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GB/T 4960.4-2025: Glossary of nuclear science and technology - Part 4: radionuclide
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GB/T 4960.4-1996	English	839	Add to Cart	5 days [Need to translate]	Glossary of terms: Nuclear science and technology. Radionuclide

GB/T 4960.4-2025: Glossary of nuclear science and technology - Part 4: radionuclide

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ICS 27.120 CCSF50 National Standards of the People's Republic of China Replaces GB/T 4960.4-1996 Nuclear Science and Technology Terminology Part 4.Radionuclides Published on 2025-10-31 Implemented on October 31, 2025 State Administration for Market Regulation The State Administration for Standardization issued a statement.

Table of contents

Preface III Introduction VI 1.Scope 1 2 Normative References 1 3.General Terminology 1 4.Terminology for the Preparation of Radionuclides 1 5.Terminology for Radionuclide Products 2 5.1 Terminology for Radioactive Standard Materials 2 5.2 Terminology for Radioactive Sources 3 5.3 Terminology for Radiopharmaceutical Diagnostic Reagents 7 5.4 Terminology for Labeled Compounds and Tracers 8 6.Terminology for the Application of Radionuclides 10 6.1 Terminology for Industrial Applications of Radionuclides 10 6.2 Terminology for the Medical Application of Radionuclides 12 6.3 Terminology for the Agricultural Application of Radionuclides and Others 15 Index 18

