 230
C3 4.1 6.8 0.023 180
C4 4.1 6.8 0.028 150
C5 3.8 6.4 0.032 120
C6 3.5 5.0 0.039 100
Note. The blackness D in the table refers to the net blackness that does not include the fog.
6.2.6 Intensifying screen
Radiation detection should use metal intensifying screen or no intensifying screen. Intensifying screen should meet the requirements of GB/T 23910, should be flat, no scratch, no
Dirt.
6.2.7 Image quality meter
The model and specifications of the line image quality meter shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 23901.1, and the hole type image quality model and specifications shall comply with
GB/T 23901.2. The absorption coefficient of the image material should be as close as possible or equivalent to the absorption coefficient of the material being tested, in any case
The lower can not be higher than the absorption coefficient of the material to be tested.
6.2.8 Darkroom
6.2.8.1 The temperature of the darkroom should be controlled at 18 ° C ~ 25 ° C, with ventilation, divided into "dry zone" and "wet zone", the relative humidity of the "dry zone"
Should be controlled at 30% to 60%.
6.2.8.2 Safety red light and red light filter should be used according to the recommendation of the film supplier. The safety of the safety red light is generally checked annually.
When the bulb or filter is replaced, a safety check should be performed at the same time. The simple check method is. cut a piece of film and put it in the usual time.
The film is closest to the safe red light, half is covered with black paper, and the other half is exposed to a safe red light. The exposure time is not less than the cut packaging glue.
The longest time required for the film, then, the darkroom treatment is performed according to the procedure actually used, and the blackness values on both sides are measured, and the difference should be no more than 0.05.
6.2.9 Radiation protection
Radiographic protection shall comply with the provisions of GB 18871, GBZ 117 and GBZ 132.
6.3 Process documentation
6.3.1 Unless otherwise specified in the agreement or contract, the inspection shall be carried out in accordance with the written technical documents, and the parties to the contract shall agree on the written process.
The specific requirements of the document. Process documentation includes process specifications and operating instructions.
6.3.2 The process specification shall be prepared by level 3 personnel, and the process specification shall include at least the following contents.
a) scope of application;
b) equipment and materials;
c) radiographic level;
d) transillumination technology;
e) transillumination method;
f) the choice of ray energy;
g) the choice of film and intensifying screen;
h) control of the scattered rays;
i) the minimum distance from the source to the workpiece;
j) exposure;
k) use of the image quality meter;
l) darkroom treatment methods or conditions;
m) Negative film observation techniques.
6.3.3 The operation instructions shall be prepared by personnel of level 2 or above. The first-time operation instructions shall be verified by the process to verify the quality of the film.
Whether the quantity can meet the requirements of the standard. The operating instructions should include at least the following.
a) casting name, drawing number and material type;
b) detection site and surface state;
c) the type, model and focus size of the source;
d) film model;
e) darkroom treatment;
f) blackness range;
g) shielding method;
h) the thickness and type of the intensifying screen;
i) image quality type and image quality index;
j) radiographic level;
k) testing standards, acceptance criteria, acceptance levels;
l) Transillumination parameters. source to film distance, tube voltage, tube current or gamma ray source activity and exposure time;
m) Schematic diagram of the cloth.
Note. The format of the operating instructions can be designed according to Appendix C or according to the characteristics of the casting products.
7 ray transillumination technology
7.1 Casting surface treatment and inspection timing
7.1.1 The surface of the casting shall be removed from any state that may obscure or confuse the internal defects of the casting, and the removal of the image of the defect on the film shall be removed.
Remaining things. When Class A technology is required, the residual amount of the poured and riser after cutting does not exceed 10% of the thickness of the transilluminated part; when Class B technology is required,
The pouring and riser should be completely removed.
7.1.2 The timing of the test shall meet the technical conditions or the requirements of the contract. When there are no special provisions in technical conditions or contracts, the radiation detection should be in the heat.
After the treatment, rough casting, roughing, finishing conditions.
7.2 Transillumination arrangement
7.2.1 Transillumination method
7.2.1.1 The appropriate transillumination method should be selected according to the structural characteristics of the casting and the technical conditions. The single-wall transillumination method should be preferred.
Double-wall transillumination is permitted only if single-wall transillumination is not possible.
7.2.1.2 Typical transillumination arrangements. Figures 1 to 7 are simple structures, and Figures 8 to 12 are complex structures.
7.2.1.3 Single wall transillumination of planar castings, as shown in Figure 1.
7.2.1.4 Single wall transillumination of curved castings, arranged according to Figure 2, Figure 3 or Figure 4. If conditions permit, the source should be placed as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 to
Get a better transillumination direction.
7.2.1.5 Double-wall transillumination of flat and curved castings shall be arranged as shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7. If the geometry makes other arrangements difficult to apply or
For better detection sensitivity, double-wall dual-shadow transillumination can be used according to Figure 7 to ensure adequate detection of defects and image quality.
begging. For annular castings with an outer diameter of less than 100 mm, a double wall double shadow transillumination method can be used as shown in Fig. 6, once every 120 or 60 degrees.
