GB/T 40981-2021 PDF in English
GB/T 40981-2021 (GB/T40981-2021, GBT 40981-2021, GBT40981-2021)
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivered in | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 40981-2021 | English | 320 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery.
|
Consumer product safety -- General requirements on physical hazard assessment
| Valid |
Standards related to (historical): GB/T 40981-2021
PDF Preview
GB/T 40981-2021: PDF in English (GBT 40981-2021) GB/T 40981-2021
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 03.120.01
CCS A 00
Consumer Product Safety – General Requirements on
Physical Hazard Assessment
ISSUED ON. NOVEMBER 26, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON. NOVEMBER 26, 2021
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative References... 4
3 Terms and Definitions... 4
4 Evaluation Procedures... 6
5 Pre-Assessment Preparation... 7
6 Harm Scene Construction... 8
7 Hazard Identification... 8
8 Risk Estimation... 9
9 Risk Assessment... 10
10 Risk Assessment Report... 10
Appendix A (Informative) An Example of Product A Physical Hazard Risk Assessment
... 12
Bibliography... 23
Consumer Product Safety – General Requirements on
Physical Hazard Assessment
1 Scope
This Document describes general principles and general requirements for risk assessment of
physical hazards for consumer product safety.
This Document applies to the risk assessment of physical hazards for consumer product safety.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 22760-2020 Consumer Product Safety - General Principles for Risk Assessment
GB/T 39011-2020 Consumer Product Safety - General Principles for Hazard Identification
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 22760-2020 and
the following apply.
3.1 Consumer product
Mainly but not limited to products designed and produced for personal use, including product
components, parts, accessories, packaging and instructions for use.
[SOURCE. GB/T 35248-2017, 2.2]
3.2 Safety
A state exempt from unacceptable risk.
[SOURCE. GB/T 20002.4-2015, 3.14]
3.11 Risk evaluation
The process of determining whether a tolerable risk has been achieved based on the results of
a risk analysis.
[SOURCE. GB/T 22760-2020, 2.15]
3.12 Risk assessment
Including the whole process of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation.
[SOURCE. GB/T 22760-2020, 2.16]
3.13 Intended use
Use according to the information provided by the product and/or system, and in the absence of
such information, use it according to the commonly understood mode.
[SOURCE. GB/T 22760-2020, 2.10]
3.14 Reasonably foreseeable misuse
The use of the product and/or system not in the manner provided by the supplier as a result of
easily foreseeable human behavior.
[SOURCE. GB/T 22760-2020, 2.11]
3.15 Tolerable risk
Risks that are acceptable within a certain range according to today's social value orientation.
NOTE. In this Document, "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered synonyms.
[SOURCE. GB/T 22760-2020, 2.12]
4 Evaluation Procedures
The general procedures of risk assessment include. pre-assessment preparation, hazard
identification, risk estimation, risk assessment and other procedures.
The procedure for risk assessment of physical hazards for consumer product safety is shown in
Figure 1.
Determine the use environment, service life, user population, and use behavior that may occur
during the expected use or reasonably foreseeable misuse of the consumer product.
5.4 Determine tolerable risks
Considering that in the current certain period of time, under the current technical level and
social and economic conditions, a certain consumer product shall not cause damage to
consumers' human health or property during use; and the restricted requirements for the hazard
(source) of this kind of consumer product can be determined as tolerable risk.
6 Harm Scene Construction
The combination of consumer product safety harm events under expected use or reasonably
foreseeable misuse conditions that may cause harm shall be considered, and the hazard situation
shall be recorded. In general, the harm scenarios include but are not limited to the following.
a) The mode of operation that led to harm;
b) The type and number of persons involved in the hazardous situation;
c) The time the consumer spends in the area where harm occurred;
d) The frequency with which the consumer operates the consumer product;
e) The type of harm that may result from each harm scenario;
f) The protective measures that have been taken;
g) The service life of the consumer product;
h) The cumulative effect of consumer exposure to hazardous situations, etc.
7 Hazard Identification
7.1 Overview
List information about the hazard (source), hazardous situation, and harm event, and describe
the possible hazardous situation in terms of when and how the hazard (source) caused the harm.
7.2 Methods of hazard identification
The cause-result hazard identification work shall be carried out in accordance with the method
in 5.2 of GB/T 39011-2020; or the result-cause hazard identification work shall be carried out
in accordance with the method in 5.3 of GB/T 39011-2020.
7.3 Description of hazard identification
Hazards (sources) shall be recorded to ensure that the following information is clearly described.
a) Characteristics of the hazard (source);
b) Description of the hazardous situation;
c) Description of the damage mechanism of each hazard (source) of the consumer product;
d) Existing protective measures and their effectiveness;
e) Other relevant information.
