NB/T 47013.11-2023 PDF English
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 11: X-ray computed radiographic testing
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11: Standard practice for X-ray digital radiography [Including 2018XG1]
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NB/T 47013.11-2023: Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 11: X-ray computed radiographic testing
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/NBT47013.11-2023
NB
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD OF
THE PEOPLE��S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Replacing NB/T 47013.11-2015
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11.
Digital radiographic testing
Issued on. OCTOBER 11, 2023
Implemented on. APRIL 11, 2024
Issued by. National Energy Administration
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
Introduction... 7
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative references... 8
3 Terms and definitions... 9
4 General requirements... 14
5 Testing method... 20
6 Image quality and evaluation... 26
7 Defect identification and measurement... 35
8 Result evaluation and quality grading... 36
9 Image preservation and storage... 36
10 Testing records and reports... 37
Appendix A (Normative) Verification method of system resolution... 39
Appendix B (Informative) Typical penetration method... 41
Appendix C (Normative) Calculation of b value... 44
Appendix D (Informative) Calculation of minimum number of penetrations of girth
welds... 47
Appendix E (Normative) Identification of double-linear image quality meter... 51
Appendix F (Normative) Test method of normalized signal-to-noise ratio... 53
References... 54
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the digital radiographic testing technology and quality
grading requirements for the fusion welding joints of pressure-bearing metallic pressure
components of pressure-bearing equipment. The metal materials used to make welding
joints include steel, copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium
and titanium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys.
1.2 This document is applicable to the digital radiographic testing of butt joints and butt
welds (hereinafter referred to as "butt welds") of plates and tubes, in the manufacture,
installation, in-service testing of pressure-bearing components of pressure-bearing
equipment.
1.3 The imaging device applicable to this document is a digital detector.
1.4 The radiation sources applicable to this document are X-ray sources and Ir192 and
Se75 ��-ray sources, where the maximum tube voltage of the X-ray machine does not
exceed 600 kV.
1.5 The digital radiographic testing of welded joints of pressure-bearing equipment
supports and structural parts, as well as butt welds of inserted and placed pipe corner
joints (hereinafter referred to as "pipe seat corner welds") can make reference to this
document.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated references,
only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated
references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 14058 Apparatus for gamma radiography
GB/T 23901.1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1.
Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23901.5 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5.
Determination of the image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution value using
duplex wire-type image quality indicators
JB/T 7902 Non-destructive testing - Specification for wire-type image quality
indicators
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in NB/T 47013.1, as well as the following terms and
definitions, apply to this document.
3.1
Pixel
The basic unit of digital radiographic images. Digital radiographic images are
composed of points, which are called pixels.
3.2
Digital detector array (DDA)
An electronic device that converts radiographic photons into digital signals, referred
to as a detector.
3.3
Image sensitivity
The ability of a detection system to detect the smallest details in the image of the
inspected workpiece.
3.4
Digital radiographic system
A system composed of a detector and its processing unit, that can convert
radiographic photons into digital images, referred to as a DR system.
3.5
Resolution ratio
The ability to distinguish the minimum distance between two adjacent details per
unit length, in units of line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm).
3.6
Resolution
The ability to distinguish the minimum distance between two adjacent details, in
units of millimeters (mm).
Resolution ratio and resolution are numerically the reciprocal of 2 times each other.
4 General requirements
4.1 Testers
4.2 Testing system and equipment
4.2.1 X-ray machine
4.2.2 ��-ray machine
4.2.2.1 The type and activity of the ��-ray source shall be selected according to the
thickness, material, focal length of the workpiece to be inspected.
4.2.2.2 The selection of source size shall match the detector and penetration
arrangement used.
4.2.2.3 The performance indicators of the ��-ray machine used shall comply with the
provisions of GB/T 14058.
4.2.3 Detector
4.2.3.1 The detector matching the size of the radiation source focal point (or source)
shall be selected, according to the specifications of the workpiece to be inspected, the
detection technology class, the acceptance criteria.
4.2.3.2 It includes area array detectors, line array detectors and their accessories.
4.2.3.3 The dynamic range shall be no less than 2000.1.
4.2.3.4 The number of A/D conversion bits shall be no less than 12 bit.
4.2.3.5 Bad pixel requirements
4.2.5 System software requirements
4.2.5.1 The system software is the core unit of the digital imaging detection system for
radiographic detection, which has the functions such as image acquisition, image
processing, defect geometry measurement, defect marking, image storage, auxiliary
evaluation.
4.2.6 Test fixture
4.2.6.1 It shall be designed according to the workpiece to be inspected and meet the
inspection requirements.
4.2.6.2 It should have functions such as translation, rotation, continuously adjustable
speed; ensure high operating accuracy and stability.
4.2.6.3 The stepping motion of the test fixture shall match the data acquisition of the
detector.
4.2.6.4 For the testing of in-service equipment, the testing instruments and equipment
shall be reasonably fixed, according to the on-site environment and testing conditions.
4.2.7 Image quality meter
4.2.8 Use performance of testing system
The appropriate testing equipment and instruments shall be selected, according to the
performance indicators of each part of the testing system, in combination with the
inspected workpiece and the requirements of this document; test certification
documents that meet the performance indicators of the above equipment and instrument
and the system software functions shall be provided. The use performance of the testing
system shall meet the image quality requirements specified in this document.
4.2.9 Calibration or operation verification
4.3 Testing technology class
4.3.1 The digital radiographic detection technology class specified in this document is
divided into three levels from low to high. Level A, Level AB, Level B.
