HOME   Cart(0)   Quotation   About-Us Policy PDFs Standard-List
www.ChineseStandard.net Database: 189760 (18 Oct 2025)

NY/T 1447-2007 PDF English

US$150.00 · In stock · Download in 9 seconds
NY/T 1447-2007: Feed Additive - Benzoic acid
Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedure
Status: Valid
Standard IDContents [version]USDSTEP2[PDF] deliveryName of Chinese StandardStatus
NY/T 1447-2007English150 Add to Cart 0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery Feed Additive - Benzoic acid Valid

Excerpted PDFs (Download full copy in 9 seconds upon purchase)

PDF Preview: NY/T 1447-2007
      

Similar standards

SN/T 1353   HG 2934   NY/T 4424   

NY/T 1447-2007: Feed Additive - Benzoic acid

---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/NYT1447-2007
NY AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY STANDARD ICS 65.120 B 46 Feed additive - Benzoic acid Issued on. SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 Implemented on. DECEMBER 1, 2007 Issued by. Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China

Table of Contents

Foreword... 3 1 Scope... 4 2 Normative references... 4 3 Requirements... 5 4 Test methods... 5 5 Inspection rules... 14 6 Marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period... 15

Foreword

This Standard was proposed by Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. This Standard shall be under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Feed of Standardization Administration of China. The drafting organizations of this Standard. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing technology for Agro-products of CAAS, China National Feed Quality Supervision and Testing Centre (Beijing). The main drafters of this Standard. Song Rong, Li Lan, Tian Jing, Wang Peilong, Wang Tong, Gao Sheng. Feed additive – Benzoic acid

1 Scope

This Standard specifies the requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period of feed additive benzoic acid. This Standard applies to feed additive benzoic acid which is made through catalytic oxidation and purification using petroleum toluene as the raw material. This product is mainly used as the agents for corrosion resistance, mould resistance and acidification of feed. Molecular formula. C7H6O2 Structural formula. Relative molecular mass. 122.12 (based on the International Relative Atomic Mass 2001)

2 Normative references

The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Standard through reference in this Standard. For dated references, the subsequent amendments (excluding corrigendum) or revisions do not apply to this Standard, however, parties who reach an agreement based on this Standard are encouraged to study if the latest versions of these documents are applicable. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies. GB/T 601, Chemical reagent – Preparations of standard volumetric solutions GB/T 602, Chemical reagent – Preparations of standard solutions for impurity determination GB/T 603, Chemical reagent – Preparations of reagent solution for use in test method GB/T 606, Chemical reagent – General method for the determination of water – Karl Fischer method

3 Requirements

3.1 Appearance and character This product is white crystal, which has a slight odour of benzoin or benzaldehyde. 3.2 Specifications