Foreword

This document complies with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Standardization Work Guidelines Part 1.Structure and Drafting Rules of Standardization Documents". Drafting. This document is Part 4 of GB/T 4960, "Nuclear Science and Technology Terminology". GB/T 4960 has already published the following parts. ---Part 1.Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Chemistry; ---Part 2.Fission Reactors; ---Part 3.Nuclear Fuel and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle; ---Part 4.Radionuclides; ---Part 5.Radiation Protection and Radiation Source Safety; ---Part 6.Nuclear Instrumentation; ---Part 7.Nuclear Material Control and Safeguards; ---Part 8.Radioactive Waste Management; ---Part 9.Magnetic Confinement Fusion. This document replaces GB/T 4960.4-1996 "Nuclear Science and Technology Terminology - Radionuclides". Compared with GB/T 4960.4-1996, except for... Aside from structural adjustments and editorial changes, the main technical changes are as follows. ---Added radionuclides (see 3.1), naturally occurring radionuclides (see 3.2), artificial radionuclides (see 3.3), and reference sources (see 3.4). 5.1.4), source efficiency (see 5.2.9), self-absorption (see 5.2.10), collimator (see 5.2.14), leachability (see 5.2.17), leakage (See 5.2.19), line source (see 5.2.21), area source (see 5.2.22), flat plate source (see 5.2.23), immunoradioanalytical kit (see...23). 5.3.5), process dosage (see 6.1.11), dosage non-uniformity (see 6.1.12), minimum effective dose (see 6.1.13), and maximum tolerable dose. Dosage (see 6.1.14), nuclear medicine (see 6.2.1.4), single-photon emission computed tomography (see 6.2.1.8), positron emission tomography (PET) Computed tomography (see 6.2.1.9), boron neutron capture therapy (see 6.2.1.15), and radionuclide patch therapy (see...). 6.2.1.16), Ingestion (see 6.2.1.17), Absorption (see 6.2.1.18), Deposition (see 6.2.1.19), Retention (see 6.2.1.20), and Clearance. (See 6.2.1.21), excretion (see 6.2.1.22), expiratory induction (see 6.2.1.23), particle therapy (see 6.2.2.3), irradiated food (see 6.2.1.23). 6.3.13) and 31 other terms and definitions; ---The following sections have been removed. radioactive tracers (section 2.2 of the.1996 edition), stable tracers (section 2.3 of the.1996 edition), and non-isotopic tracers. (2.5 of the.1996 edition), Biological micro-autoradiography (2.7 of the.1996 edition), Biological macro-autoradiography (2.8 of the.1996 edition), pile-up output (3.10 of the.1996 edition), thick target output (3.11 of the.1996 edition), saturation output (3.12 of the.1996 edition), active surface (4.11 of the.1996 edition), back transparency (4.12 of the.1996 edition), no leakage (1996 edition) 4.16), in vivo therapeutic radiation sources (4.34 in the.1996 edition), stable isotope-labeled compounds (5.2 in the.1996 edition), non-isotope... Isotope labeling (5.6 in the.1996 edition), emission computed tomography (6.8 in the.1996 edition), hapten (7.4 in the.1996 edition). First antibody (7.6 in the.1996 edition), second antibody (7.7 in the.1996 edition), binding protein (7.10 in the.1996 edition), binding Share (7.11,.1996 edition), Free share (7.12,.1996 edition), Cross-reaction (7.15,.1996 edition), Intra-batch variation Coefficient of variation (7.16 in the.1996 edition), inter-batch coefficient of variation (7.17 in the.1996 edition), specificity (7.19 in the.1996 edition), non-specificity... Specific binding rate (7.20 in the.1996 edition), solid-phase separation (7.21 in the.1996 edition), and radiocompetitive protein binding analysis. (7.22,.1996 edition), Affinity chromatography (7.24,.1996 edition), Immunological activity (7.25,.1996 edition), Biological reference Material (7.27,.1996 edition), maximum binding rate (B0) (7.29,.1996 edition), radiographic testing (1996 edition) 8.3), Primary Standard Source (9.4 of the.1996 edition), Secondary Standard Source (9.5 of the.1996 edition), Inspection Source (9.7 of the.1996 edition). Simulated standard solutions (9.9,.1996 edition), liquid scintillation standard sources (9.10,.1996 edition), gamma greenhouse (1996 edition) 10.14), γ-field (10.15 in the.1996 edition), and 40 other terms and definitions; ---The target (see 4.1, 3.1 in the.1996 edition), the inner target (see 4.2, 3.2 in the.1996 edition), and the outer target (see 4.3,.1996 edition) have been modified. 