7.4 Hazard (source) list
According to the description in 7.3, and according to the requirements of Appendix C in GB/T
22760-2020, the hazards (sources) are classified and listed.
7.5 List of harm types
According to the provisions of Clause 6 and the requirements of Appendix D in GB/T 22760-
2020, list the corresponding harm types in various harm scenarios.
8 Risk Estimation
8.1 Overview
The goal of risk estimation in this Clause is the process of assigning a value to the severity of
the harm and the probability of its occurrence for the harm that may result from a physical
hazard (source) for consumer product safety.
8.2 Severity of harm
The same consumer product may cause multiple harm events; and each harm event shall result
in different degrees of harm. The value assignment of the severity of damage can be determined
by subjective judgment; and the relevant professional experts can make judgments in the form
of experimental testing or simulation, expert or consumer questionnaires and interviews. The
judgment basis can refer to Table 1 in GB/T 22760-2020.
8.3 Possibility of harm occurrence
8.3.1 Overview
The possibility of harm can be judged according to b) of 4.2.3.2 in GB/T 22760-2020 and the
method of A.4.2 in Appendix A of this Document. The data from experimental simulation,
experimental testing, consumers, expert judgment and other channels can be given
corresponding weights for calculation to obtain the possibility of harm occurrence.
8.3.2 Experimental simulation
Through virtual simulation, real scene observation and other methods, it can obtain the harm
events caused by the interaction between human, product and environment when consumers
use a certain product, and then infer the possibility of harm occurrence.
8.3.3 Experimental testing
For some hazards (sources), experimental testing methods can be used to determine whether
they meet the relevant standards or specifications, so as to obtain the possibility of harm
occurrence of the product in a specific harm scenario.
8.3.4 Consumer interview
If consumer goods have been put into circulation and use, the possibility of harm events can be
judged by collecting relevant information from consumer questionnaires.
8.3.5 Expert judgment
When the statistical data of harm events are insufficient, the subjective judgment of experts
(such as Delphi method and fishbone diagram method) can be used to supplement; but the
results of expert judgment are only used as a reference for the possibility of harm occurrence.
8.3.6 Other methods
Through the information from literature, consumer complaints, public opinion, recall
notification and other channels, it provides a reference for judging the possibility of harm
occurrence.
9 Risk Assessment
For a certain hazard (source), the risk level of the hazard of the consumer product can be
estimated according to the possibility of the harm occurrence caused by it and the severity of
the harm occurrence. For the classification of consumer product safety risk levels, please refer
to Appendix E in GB/T 22760-2020.
If a consumer product has two or more hazards, risk assessment shall be carried out for each
hazard separately, and the highest risk level of each hazard shall be taken as the safety risk level
of the consumer product.
10 Risk Assessment Report
A risk assessment report shall be prepared and all written records in the assessment process
F - Children with disabilities
G – Magnetic flux;
H – Small parts;
I – Foods exists in the use environment;
J - Insufficient environment lighting;
K - Caregiver negligence
L – Caregiver lacks of ability;
M - Inappropriate use of age;
N – Lack of use education.
Figure A.1 -- Schematic Diagram of Product A Hazard Identification Based on Failure
Tree Method
From the failure tree method and related harm cases, it can be seen that due to the reasons of
the product itself (such as magnetic flux and small parts), it is easy for children to accidentally
swallow Product A and cause harm. Through in-depth analysis, it can be seen that if only one
is swallowed, most of them shall be excreted in the stool, but as long as children swallow two
or more tablets, these Product A shall be adsorbed together. If Product A are present in different
segments of the intestines, the intestines shall be twisted together, causing intestinal obstruction.
At the same time, due to an intestinal tube is fixed and compressed by Product A, it shall cause
ischemic necrosis and lead to intestinal perforation, resulting in peritonitis. If compression of
the mesenteric blood vessels may lead to blood vessel wall necrosis and hemorrhage, resulting
in suffocation and even death, and other harms.
A.3.3 Determine hazards (sources)
Based on the above analysis, it is known that the hazards (sources) of Product A are small parts
and magnetic flux.
A.3.4 Determine the type of harm
According to the harm cases that have occurred and the judgment of relevant experts, the
accidental swallowing of Product A by children can easily lead to intestinal obstruction,
intestinal perforation and suffocation, and the like harmful results.
A.4 Risk estimation
A.4.1 Severity of harm
The classification of harm severity can be based on Table 1 in GB/T 22760-2020.For the
convenience of statistics, this Document assigns a value to the harm severity at all levels, see
Table A.2.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
|