4 Test methods

Unless specified otherwise, only reagents confirmed to be analytically pure and grade 3 water specified in GB/T 6682 are used in the analysis; standard volumetric solutions, standard solutions for impurity determination and reagent solutions used in the analysis shall be prepared as specified in GB/T 601, GB/T 602 and GB/T 603, unless specified otherwise. 4.1 Identification test 4.1.1 Reagents 4.1.2 Analytical procedures Weigh about 1 g of sample to dissolve in 20 mL of sodium hydroxide solution; add 1 drop of ferric trichloride solution to generate a reddish brown precipitation; then add hydrochloric acid solution for acidification to separate out the precipitation. 4.2 Determination of benzoic acid content 4.2.1 Principle Use neutral ethanol solution as the solvent and phenolphthalein as the indicator; use sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution to titrate sample; calculate the benzoic acid content based on the consumption of sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution. 4.2.2 Reagents 4.2.2.1 95% ethanol. 4.2.3 Analytical procedures Weigh about 0.25 g of dried sample (placed in a desiccator for 3 h), accurate to 0.0001 g; place in a conical flask; add 25 mL of neutral ethanol solution to dissolve; add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution; use sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution for titration until the test solution appears pink. 4.2.4 Result calculation The content of benzoic acid W1, which is expressed as mass fraction (mg/kg), is calculated according to Equation (1). 4.3 Melting point determination As specified in GB/T 617. 4.4 Easy oxide test 4.4.1 Principle The easy oxide in sample reacts with potassium permanganate; after reaction, it is the end of reaction when the solution appears the pink colour of potassium permanganate solution; use the volume of potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution consumed to control the amount of easy oxide. 4.4.2 Reagents 4.4.2.1 Sulfuric acid. 4.4.2.2 Potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution. c(1/5kMnO4) = 0.02 mol/L. 4.4.3 Analytical procedures Add 1.5 mL of sulfuric acid to 100 mL of water; add dropwise potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution until pink while boiling; maintain for 30 without fading. 4.5 Determination of heavy metal (in terms of Pb) content 4.5.1 Principle Use ethanol to dissolve sample; heavy metal and sodium sulfide generate a brown sulfide; compare its colour with the reference solution under equal conditions. 4.5.2 Reagents 4.5.2.1 Ethanol. 4.5.2.2 Acetic acid solution. volume fraction 5%. 4.5.2.3 Sodium sulfide solution. 0.1 g/mL. Dissolve 1 g of sodium sulfide in 10 mL of water; prepare immediately prior to use. 4.5.3 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a 50 mL colourimetric tube; add 20 mL of ethanol solution; add 2 mL of acetic acid solution; use water to add dropwise to 25 mL; mix up as the test solution. Take another same colourimetric tube; add 1.0 mL of lead standard solution (4.5.2.5) and 2 mL of acetic acid solution; use water to dilute to 25 mL as the standard colourimetric solution. Into the two colourimetric tubes, add 2 drops of sodium sulfide solution respectively; mix up; after placing aside for 5 min, observe and compare the colour of the two tubes of solution from above and side against a white background; the colour of the test solution shall not be darker than that of the standard colourimetric solution. 4.6 Determination of arsenic (As) content 4.6.1 Principle In an acidic solution, use potassium iodide and stannous chloride to reduce high arsenic to trivalent arsenic; trivalent arsenic reacts with nascent hydrogen to generate arsenic hydride gas; it forms brownish yellow arsenic stains on the mercury bromide test paper; then compare with the standard arsenic stains. 4.6.2 Reagents 4.6.2.8 Lead acetate cotton. 4.6.2.9 Mercury bromide test paper. 4.6.3 Apparatus Arsenic determination instrument. 4.6.4 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a 30 mL porcelain crucible; after low-temperature carbonization to smokeless, transfer to a high-temperature furnace for carbonization at 550°C for 3.5 ~ 4 h. 4.7 Determination of chloride (in terms of Cl) content 4.7.1 Principle Sample contains organic chlorides (aromatic chlorides) and inorganic chlorides; organic chlorides are converted into calcium chloride by addition of calcium carbonate and burning at high temperature, before it is dissolved into the sample solution along with inorganic chlorides. Under acidic conditions, chloride ion in the sample solution reacts with silver nitrate solution to generate a silver chloride precipitation and the turbidity generated shall not be greater than that of the standard turbidimetric solution. 4.7.2 Reagents 4.7.2.1 Calcium carbonate. 4.7.2.2 Nitric acid solution. 1 + 9. 4.7.2.3 Silver nitrate solution. 17 g/L. 4.7.2.4 Chloride (Cl) standard solution. 0.1 mg/mL. 4.7.3 Analytical procedures Weigh about 0.5 g of sample and about 0.7 g of calcium carbonate, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a porcelain crucible; add a small amount of water to mix up; dry at 100°C ± 5°C to no obvious wet spots; burn at about 600°C for 10 min; add 20 mL of nitric acid solution to dissolve residues; collect the filtrate in a 50 mL colourimetric tube; use 15 mL of water to wash insoluble substances; combine washings with filtrate; add water to the scale of 50 mL as the test solution. 4.8 Water Determine water content of sample using the method specified in GB/T 606. 4.9 Phthalic acid test 4.9.1 Principle Dissolve sample in the mixed solution of methanol and 1% acetic acid; use the liquid chromatography for quantitative analysis. 4.9.2 Reagents 4.9.2.1 Methanol. 4.9.2.2 Acetic acid solution. volume fraction 1%. 4.9.2.3 Mixed solution of methanol + 1% acetic acid = 2 + 3. 4.9.2.4 Phthalic acid standard stock solution, 100 μg/mL. weigh 10 mg of phthalic acid standard substance; dissolve in 30 mL of methanol before adding 1% acetic acid dropwise to 100 mL. 4.9.2.5 Phthalic acid standard working solution, 1.0 μg/mL. take 1.0 mL of phthalic acid standard stock solution (4.9.2.4); add the mixed solution of methanol and 1% acetic acid dropwise to 100 mL. 4.9.3 Apparatus Liquid chromatograph, which is equipped with an ultraviolet detector. 4.9.4 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.0001 g; dissolve in 20 mL of methanol before adding acetic acid dropwise to 50 mL as the sample test solution. Take respectively 20 μL of phthalic acid standard working solution and sample test solution as sample. 4.9.5 Operating conditions for apparatus Chromatographic column. C18 column, 4.6 mm × 250 mm. Column temperature. 40°C. Moving phase. mixed solution of methanol + 1% acetic acid = 3 + 7. Determination wavelength. 228 nm. Flow velocity. 1 mL/min. 4.9.6 Result calculation The content of phthalic acid of sample W2, which is expressed as mass fraction (mg/kg), is calculated in accordance with Equation (2).

