NB/T 47013.11-2023 PDF in English
NB/T 47013.11-2023 (NB/T47013.11-2023, NBT 47013.11-2023, NBT47013.11-2023)
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11: X-ray computed radiographic testing
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11: Standard practice for X-ray digital radiography [Including 2018XG1]
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Standards related to (historical): NB/T 47013.11-2023
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NB/T 47013.11-2023: PDF in English (NBT 47013.11-2023) NB/T 47013.11-2023
NB
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD OF
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Replacing NB/T 47013.11-2015
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11:
Digital radiographic testing
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 11, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: APRIL 11, 2024
Issued by: National Energy Administration
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 4
Introduction ... 7
1 Scope ... 8
2 Normative references ... 8
3 Terms and definitions ... 9
4 General requirements ... 14
5 Testing method ... 20
6 Image quality and evaluation ... 26
7 Defect identification and measurement ... 35
8 Result evaluation and quality grading ... 36
9 Image preservation and storage ... 36
10 Testing records and reports ... 37
Appendix A (Normative) Verification method of system resolution ... 39
Appendix B (Informative) Typical penetration method ... 41
Appendix C (Normative) Calculation of b value ... 44
Appendix D (Informative) Calculation of minimum number of penetrations of girth
welds ... 47
Appendix E (Normative) Identification of double-linear image quality meter ... 51
Appendix F (Normative) Test method of normalized signal-to-noise ratio ... 53
References ... 54
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 11:
Digital radiographic testing
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the digital radiographic testing technology and quality
grading requirements for the fusion welding joints of pressure-bearing metallic pressure
components of pressure-bearing equipment. The metal materials used to make welding
joints include steel, copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium
and titanium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys.
1.2 This document is applicable to the digital radiographic testing of butt joints and butt
welds (hereinafter referred to as "butt welds") of plates and tubes, in the manufacture,
installation, in-service testing of pressure-bearing components of pressure-bearing
equipment.
1.3 The imaging device applicable to this document is a digital detector.
1.4 The radiation sources applicable to this document are X-ray sources and Ir192 and
Se75 γ-ray sources, where the maximum tube voltage of the X-ray machine does not
exceed 600 kV.
1.5 The digital radiographic testing of welded joints of pressure-bearing equipment
supports and structural parts, as well as butt welds of inserted and placed pipe corner
joints (hereinafter referred to as "pipe seat corner welds") can make reference to this
document.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated references,
only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated
references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 14058 Apparatus for gamma radiography
GB/T 23901.1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1:
Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23901.5 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5:
Determination of the image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution value using
4.2.3.6 The DR system supplier shall provide an effective detector correction method.
4.2.3.7 The test conditions and methods for DR system performance indicators, such as
bad pixels, sensitivity, resolution ratio, linear range, signal-to-noise ratio, thickness
tolerance, image sticking, etc., shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant
national or industry standards; the requirements for working temperature and humidity
shall be given.
4.2.3.8 The DR system quality certification document shall at least provide the detector
type, scintillator screen parameters (if any), pixel size, imaging area, applicable range
of radiation energy, quantum conversion efficiency, acquisition frame rate and other
technical parameters.
4.2.4 Computer system
The basic configuration of the computer system is determined according to the
performance and acquisition frame rate requirements of the adopted detector system. It
should be equipped with a memory capacity of not less than 512 MB, a hard disk of not
less than 40 GB, a high-brightness and high-resolution display, a burner, a network card,
etc.
The display shall meet the following minimum requirements:
a) Brightness not less than 250 cd/m2;
b) Gray level not less than 8 bit;
c) Image display resolution not less than 1024 × 768;
d) Display pixel pitch less than 0.3 mm.
4.2.5 System software requirements
4.2.5.1 The system software is the core unit of the digital imaging detection system for
radiographic detection, which has the functions such as image acquisition, image
processing, defect geometry measurement, defect marking, image storage, auxiliary
evaluation.
4.2.5.2 It shall include basic digital image processing functions, such as superposition
noise reduction, contrast and brightness adjustment.
4.2.5.3 It shall include signal-to-noise ratio measurement, resolution ratio measurement,
defect marking, size measurement, size calibration functions.
4.2.5.4 It shall have an image magnification function of not less than 4 times.
4.2.5.5 It shall have the browsing and search functions for the collected image-related
information.
4.2.5.6 It should have the function of converting multiple image formats.
4.2.5.7 The test report can be automatically generated.
4.2.5.8 The raw image shall be saved.
4.2.6 Test fixture
4.2.6.1 It shall be designed according to the workpiece to be inspected and meet the
inspection requirements.