7.2.1.6 Inspection According to Figure 6 and Figure 7, the defects shall be graded according to the thickness of the single wall. When the wall thickness is different, the smaller wall thickness shall be referred to.
7.2.1.7 Inspection According to Figure 5, the distance from the source to the surface of the inspection area should be minimum, and the image quality meter should meet the requirements.
7.2.1.8 Transillumination of complex geometries, unless otherwise permitted, is recommended to be arranged as shown in Figures 8-12.
Description.
Q---radiation source; t --- nominal thickness;
B---film; b --- the distance from the workpiece to the film;
f --- the distance from the source to the workpiece; w --- transillumination thickness.
Figure 1 Single-wall transillumination of a flat casting
Note. The source is on the convex side and the film is on the concave side.
Figure 2 Single-wall transillumination of curved castings
Note. The source is on the concave side and the film is on the convex side.
Figure 3 Single-wall transillumination of curved castings
Note. The source is at the center of the circle and the film is on the outer circumference.
Figure 4. Single-wall transillumination of curved castings
Note. Segmented exposure, source and film are on both sides.
Figure 5. Double-wall single-lens transillumination of flat and curved castings
Note. Segmented exposure, source and film are on both sides.
Figure 6. Double-wall double-shadow transillumination of flat and curved castings
Note. The overall exposure, source and film are on both sides.
Figure 7. Double-wall double-shadow transillumination of flat and curved castings
a) Preferred method b
) This method is used when the preferred method cannot be implemented
Figure 8 Edge and flange castings
a) Preferred method b) Use this method when the preferred method cannot be implemented
Figure 9 ribbed castings
Figure 10 Cross-shaped casting transillumination
Figure 11. Through-cutting of wedge castings
Figure 12 rib-shaped plus support structure castings
7.2.2 Maximum area for one transillumination
7.2.2.1 The ratio K of the penetration thickness of the outer end of a test area with a uniform thickness to the central beam, for flat castings, class A,
Class B technology should not be greater than 1.03. For curved, toroidal, complex structural castings, Class B technology should not be greater than 1.1, Class A technology should not be greater than
1.2. Refer to Appendix D for a graph of the minimum number of transilluminations N determined by the K value of a ring casting.
7.2.2.2 If the orientation of the defect is special or the method is the only method that can be detected, the K value can be appropriately amplified and agreed by both parties.
7.2.3 Direction of the beam
Generally, the beam should be aligned with the center of the inspection area and perpendicular to the surface of the part to be inspected at this point; if necessary, it can also be used to facilitate the discovery of defects.
The direction is translucent.
7.2.4 Variable section transillumination technology
For castings with large variations in section thickness, increase the effective transillumination zone and reduce the exposure time on the premise of meeting the specified image quality requirements.
The technical method is as follows.
a) Multi-film method. Allow two or more films of the same or different speeds to be simultaneously exposed in the same pocket;
b) Improve the ray energy method. increase the tube voltage appropriately; use a gamma ray source or accelerator instead of the X-ray source (only suitable for Class A technology);
c) Thickness compensation method. fill the thin part of the casting with compensation block, compensation powder, compensation mud, compensation liquid, etc. (only suitable for Class A technology).
7.3 Selection of source
7.3.1 Selection of X-ray sources of 500kV and below
7.3.1.1 When using X-ray machines not higher than 500kV for testing, under the premise of ensuring penetrating force, lower tubes should be taken as far as possible.
The relationship between the voltage, the maximum allowable tube voltage and the transillumination thickness of the material is shown in Figure 13.
7.3.1.2 When the variable-beam casting is detected by the enhanced ray energy method, the maximum tube voltage in Figure 13 can be appropriately increased. For steel, copper and
Copper alloy, nickel and nickel alloy materials, the maximum allowable voltage increase of 50kV; for titanium and titanium alloy materials, the maximum allowable voltage increase
40kV; for aluminum and aluminum alloy materials, the tube voltage is allowed to increase by up to 30kV.
Description.
1---copper and copper alloy or nickel and nickel-based alloy; 3---titanium and titanium alloy;
2---steel; 4---aluminum and aluminum alloy.
Figure 13 X-ray maximum transillumination tube voltage allowed for different transillumination thicknesses
7.3.2 Selection of other sources
The range of transillumination thickness allowed for gamma ray sources and XMe ray devices above 1 MeV is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 γ-ray source and energy 1MeV or more X-ray equipment transillumination thickness range (steel, copper and nickel-based alloys, etc.)
Ray source
Transillumination thickness w/mm
Class A B
Tm170 ≤5 ≤5
Yb169a 1~15 2~12
Se75b 10~40 14~40
Ir192 20~100 20~90
Co60 40~200 60~150
1MeV~4MeVX ray 30~200 50~180
>4MeV~12MeVX ray ≥50 ≥80
>12MeVX ray ≥80 ≥100
a For aluminum and titanium, the permissible transillumination thickness range is 10 mm. \u003cw\u003c70mm,B级为25mm\u003cw\u003c55mm。
b For aluminum and titanium, the permissible transillumination thickness range is 35 mm \u003cw\u003c120mm。
7.3.3 Use of gamma ray sources
In the case where X-rays can be used, try not to use a gamma ray source. For thin-walle...
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