5 Inspection rules

5.1 Inspection types Product inspection includes exit-factory inspection and type inspection. 5.2 Batch and sampling 1,000 kg is deemed as an inspection batch. take 2% of the bag number of each batch as sample, not less than 3 bags for a small batch. From the bags selected, use a sampling tool to stretch ¾ into each bag and take not less than 100 g of sample. 5.3 Exit-factory inspection 5.3.1 Before delivery, exit-factory inspection shall be carried out for each batch; products can only be delivered after they pass the inspection. 5.4 Type inspection 5.4.1 Type inspection shall be carried out in one of the following cases. 5.4.2 Inspection which is carried out for all the requirements specified in this Standard, is type inspection. 5.4.3 Qualification criteria First carry out exit-factory inspection for products to decide whether they are acceptable; then carry out the other items of inspection for products which have passed exit-factory inspection. If one of the other items fails, then the batch of products fails to pass the inspection.

6 Marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period

6.1 Marking Package shall be provided with firm marks; the content of labelling shall be as specified in GB 10648. 6.2 Packaging Packaging bags shall be aluminium foil bags or composite plastic bags. Outer packing is cardboard boxes. Each package shall enclose labels and product certificates. 6.4 Storage Products shall be stored in a dark, cool, dry place and kept under airtight conditions. 6.5 Guarantee period Under the specified storage conditions, the guarantee period is 24 months. NY/T 1447-2007 NY AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY STANDARD ICS 65.120 B 46 Feed additive - Benzoic acid Issued on. SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 Implemented on. DECEMBER 1, 2007 Issued by. Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China

Table of Contents

Foreword... 3 1 Scope... 4 2 Normative references... 4 3 Requirements... 5 4 Test methods... 5 5 Inspection rules... 14 6 Marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period... 15

Foreword

This Standard was proposed by Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. This Standard shall be under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee on Feed of Standardization Administration of China. The drafting organizations of this Standard. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing technology for Agro-products of CAAS, China National Feed Quality Supervision and Testing Centre (Beijing). The main drafters of this Standard. Song Rong, Li Lan, Tian Jing, Wang Peilong, Wang Tong, Gao Sheng. Feed additive – Benzoic acid