4.2.6.2 It should have functions such as translation, rotation, continuously adjustable
speed; ensure high operating accuracy and stability.
4.2.6.3 The stepping motion of the test fixture shall match the data acquisition of the
detector.
4.2.6.4 For the testing of in-service equipment, the testing instruments and equipment
shall be reasonably fixed, according to the on-site environment and testing conditions.
4.2.7 Image quality meter
4.2.7.1 The image quality meters used in this document include linear image quality
meters and dual-linear image quality meters. The image quality meter supplier shall
provide corresponding quality certification documents.
4.2.7.2 The model and specifications of the linear image quality meter shall comply
with the provisions of GB/T 23901.1 and JB/T 7902. The model and specifications of
the dual-linear image quality meter shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 23901.5.
4.2.8 Use performance of testing system
The appropriate testing equipment and instruments shall be selected, according to the
performance indicators of each part of the testing system, in combination with the
inspected workpiece and the requirements of this document; test certification
documents that meet the performance indicators of the above equipment and instrument
and the system software functions shall be provided. The use performance of the testing
system shall meet the image quality requirements specified in this document.
4.2.9 Calibration or operation verification
4.2.9.1 The linear range, signal-to-noise ratio, thickness tolerance, image afterimage,
etc. of the detector system performance shall be checked and recorded at least once a
year.
4.2.9.2 The exposure curve in use shall be checked at least once a year. When the
important parts of the X-ray machine and the detector are replaced or repaired, the
exposure curve shall be re-made.
The width of the testing area shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations,
standards and design technical documents, and other technical requirements agreed
upon by both parties to the contract. The testing area includes the weld and the adjacent
parent material area, at least 5 mm relative to the weld edge.
5.3 Penetration method
5.3.1 The appropriate penetration method shall be selected according to the structural
characteristics and technical requirements of the workpiece to be tested. Except for the
special case where double-wall penetration is allowed for small-diameter tubes or the
parties to the contract agree to select double-wall penetration method, single-wall
penetration method shall be selected when single-wall penetration conditions are
available. For typical penetration methods of welded joints, see Appendix B.
5.3.2 When using the stepping imaging method to collect images, the movement speed
of the tested workpiece shall be matched with the image acquisition frame rate; the
main X-ray beam shall be vertically penetrated (or aligned after the γ source is
collimated) the tested workpiece and reach the effective imaging area of the detector.
5.3.3 The length of the overlapping area of image acquisition shall be no less than 10
mm.
5.3.4 The double-wall double-image penetration method is used for the girth welded
joints of small-diameter tubes. When the following conditions are met at the same time,
inclined penetration elliptical imaging shall be used:
a) T (wall thickness) ≤ 8 mm;
b) g (weld width) ≤ Do/4.
Where Do - Outer diameter of the tube.
The opening width of the image (maximum spacing between the upper and lower weld
projections) shall be controlled to be about 1 times the weld width. When the above
conditions are not met or elliptical imaging is difficult, vertical penetration overlapping
imaging can be used.
5.4 Selection of penetration geometric parameters
5.4.1 See Appendix B for penetration geometric parameters.
5.4.2 The distance f -- between the selected radiation source and the surface of the
workpiece to be inspected -- shall meet the following requirements:
a) Class A digital imaging detection technology: f ≥ 7.5d • bT -1/3;
b) Class AB digital imaging detection technology: f ≥ 10d • bT -1/3;
c) Class B digital imaging detection technology: f ≥ 15d • bT -1/3.
Where: d - Focus (or source) size.
Note 1: When b ≤ 1.2 T, substitute b = T for calculation. For small diameter tubes,
substitute Do = T for calculation.
Note 2: For asymmetric focus, take the larger value of d for calculation.
5.4.3 The maximum distance b value -- between the surface of the workpiece to be
tested (radiation source side) and the detector -- is calculated in Appendix C.
5.4.4 When using the central penetration method where the radiation source is inside,
if the image quality meets the requirements of 6.2.5 and 6.2.6, the f value can be reduced,
but the reduction value shall not exceed 50% of the specified value.
5.4.5 When using the eccentric penetration method where the radiation source is inside,
the image quality meets the requirements of 6.2.5 and 6.2.6, the f value can be reduced,
but the reduction value shall not exceed 20% of the specified value.
5.4.6 Optimal magnification
Theoretically, for a given detection system, the optimal magnification M0 can be
calculated by formula (1).
Where:
d - Focus (or source) size;
uc - Inherent unsharpness of the system (approximately equal to 2 times the pixel
size of the detector).
5.5 Direction of penetration
During penetration, the center of the ray beam is usually perpendicular to the center of
the penetration area. When necessary, the direction that is conducive to the detection of
defects can be selected for penetration.