3.3), thin targets (see 4.4, 3.4 in the.1996 edition), thick targets (see 4.5, 3.5 in the.1996 edition), and enriched targets (see 4.6,.1996 edition). 3.6), alloy targets (see 4.7, 3.7 in the.1996 edition), target tubes (see 4.8, 3.8 in the.1996 edition), radioactive yield (see 4.9 (3.9 in the.1996 edition), radionuclide generators (see 4.10, 6.24 in the.1996 edition), and standard materials (see 5.1.1). (9.1 of the.1996 edition), radioactive standard sources (see 5.1.3, 9.3 of the.1996 edition), and radioactive sources (see 5.2.2, 9.3 of the.1996 edition). 4.2), source window (see 5.2.3, 4.3 in the.1996 edition), source base (see 5.2.5, 4.5 in the.1996 edition), radiation output rate (see... 5.2.11, 4.8 of the.1996 edition), useful beam (see 5.2.13, 4.9 of the.1996 edition), radioactive source type designation (see 5.2.15, 4.13 of the.1996 edition), source encapsulation (see 5.2.16, 4.14 of the.1996 edition), non-leaching (see 5.2.18,.1996 edition) 4.15), point sources (see 5.2.20, 4.17 in the.1996 edition), thin sources (see 5.2.24, 4.18 in the.1996 edition), sealed radioactive sources (see... 5.2.25, 4.19 of the.1996 edition), unsealed radioactive sources (see 5.2.26, 4.20 of the.1996 edition), and pseudo-sealed sources (see...). 5.2.27 (4.21 in the.1996 version), prototype source (see 5.2.28, 4.22 in the.1996 version), simulation source (see 5.2.29 in the.1996 version) 4.23), bremsstrahlung sources (see 5.2.31, 4.25 in the.1996 edition), (γ,n) reactive neutron sources (see 5.2.33,.1996 edition) 4.27), (α,n) reaction neutron sources (see 5.2.34, 4.28 in the.1996 edition), and spontaneous fission neutron sources (see 5.2.35,.1996 edition). 4.29), gas tritium source (see 5.2.37, 4.31 of the.1996 edition), brachytherapy source (see 5.2.39,.1996 edition) 4.33), radionuclide applicators (see 5.2.41, 4.36 in the.1996 edition), Mössbauer sources (see 5.2.44,.1996 edition) 4.39), tritium targets (see 5.2.45, 4.4 in the.1996 edition), radioisotope batteries (see 5.2.46, 4.41 in the.1996 edition), and irradiation. Radiation field (see 5.2.47, 4.42 in the.1996 edition), standard helium leakage rate (see 5.2.48, 4.45 in the.1996 edition), radiopharmaceuticals (See 5.3.1, 6.15 of the.1996 edition), therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (see 5.3.2, 6.17 of the.1996 edition), diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals Drugs (see 5.3.3, 6.16 of the.1996 edition), antigens (see 5.3.6, 7.3 of the.1996 edition), monoclonal antibodies (see 5.3.8,...). 7.8 (1996 edition), receptor (see 5.3.9, 7.9 (1996 edition)), separating agent (see 5.3.10, 7.13 (1996 edition)), mass Control serum (see 5.3.12, 7.28 of the.1996 edition), radiolabeled compounds (see 5.4.1, 5.1 of the.1996 edition), and whole-cell standard. Note the compounds (see 5.4.3, 5.4 in the.1996 edition), the isotope exchange method (see 5.4.5, 5.7 in the.1996 edition), and the biosynthesis method. (See 5.4.7, 5.9 in the.1996 edition), exposure labeling (see 5.4.9, 5.11 in the.1996 edition), radiation-induced tritium labeling (see...) 5.4.10, 5.12 in the.1996 edition), catalytic tritium halide replacement (see 5.4.12, 5.14 in the.1996 edition), tritium labeling of unsaturated bonds (see 5.4.13, 5.15 of the.1996 edition), chloramine-T method (see 5.4.17, 5.19 of the.1996 edition), Bolton-Hunter labeling method (see... 5.4.18 (5.2 in the.1996 edition), enzymatic iodine labeling (see 5.4.20, 5.22 in the.1996 edition), radiochemical yield (see... 5.4.21 (5.23 in the.1996 edition), radionuclide tracing techniques (see 5.4.22, 2.1 in the.1996 edition), and isotope tracers. (See 5.4.23, 2.4 of the.1996 edition), radioactive auto-images (see 5.4.24, 2.6 of the.1996 edition), radiation imaging (see...) 6.1.1 (8.1 in the.1996 edition), neutron radiography (see 6.1.4, 8.5 in the.1996 edition), radiation processing (see 6.1.5 in the.1996 edition) Radiation crosslinking (see 6.1.6, 8.7 of the.1996 edition), radiation polymerization (see 6.1.7, 8.8 of the.1996 edition), radiation grafting (See 6.1.8, 8.9 of the.1996 edition), radiation degradation (see 6.1.9, 8.1 of the.1996 edition), radiation curing of coatings (see 6.1.10, 8.11 (1996 edition), radiation chemical yield (see 6.1.15, 8.12 (1996 edition), quantitative gamma logging (see 6.1.17), 8.14 (1996 edition), neutron logging (see 6.1.19, 8.16 (1996 edition), and electrostatic eliminators (see 6.1.20,.1996 edition). 