1 Scope

This Standard specifies the requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period of feed additive benzoic acid. This Standard applies to feed additive benzoic acid which is made through catalytic oxidation and purification using petroleum toluene as the raw material. This product is mainly used as the agents for corrosion resistance, mould resistance and acidification of feed. Molecular formula. C7H6O2 Structural formula. Relative molecular mass. 122.12 (based on the International Relative Atomic Mass 2001)

2 Normative references

The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Standard through reference in this Standard. For dated references, the subsequent amendments (excluding corrigendum) or revisions do not apply to this Standard, however, parties who reach an agreement based on this Standard are encouraged to study if the latest versions of these documents are applicable. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies. GB/T 601, Chemical reagent – Preparations of standard volumetric solutions GB/T 602, Chemical reagent – Preparations of standard solutions for impurity determination GB/T 603, Chemical reagent – Preparations of reagent solution for use in test method GB/T 606, Chemical reagent – General method for the determination of water – Karl Fischer method

3 Requirements

3.1 Appearance and character This product is white crystal, which has a slight odour of benzoin or benzaldehyde. 3.2 Specifications

4 Test methods

Unless specified otherwise, only reagents confirmed to be analytically pure and grade 3 water specified in GB/T 6682 are used in the analysis; standard volumetric solutions, standard solutions for impurity determination and reagent solutions used in the analysis shall be prepared as specified in GB/T 601, GB/T 602 and GB/T 603, unless specified otherwise. 4.1 Identification test 4.1.1 Reagents 4.1.2 Analytical procedures Weigh about 1 g of sample to dissolve in 20 mL of sodium hydroxide solution; add 1 drop of ferric trichloride solution to generate a reddish brown precipitation; then add hydrochloric acid solution for acidification to separate out the precipitation. 4.2 Determination of benzoic acid content 4.2.1 Principle Use neutral ethanol solution as the solvent and phenolphthalein as the indicator; use sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution to titrate sample; calculate the benzoic acid content based on the consumption of sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution. 4.2.2 Reagents 4.2.2.1 95% ethanol. 4.2.3 Analytical procedures Weigh about 0.25 g of dried sample (placed in a desiccator for 3 h), accurate to 0.0001 g; place in a conical flask; add 25 mL of neutral ethanol solution to dissolve; add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution; use sodium hydroxide standard volumetric solution for titration until the test solution appears pink. 4.2.4 Result calculation The content of benzoic acid W1, which is expressed as mass fraction (mg/kg), is calculated according to Equation (1). 4.3 Melting point determination As specified in GB/T 617. 4.4 Easy oxide test 4.4.1 Principle The easy oxide in sample reacts with potassium permanganate; after reaction, it is the end of reaction when the solution appears the pink colour of potassium permanganate solution; use the volume of potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution consumed to control the amount of easy oxide. 4.4.2 Reagents 4.4.2.1 Sulfuric acid. 4.4.2.2 Potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution. c(1/5kMnO4) = 0.02 mol/L. 4.4.3 Analytical procedures Add 1.5 mL of sulfuric acid to 100 mL of water; add dropwise potassium permanganate standard volumetric solution until pink while boiling; maintain for 30 without fading. 4.5 Determination of heavy metal (in terms of Pb) content 4.5.1 Principle Use ethanol to dissolve sample; heavy metal and sodium sulfide generate a brown sulfide; compare its colour with the reference solution under equal conditions. 4.5.2 Reagents 4.5.2.1 Ethanol. 4.5.2.2 Acetic acid solution. volume fraction 5%. 4.5.2.3 Sodium sulfide solution. 