5.6 Determination of the minimum number of exposures for non-planar objects
5.6.1 Number of exposures for 100% static imaging of girth welded joints of small-
diameter tubes
5.6.1.1 When using tilted exposure elliptical imaging:
number, part number, penetration date. The penetration after repair shall also have a
repair mark. The penetration with an expanded detection ratio shall have an expanded
detection mark. The identification mark can be written by a computer.
5.8.3 The positioning mark generally includes the center mark " " and the overlap mark
" ". The center mark indicates the center position of the penetration part segment and
the direction of the segment number. The overlap mark is a penetration segment mark,
which is generally composed of appropriate size lead or other suitable heavy metal
numbers, pinyin letters, symbols. When the lead overlap mark is represented by
numbers or letters, the center mark can be omitted.
5.8.4 For the continuous testing of a weld joint, make a positioning mark " " at the
starting position of the testing, where "➔" points to the testing direction. Numbers or
letters can be used to indicate segment marks. Girth weld joint testing can be marked
with a marker in a clockwise direction; longitudinal weld joint testing can be marked
from left to right, meanwhile it shall match the image mark.
5.8.5 The mark shall comply with the relevant provisions of NB/T 47013.2 and shall be
placed outside the testing area. The images of all marks shall not overlap and shall not
be imaged within the effective evaluation range.
5.9 Standard sample
5.9.1 The standard sample is used as a dimension calibration sample when measuring
features in the image. The detailed steps of dimension calibration are as shown in 7.2.1.
5.9.2 The standard sample shall be placed on the workpiece surface on the detector side,
imaged within the effective evaluation range, not interfere with the image within the
effective evaluation range.
5.9.3 The length of the standard sample shall not be less than 15 mm.
5.10 Shielding of useless rays and scattered rays
Appropriate measures such as filter plates, collimators (aperture), lead foils, lead plates,
etc. shall be adopted, to reduce scattered rays and useless rays.
6 Image quality and evaluation
6.1 Image quality
6.1.1 General requirements
6.1.1.1 The requirements of grayscale, image sensitivity, image resolution, normalized
signal-to-noise ratio shall be guaranteed at the same time.
6.1.1.2 Image quality meters for measuring image quality are divided into linear image
6.1.2.2.4 In principle, there shall be an image of the linear image quality meter on each
image. When the penetration parameters and the tested workpiece remain unchanged
(such as continuous testing of a weld), the linear image quality meter can be placed only
in the first image.
6.1.2.2.5 For butt welds of small-diameter tubes, a general-purpose linear image quality
meter or a special linear image quality meter can be used. The metal wire shall be placed
perpendicular or parallel to the weld.
6.1.2.2.6 Butt welds between materials of different thicknesses or different types
If the geometry of the weld allows, the parts with different thicknesses or different
material types shall use linear image quality meters, that match the thickness or type of
the workpiece to be tested; place them in the corresponding parts of the weld.
6.1.2.2.7 If the linear image quality meter cannot be placed in the specified position, a
comparison specimen shall be used instead of the workpiece to be tested. The thickness
of the comparison specimen shall be the maximum thickness of the workpiece to be
tested. Its image sensitivity shall meet the requirements of 6.2.5; relevant instructions
and records shall be kept.
6.1.2.3 Identification of linear image quality meters
6.1.2.3.1 If the line image of the image quality meter with a length of not less than 10
mm is continuously visible in the grayscale uniform part of the image (generally the
parent material area adjacent to the weld), the line is considered to be identifiable.
6.1.2.3.2 A dedicated linear image quality meter shall be able to identify at least 2 lines.
6.1.3 Double-linear image quality meter
6.1.3.1 For the single-wall single-shadow or double-wall double-shadow penetration, it
shall be placed on the surface of the workpiece to be tested on the radiation source side.
6.1.3.2 For the double-wall single-shadow penetration, it shall be placed on the surface
of the workpiece to be tested on the detector side.
6.1.3.3 Use of double-linear image quality meter
6.1.3.3.1 During actual testing, it shall be placed in the direction with the worst image
resolution based on the process verification results of 4.4.4.5 or 4.4.4.6; the angle
between the length direction of the double-linear image quality meter and the row or
column of the detector shall be 2° ~ 5°.
6.1.3.3.2 In principle, there shall be an image of the double-linear image quality meter
on each image. When the penetration parameters and the inspection object remain
unchanged (such as continuous testing of a weld), the double-linear image quality meter
can be placed only in the first image.
