YB/T 951-2014 PDF in English
YB/T 951-2014 (YB/T951-2014, YBT 951-2014, YBT951-2014)
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivered in | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| YB/T 951-2014 | English | 165 |
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Method of the ultrasonic testing for rails
| Valid |
| YB/T 951-2003 | English | 599 |
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Method of the ultrasonic inspection for rails
| Obsolete |
| YB/T 951-1981 | English | 239 |
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(Ultrasonic rail flaw detection method)
| Obsolete |
Standards related to (historical): YB/T 951-2014
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YB/T 951-2014: PDF in English (YBT 951-2014) YB/T 951-2014
BLACK METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
H 26
Replacing YB/T 951-2003
Method of the ultrasonic testing for rails
ISSUED ON: MAY 06, 2014
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 01, 2014
Issued by: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the
People's Republic of China
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Flaw detection principles ... 6
5 Flaw detection methods ... 6
6 Personnel requirements ... 6
7 Flaw detection requirements ... 6
8 Test pieces ... 14
9 Probe ... 23
10 Instruments and apparatuses ... 23
11 Signal-to-noise ratio ... 23
12 Stability ... 23
13 Operation ... 24
14 Result determination and marking ... 24
Appendix A (Normative) Probe performance and test ... 25
Method of the ultrasonic testing for rails
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the terms and definitions, flaw detection principles, flaw
detection methods, personnel requirements, flaw detection requirements, test
pieces and sample rails, probes, equipment and apparatuses, signal-to-noise
ratio, stability, operation, result determination and marking of ultrasonic testing
for rails.
This Standard is applicable to ultrasonic flaw detection of 37 cm/m ~ 75 kg/m
railway symmetrical section rails and asymmetric section rails. Ultrasonic flaw
detection of other rails can also be carried out with reference.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For
undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this
document.
GB 2585, Hot-rolled steel rails for railway
GB/T 9445, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel
GB/T 11259, Practice for fabrication and control of steel reference blocks
used in ultrasonic testing
GB/T 12604.1, Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in
ultrasonic testing
GB/T 23905, Non-destructive testing. Blocks for ultrasonic testing
JB/T 10061, Commonly used specification for A-mode ultrasonic flaw
detector using pulse echo technique
JB/T 10062, Testing methods for performance of probes used in ultrasonic
flaw detection
3 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions determined by GB/T 12604.1 and the following ones are
applicable to this document.
3.1 Center of rail base
Any point on the longitudinal axis of the rail base surface of the rail.
3.2 Stability
The actual sensitivity change range during the rail flaw detection.
3.3 Stability indices
The limitation of stability during rail flaw detection.
3.4 Benchmark echo height
The reference height for determining the relative height of various echoes,
generally in a percentage of the full scale. The range of the benchmark echo
height: 50% to 80% of the full scale.
3.5 Modified value of sensitivity
The difference in sensitivity between the special comparative test piece and the
static sample piece, the dynamic sample rail due to the material and surface
condition.
3.6 Special comparative test piece
The test piece that is made, according to the method specified in GB/T 11259,
by reference to the artificial defects that is required by the technical conditions
of the rail.
3.7 Static sample piece
The test piece that is made, according to the specified artificial defects, of a rail
of which the length is not less than 100 mm, the shape is same as the rail of
flaw detection, the portion is same as the detection position, and there is no
alarm-level defect.
3.8 Dynamic sample rail
The sample that is made, according to the specified equivalent artificial defect,
of the same section rail with a length of not less than 6 m, no defect above the
alarm level.
3.9 Reference sensitivity
The sensitivity value of the specified alarm gate that the artificial defect
amplitude reaches on the dynamic sample rail.
4 Flaw detection principles
The mutual conversion between electrical energy and acoustic energy AND the
physical properties of ultrasonic waves in elastic media are the basic principles
of ultrasonic testing for rails. The directionally emitted ultrasonic beam is
reflected and attenuated when it encounters a defect in the rail, and it is
subjected to signal processing by the flaw detector to give a quantitative defect
indication.