0.1 g/mL. Dissolve 1 g of sodium sulfide in 10 mL of water; prepare immediately prior to use. 4.5.3 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a 50 mL colourimetric tube; add 20 mL of ethanol solution; add 2 mL of acetic acid solution; use water to add dropwise to 25 mL; mix up as the test solution. Take another same colourimetric tube; add 1.0 mL of lead standard solution (4.5.2.5) and 2 mL of acetic acid solution; use water to dilute to 25 mL as the standard colourimetric solution. Into the two colourimetric tubes, add 2 drops of sodium sulfide solution respectively; mix up; after placing aside for 5 min, observe and compare the colour of the two tubes of solution from above and side against a white background; the colour of the test solution shall not be darker than that of the standard colourimetric solution. 4.6 Determination of arsenic (As) content 4.6.1 Principle In an acidic solution, use potassium iodide and stannous chloride to reduce high arsenic to trivalent arsenic; trivalent arsenic reacts with nascent hydrogen to generate arsenic hydride gas; it forms brownish yellow arsenic stains on the mercury bromide test paper; then compare with the standard arsenic stains. 4.6.2 Reagents 4.6.2.8 Lead acetate cotton. 4.6.2.9 Mercury bromide test paper. 4.6.3 Apparatus Arsenic determination instrument. 4.6.4 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a 30 mL porcelain crucible; after low-temperature carbonization to smokeless, transfer to a high-temperature furnace for carbonization at 550°C for 3.5 ~ 4 h. 4.7 Determination of chloride (in terms of Cl) content 4.7.1 Principle Sample contains organic chlorides (aromatic chlorides) and inorganic chlorides; organic chlorides are converted into calcium chloride by addition of calcium carbonate and burning at high temperature, before it is dissolved into the sample solution along with inorganic chlorides. Under acidic conditions, chloride ion in the sample solution reacts with silver nitrate solution to generate a silver chloride precipitation and the turbidity generated shall not be greater than that of the standard turbidimetric solution. 4.7.2 Reagents 4.7.2.1 Calcium carbonate. 4.7.2.2 Nitric acid solution. 1 + 9. 4.7.2.3 Silver nitrate solution. 17 g/L. 4.7.2.4 Chloride (Cl) standard solution. 0.1 mg/mL. 4.7.3 Analytical procedures Weigh about 0.5 g of sample and about 0.7 g of calcium carbonate, accurate to 0.001 g; place in a porcelain crucible; add a small amount of water to mix up; dry at 100°C ± 5°C to no obvious wet spots; burn at about 600°C for 10 min; add 20 mL of nitric acid solution to dissolve residues; collect the filtrate in a 50 mL colourimetric tube; use 15 mL of water to wash insoluble substances; combine washings with filtrate; add water to the scale of 50 mL as the test solution. 4.8 Water Determine water content of sample using the method specified in GB/T 606. 4.9 Phthalic acid test 4.9.1 Principle Dissolve sample in the mixed solution of methanol and 1% acetic acid; use the liquid chromatography for quantitative analysis. 4.9.2 Reagents 4.9.2.1 Methanol. 4.9.2.2 Acetic acid solution. volume fraction 1%. 4.9.2.3 Mixed solution of methanol + 1% acetic acid = 2 + 3. 4.9.2.4 Phthalic acid standard stock solution, 100 μg/mL. weigh 10 mg of phthalic acid standard substance; dissolve in 30 mL of methanol before adding 1% acetic acid dropwise to 100 mL. 4.9.2.5 Phthalic acid standard working solution, 1.0 μg/mL. take 1.0 mL of phthalic acid standard stock solution (4.9.2.4); add the mixed solution of methanol and 1% acetic acid dropwise to 100 mL. 4.9.3 Apparatus Liquid chromatograph, which is equipped with an ultraviolet detector. 4.9.4 Analytical procedures Weigh 1 g of sample, accurate to 0.0001 g; dissolve in 20 mL of methanol before adding acetic acid dropwise to 50 mL as the sample test solution. Take respectively 20 μL of phthalic acid standard working solution and sample test solution as sample. 4.9.5 Operating conditions for apparatus Chromatographic column. C18 column, 4.6 mm × 250 mm. Column temperature. 40°C. Moving phase. mixed solution of methanol + 1% acetic acid = 3 + 7. Determination wavelength. 228 nm. Flow velocity. 1 mL/min. 4.9.6 Result calculation The content of phthalic acid of sample W2, which is expressed as mass fraction (mg/kg), is calculated in accordance with Equation (2).