6.1.3.3.3 If the double-linear image quality meter cannot be placed in the specified
position, a comparison specimen shall be used instead of the tested workpiece. The
thickness of the comparison specimen shall be the minimum thickness of the tested
workpiece. The image resolution shall meet the requirements of 6.2.6.
6.1.3.4 Identification of double-linear image quality meter
The identification method of double-linear image quality meter is shown in Appendix
E.
6.2 Image evaluation
6.2.1 General requirements
6.2.1.1 Image quality evaluation shall be carried out in the original image; image
processing methods that change the gray value (such as filtering technology) shall not
be used.
6.2.1.2 It can be displayed in the form of positive image (film) or negative image (film).
6.2.1.3 The image shall be observed in a soft light environment; the display screen shall
be clean without obvious light reflection.
6.2.1.4 There shall be no images that interfere with the recognition of defect images in
the effective image evaluation area.
6.2.1.5 The quality of the tested workpiece can be graded only after the image quality
meets the specified requirements.
6.2.2 System software requirements
The system software shall meet the requirements of 4.2.5.
6.2.3 Image grayscale range requirements
The grayscale range in the effective evaluation area of the image shall be controlled
within 10% ~ 80% of the full scale (positive film).
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio requirements
6.2.4.1 The minimum requirements for normalized signal-to-noise ratio in Tables 5 and
6 shall be met.
6.2.4.2 The test method for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is as shown in Appendix F.
9.2.2 Images shall be backed up for at least 2 copies. The corresponding original records
and inspection reports shall also be kept at the same time.
9.2.3 The image preservation period shall be implemented in accordance with relevant
laws and regulations. During the effective preservation period, image data shall not be
lost or changed.
10 Testing records and reports
10.1 The relevant information and data of the testing process shall be recorded in detail
according to the actual situation of the on-site operation. In addition to complying with
the provisions of NB/T 47013.1, the X-ray digital imaging testing record shall at least
include the following contents:
a) Manufacturer, testing organization or entrusting organization.
b) Tested workpiece: Name, testing location, groove type, welding method.
c) Testing equipment: type of radiation source, focus (or source) size, detector pixel
size, image quality meter (type and specification), filter plate (type, quantity,
thickness), identification, standard sample (if any).
d) Process verification results (when necessary).
Note: This item is for the testing of comparison specimens that cannot be placed
with image quality meters. The process verification of the comparison specimens
shall be explained and attached to the testing record.
e) Testing process parameters: Testing technology class, penetration method,
penetration geometric parameters, X-ray energy, exposure, acquisition frame
number, software processing method and conditions, etc.
f) Image evaluation: Grayscale range, normalized signal-to-noise ratio, image
sensitivity, image resolution.
g) Defect location, defect nature and size.
h) Other matters that need to be explained or recorded.
10.2 The testing report shall be issued based on the testing record. In addition to
complying with the provisions of NB/T 47013.1, the testing report shall at least include
the following contents:
a) Manufacturer, testing organization or entrusting organization.
b) Tested workpiece: Name, testing location, groove type, welding method.
Appendix A
(Normative)
Verification method of system resolution
A.1 The system resolution is verified using a double-linear image quality meter.
A.2 The style of the double-linear image quality meter is as shown in GB/T 23901.5.
A.3 Verification method
A.3.1 The double-linear image quality meter shall be placed close to the center area of
the detector surface. The angle between the length direction of the image quality meter
and the row or column of the detector shall be 2° ~ 5°. Penetration imaging shall be
performed according to the following process conditions:
a) The distance F from the radiation source to the detector surface is not less than
1000 mm. Under limited conditions, F can be appropriately reduced; however,
the geometric unsharpness of the detection system shall be ensured to be no more
than 5% of the detector pixel size.
b) When using an X-ray source, the exposure parameters of different materials are:
1) For light alloy materials: The tube voltage is 90 kV, using 1 mm aluminum
filter plate.
2) For steel, copper, silver and their alloy materials: When the thickness is ≤ 20
mm, tube voltage is 160 kV, using 1 mm copper filter plate.
3) For steel, copper, nickel and their alloy materials: When the thickness is > 20
mm, the tube voltage is 220 kV, using 2 mm copper filter plate.
c) When using a gamma-ray source, different filter plates are used:
1) For Se75: 2 mm copper or 4 mm steel filter plate.
2) For Ir192: 4 mm copper or 8 mm steel filter plate.
d) The grayscale value is not less than 50% of the maximum grayscale value.
e) Measure the signal-to-noise ratio SNRm: When the pixel value is ≥ 80 µm, SNRm
≥ 100; when the pixel value is < 80 µm, SNRm ≥ 70.
A.3.2 For the identification method of system resolution ratio, see Appendix E.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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