8.17), ionization smoke detectors (see 6.1.21, 8.18 of the.1996 edition), nuclear medicine (see 6.2.1.1, 6.2 of the.1996 edition), Clinical nuclear medicine (see 6.2.1.2, 6.3 of the.1996 edition), experimental nuclear medicine (see 6.2.1.3, 6.4 of the.1996 edition), and radioactive nuclear medicine. Functional imaging (see 6.2.1.5, 6.5 in the.1996 edition), functional imaging (see 6.2.1.6, 6.6 in the.1996 edition), and dynamic functional measurement. (See 6.2.1.7, 6.7 in the.1996 edition), radioimmunoassay (see 6.2.1.10, 6.9 in the.1996 edition), hotspot areas (See 6.2.1.11, 6.1 in the.1996 edition), radionuclide therapy (see 6.2.1.12, 6.12 in the.1996 edition), internal radiation therapy (See 6.2.1.13, 6.13 in the.1996 edition), radioimmunotherapy (see 6.2.1.14, 6.14 in the.1996 edition), tissue uptake rate (See 6.2.1.24, 6.18 of the.1996 edition), radioimmunoassay (see 6.2.1.26, 7.1 of the.1996 edition), immunoradioassay (See 6.2.1.27, 7.2 of the.1996 edition), radiation receptor analysis (see 6.2.1.28, 7.23 of the.1996 edition), dose response curves (See 6.2.1.29, 7.14 of the.1996 edition), Radiation Medicine (see 6.2.2.1, 6.1 of the.1996 edition), Radiation Therapy (See 6.2.2.2, 6.11 in the.1996 edition), penumbra (see 6.2.2.5, 4.43 in the.1996 edition), source tissue (or organ). (See 6.2.2.7, 6.21 of the.1996 edition), target tissues (or organs) (see 6.2.2.8, 6.22 of the.1996 edition), nuclear agronomy (see...) 6.3.1 (10.1 in the.1996 edition), δ value (see 6.3.3 (10.3 in the.1996 edition), A value (see 6.3.4 (10.4 in the.1996 edition)). Radiation susceptibility (see 6.3.5, 10.5 in the.1996 edition), radiation resistance (see 6.3.6, 10.6 in the.1996 edition), mutagenic dose (see...) 6.3.7 (10.7 in the.1996 edition), mutation breeding (see 6.3.8, 10.8 in the.1996 edition), radiation breeding (see 6.3.9,.1996 edition) 10.9), radiation-induced insect sterilization technology (see 6.3.10, 10.1 of the.1996 edition), and irradiation insecticidal technology (see 6.3.12,.1996 edition). (See 6.3.14, 10.13 of the.1996 edition), food irradiation (see 6.3.15, 6.27 of the.1996 edition), radiation sterilization (see 6.3.15, 6.27 of the.1996 edition). Aseptic assurance level (see 6.3.16, 6.25 of the.1996 edition), radiation sterilization (see 6.3.17, 6.26 of the.1996 edition), radiation biological... Physical physics (see 6.3.18, 10.16 of the.1996 edition), radiation biochemistry (see 6.3.19, 10.17 of the.1996 edition), radioactivity Ecology (see 6.3.20, 10.18 of the.1996 edition), radiobiology (see 6.3.21, 10.19 of the.1996 edition), radiobiology Radiation effects (see 6.3.22, 10.2 in the.1996 edition), radiation genetics (see 6.3.24, 10.21 in the.1996 edition), and 113 other techniques Language and definition. Please note that some content in this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document assumes no responsibility for identifying patents. This document was proposed and is under the jurisdiction of the National Nuclear Energy Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC58). This document was drafted by. Nuclear Industry Standardization Institute, China Institute of Atomic Energy, and Atomic High-Tech Co., Ltd. North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan Provincial Institute of Atomic Energy, Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Medicine, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China Isotope The following organizations were involved. the China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute, Tsinghua University, the China National Nuclear Corporation General Hospital, and China Nuclear Sichuan Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. The company, Nuclear Industry 208th Brigade, Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., CNNC Zhejiang Energy Co., Ltd., and China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this document are. Zhao Suyu, Zheng Jijia, Chang Mu, Wang Wenhua, Yu Haoyang, Zhang Xin, Ni Xueting, Wang Xinyu, Dong Fangfang, and Liu Liping. Pan Jianjun, Wang Xiufeng, Song Zhijun, Sun Hongqing, Zhang Shengdong, Wen Kai, Fu Bo, Zhang Yun, Gao Peng, Ji Yanqin, Guo Lili, Wu Lili, Deng Lilin, Tian Chao Wen Xingjian, Xie Feng, Liu Xuegang, Liu Yulong, Gan Yefu, Qiu Hongyu, Li Xibin, Li Lufeng, Zou Yansong, Liu Qiang, Yang Yunfei, Liu Xusheng, Chen Tian. The release history of this document and the document it replaces is as follows. ---First published in.1996 as GB/T 4960.4-1996; ---This is the first revision.