4.4 Testing process documents
4.4.3 The operation instructions shall be prepared, according to the content of the
process specification and the testing requirements of the workpiece to be inspected. In
addition to meeting the requirements of NB/T 47013.1, the contents shall at least
include.
4.4.4 Process verification
4.4.4.1 The operating instructions shall be fully verified before the first application.
4.5 Safety requirements
4.5.1 The testing environment shall meet the requirements of the environment
(temperature, humidity, grounding, electromagnetic radiation, vibration, etc.) for the
operation of the testing system.
4.5.2 Radiation protection conditions shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB
18871 and GBZ 117.
4.5.3 When conducting digital radiographic testing on site, the control area and
supervision area shall be demarcated in accordance with the provisions of GBZ 117;
warning signs shall be set up; the testing personnel shall wear personal dosimeters and
carry dose alarms.
5 Testing method
5.1 Timing of testing
5.1.1 The timing of testing shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations,
standards, design technical documents, and other technical requirements agreed upon
by both parties to the contract.
5.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, the testing shall be carried out after welding is
completed. For materials with delayed cracking tendency, the testing shall be carried
out at least 24 hours after welding is completed.
5.2 Testing area
The width of the testing area shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations,
standards and design technical documents, and other technical requirements agreed
upon by both parties to the contract.
5.3 Penetration method
5.8 Marking
5.8.1 The marking of the penetration part consists of identification and positioning
marks.
5.8.2 The identification mark generally includes the product number, welding joint
number, part number, penetration date. The penetration after repair shall also have a
repair mark. The penetration with an expanded detection ratio shall have an expanded
detection mark. The identification mark can be written by a computer.
5.8.3 The positioning mark generally includes the center mark " " and the overlap mark
" ". The center mark indicates the center position of the penetration part segment and
the direction of the segment number. The overlap mark is a penetration segment mark,
which is generally composed of appropriate size lead or other suitable heavy metal
numbers, pinyin letters, symbols. When the lead overlap mark is represented by
numbers or letters, the center mark can be omitted.
5.9 Standard sample
5.9.1 The standard sample is used as a dimension calibration sample when measuring
features in the image. The detailed steps of dimension calibration are as shown in 7.2.1.
5.9.2 The standard sample shall be placed on the workpiece surface on the detector side,
imaged within the effective evaluation range, not interfere with the image within the
effective evaluation range.
5.9.3 The length of the standard sample shall not be less than 15 mm.
5.10 Shielding of useless rays and scattered rays
Appropriate measures such as filter plates, collimators (aperture), lead foils, lead plates,
etc. shall be adopted, to reduce scattered rays and useless rays.
6 Image quality and evaluation
6.1 Image quality
6.1.1 General requirements
6.1.1.1 The requirements of grayscale, image sensitivity, image resolution, normalized
signal-to-noise ratio shall be guaranteed at the same time.
6.1.1.2 Image quality meters for measuring image quality are divided into linear image
quality meters and dual-linear image quality meters.
6.1.1.3 Image sensitivity is measured by linear image quality meters.
6.1.1.4 Image resolution ratio is measured by dual-linear image quality meters.
6.1.2 Linear image quality meters
6.2 Image evaluation
6.2.1 General requirements
6.2.1.1 Image quality evaluation shall be carried out in the original image; image
processing methods that change the gray value (such as filtering technology) shall not
be used.
6.2.1.2 It can be displayed in the form of positive image (film) or negative image (film).
6.2.2 System software requirements
The system software shall meet the requirements of 4.2.5.
6.2.3 Image grayscale range requirements
The grayscale range in the effective evaluation area of the image shall be controlled
within 10% ~ 80% of the full scale (positive film).
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio requirements
6.2.5 Image sensitivity requirements
6.2.6 Image resolution requirements
6.2.6.1 According to the requirements of the detection technology class, the image
resolution shall comply with the provisions of Table 10 ~ Table 12.
6.2.6.2 For single-wall single-shadow or double-wall single-shadow penetration, the
penetrated thickness shall be the nominal thickness; for double-wall double-shadow
penetration of small-diameter tubes, the penetrated thickness shall be the tube diameter.
6.2.7 Compensation principle
If the image resolution does not meet the requirements of Table 10 to Table 12, the
image sensitivity can be improved by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio to compensate
for the lack of image resolution.
7 Defect identification and measurement
7.1 Defect identification
7.1.1 Defect identification can be achieved by manual identification or computer-
assisted identification methods.
7.2 Defect measurement
7.2.1 Defect geometry measurement
The geometry of the defect to be detected shall be measured by the system software.
The measurement results can be calculated by referring to formula (2).
7.2.2 Defect depth measurement
The defect depth can be measured by simulating the test piece, to obtain the change law
of different depths (thicknesses) and image grayscale, which can be calculated by the
system software.
8 Result evaluation and quality grading
8.1 Defect evaluation can be carried out by manual evaluation or computer-assisted evaluation method.
8.2 When evaluating defects, if filtering or other image processing techniques are used
on the original image, it shall be agreed upon by both parties to the contract and
recorded in relevant documents.
8.3 The quality grading of digital radiographic testing of welded joints of pressure-
bearing equipment shall be carried out, in accordance with the provisions of NB/T 47013.2.
9 Image preservation and storage
9.1 Image storage
9.1.1 The storage format shall be implemented in DICONDE format.
9.1.2 Information such as unit code, workpiece number, weld number, penetration
parameters, testing personnel code, identification mark, etc. can be written into the
description field of the image file; the above information shall be unchangeable.
9.2 Image preservation
9.2.1 Images shall be stored in digital storage media and archived.
9.2.2 Images shall be backed up for at least 2 copies. The corresponding original records
and inspection reports shall also be kept at the same time.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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