5 Inspection rules

5.1 Inspection types Product inspection includes exit-factory inspection and type inspection. 5.2 Batch and sampling 1,000 kg is deemed as an inspection batch. take 2% of the bag number of each batch as sample, not less than 3 bags for a small batch. From the bags selected, use a sampling tool to stretch ¾ into each bag and take not less than 100 g of sample. 5.3 Exit-factory inspection 5.3.1 Before delivery, exit-factory inspection shall be carried out for each batch; products can only be delivered after they pass the inspection. 5.4 Type inspection 5.4.1 Type inspection shall be carried out in one of the following cases. 5.4.2 Inspection which is carried out for all the requirements specified in this Standard, is type inspection. 5.4.3 Qualification criteria First carry out exit-factory inspection for products to decide whether they are acceptable; then carry out the other items of inspection for products which have passed exit-factory inspection. If one of the other items fails, then the batch of products fails to pass the inspection.

6 Marking, packaging, transport, storage and guarantee period

6.1 Marking Package shall be provided with firm marks; the content of labelling shall be as specified in GB 10648. 6.2 Packaging Packaging bags shall be aluminium foil bags or composite plastic bags. Outer packing is cardboard boxes. Each package shall enclose labels and product certificates. 6.4 Storage Products shall be stored in a dark, cool, dry place and kept under airtight conditions. 6.5 Guarantee period Under the specified storage conditions, the guarantee period is 24 months. ......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.


      

Tips & Frequently Asked Questions

Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of NY/T 1447-2007 be delivered?

Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of NY/T 1447-2007 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice.

Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of NY/T 1447-2007_English with my colleagues?

Answer: Yes. The purchased PDF of NY/T 1447-2007_English will be deemed to be sold to your employer/organization who actually paid for it, including your colleagues and your employer's intranet.

Question 3: Does the price include tax/VAT?

Answer: Yes. Our tax invoice, downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, includes all tax/VAT and complies with 100+ countries' tax regulations (tax exempted in 100+ countries) -- See Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs): List of DTAs signed between Singapore and 100+ countries

Question 4: Do you accept my currency other than USD?

Answer: Yes. www.ChineseStandard.us -- NY/T 1447-2007 -- Click this link and select your country/currency to pay, the exact amount in your currency will be printed on the invoice. Full PDF will also be downloaded/emailed in 9 seconds.

How to buy and download a true PDF of English version of NY/T 1447-2007?

A step-by-step guide to download PDF of NY/T 1447-2007_EnglishStep 1: Visit website https://www.ChineseStandard.net (Pay in USD), or https://www.ChineseStandard.us (Pay in any currencies such as Euro, KRW, JPY, AUD).
Step 2: Search keyword "NY/T 1447-2007".
Step 3: Click "Add to Cart". If multiple PDFs are required, repeat steps 2 and 3 to add up to 12 PDFs to cart.
Step 4: Select payment option (Via payment agents Stripe or PayPal).
Step 5: Customize Tax Invoice -- Fill up your email etc.
Step 6: Click "Checkout".
Step 7: Make payment by credit card, PayPal, Google Pay etc. After the payment is completed and in 9 seconds, you will receive 2 emails attached with the purchased PDFs and PDF-invoice, respectively.
Step 8: Optional -- Go to download PDF.
Step 9: Optional -- Click Open/Download PDF to download PDFs and invoice.
See screenshots for above steps: Steps 1~3    Steps 4~6    Step 7    Step 8    Step 9