Introduction

Terminology is the foundation of standardization in a field. To standardize and unify the extensive terminology in the field of nuclear science and technology, and to improve communication... To ensure accuracy and efficiency, my country has formulated and released GB/T 4960 "Nuclear Science and Technology Terminology", which is planned to consist of nine parts. ---Part 1.Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Chemistry. The purpose is to define the terminology and definitions in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. ---Part 2.Fission Reactors. The purpose is to define the terminology related to the design, commissioning, operation, and safety of nuclear fission reactors. definition. ---Part 3.Nuclear Fuel and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle. The purpose is to define aspects such as uranium mining and metallurgy, uranium conversion, and fuel element design and manufacturing. Terms and definitions. ---Part 4.Radionuclides. The purpose is to define radionuclides and their applications in agriculture, industry, medicine, and other fields. Language and definition. ---Part 5.Radiation Protection and Radiation Source Safety. The purpose is to define the terminology related to radiation protection and radiation source safety. definition. ---Part 6.Nuclear Instrumentation. The purpose is to define the terminology and definitions for various instruments used in the nuclear industry. ---Part 7.Nuclear Material Control and Safeguards. The purpose is to define the terminology and definitions related to nuclear material control. ---Part 8.Radioactive Waste Management. The purpose is to define the terminology and definitions related to radioactive waste management. ---Part 9.Magnetic Confinement Fusion. The purpose is to define the terminology and definitions within the field of magnetic confinement fusion. Nuclear Science and Technology Terminology Part 4.Radionuclides

1 Scope

This document defines the terminology and definitions related to radionuclides in the field of nuclear science and technology. This document applies to the general field of radionuclides, the preparation of radionuclides, radionuclide products, and the application of radionuclides. Drafting standards and technical documents, translating literature, and facilitating domestic and international exchanges.

2 Normative references

This document has no normative references. 3.General Terminology 3.1 Radionuclides Nuclide that is a radioactive, unstable atomic nucleus that can spontaneously emit radiation (such as alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, etc.). 3.2 Natural radionuclides Nuclide that exists naturally in nature and undergoes spontaneous radioactive decay. Note. Based on their origin, they are divided into three categories. naturally occurring radioactive isotopes (uranium series, thorium series, and actinium series) (such as 238U in the uranium series, 232Th in the thorium series, and 235U in the actinium series) and... Its decay products (such as 234Th, 228Ra, and 231Th); nuclides produced by cosmic rays interacting with the Earth's atmosphere (such as 3H and 7Be); and non-series long-lived... Nucleotides (such as 40K, 87Rb, etc.). 3.3 Radioactive nuclides are artificially synthesized using reactors or charged particle accelerators. 4.Terminology for the Preparation of Radionuclides 4.1 target The material that is bombarded by nuclear energy in a nuclear reaction. Note. Targets generally have the following characteristics. a) High target nucleus content; b) Contains no impurities with a large reaction cross-section; c) It possesses good chemical stability, thermal stability, and radiation stability; d) The thickness of the target meets the requirements. 4.2 internal target A target placed in the vacuum chamber of an accelerator and directly irradiated by a stream of particles. Note. The internal target is one of the components of an accelerator that produces radionuclides. ...