5 Flaw detection methods
5.1 Use the pulse reflection method to perform automatic inspection under the
condition that the probe and the rail move relative to each other.
5.2 During the inspection, coupling medium with good sound permeability and
no damage to the surface of the rail, such as water, shall be used.
6 Personnel requirements
6.1 The flaw detection operator shall hold the ultrasonic testing technical
qualification certificate that is recognized, in accordance with the requirements
of GB/T 9445, by the relevant departments.
6.2 The flaw detection report issuing personnel shall hold the ultrasonic testing
technical qualification certificate of ultrasonic level-II or above that is recognized,
in accordance with the requirements of GB/T 9445, by the relevant departments.
7 Flaw detection requirements
7.1 Rail flaw detection requirements shall comply with the provisions of GB
2585.
7.2 The undetectable length on the ends of the rail shall be less than the
machining allowance and meet the requirements for full-length flaw detection
of the product rail.
7.3 Dynamic sample rails shall be provided for ultrasonic testing of rails. The
artificial defects and positions of the rail head, rail waist and rail base shall be
as shown in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 respectively. Other artificial defects can also be
9 Probe
9.1 Probe performance and test methods shall be in accordance with the
provisions of JB/T 10062 and Appendix A.
9.2 The parameters of the probe and its arrangement shall meet the sensitivity
and flaw detection area that are specified in 7.3.
10 Instruments and apparatuses
10.1 It uses the general analog ultrasonic flaw detector or digital ultrasonic flaw
detector, of which, the technical requirements shall comply with the provisions
of JB/T 10061.
10.2 It uses the multi-gate system; the initial position, width and alarm sensitivity
of the alarm gate are adjustable. After 8 hours of continuous operation, the
alarm gate drift is no more than the sound path of 1 mm carbon steel.
10.3 The frequency of the flaw detector shall meet the requirements for flaw
detection.
10.4 The flaw detector repeat frequency F is calculated according to Formula
(1):
Where:
F -- repeat frequency, in per second (1/s);
v -- detection speed, in millimeters per second (mm/s);
B -- wafer width, in millimeters (mm).
11 Signal-to-noise ratio
The signal-to-noise ratio is not less than 12 dB.
12 Stability
Under the same flaw detection condition, the change in echo height shall not
exceed 3 dB.
13 Operation
13.1 Echo height adjustment: the echo height shall be within the benchmark
echo height range.
13.2 Reference sensitivity adjustment: adjust the artificial defect echo on the
dynamic sample rail to the alarm state.
13.3 Stability adjustment: use dynamic rail to go back and forth for several times,
so that the stability meets the requirements.
13.4 Flaw detection sensitivity adjustment: the flaw detection sensitivity shall be
at least 4 dB higher than the reference sensitivity that is specified in 13.2.
13.5 Alarm gate adjustment: use the dynamic sample rail to adjust the gate
range to meet the flaw detection area and continuous monitoring requirements.
The noise within the gate range shall be lower than the threshold value of 12
dB.
13.6 Flaw detection: after the above ultrasonic test adjustments are completed,
perform the flaw detection according to the flaw detection sensitivity.
14 Result determination and marking
14.1 Result determination: when the defect reflection wave exceeds the alarm
gate of flaw detection sensitivity in 13.4, the sensitivity shall be improved by 2
dB for further ultrasonic detection. Use the improved sensitivity to perform the
ultrasonic detection, and when the defect signal of the rail still exceeds the
threshold value, the section of the rail shall be scrapped or the defective part
shall be cut off.
14.2 Marking: rails that fail to pass the flaw detection must be marked.
14.3 Record
14.3.1 Rails that fail to pass the flaw detection must have a flaw detection record.
14.3.2 The modification of flaw detection sensitivity must be recorded.
14.4 Flaw detection report
14.4.1 Rails that pass the flaw detection must be issued with a report.
14.4.2 Main contents of the flaw detection report: date, steel number, flaw
detection conditions, equipment, personnel, etc.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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